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Bellatreccia C, Ziani Z, Germinario A, Engelaar S, Battaglia FP, Gradone A, Villa M, Ceroni P. Dual Luminescent Mn(II)-Doped Cu-In-Zn-S Quantum Dots as Temperature Sensors in Water. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404425. [PMID: 39185802 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
CuInS2 quantum dots have emerged in the last years as non-toxic alternative to traditional Pb and Cd based quantum dots, especially for biological applications. In this work, the hydrothermal synthesis of alloyed Cu-In-Zn-S quantum dots (CIZS) doped with manganese(II) is explored, with different metal ratios (Mn-CIZSy). The doped quantum dots show the sensitized emission of Mn2+ (approximately ms lifetime), together with the emission of the CIZS structure (approximately µs lifetime). The relative contribution of Mn2+ emission is highly dependent on the composition of the CIZS hosting structure (In:Cu ratio). In addition to that, it is shown that Mn2+ sensitization requires a threshold energy, which suggests the involvement of an intermediate state in the sensitization mechanism. The long-lived emission intensity decay of Mn2+ shows a stable and reversible temperature response in physiological conditions (25-45 °C, pH = 7.4). Mn-CIZSy quantum dots are thus interesting candidates as biological luminescent temperature probe thanks to their easy synthesis, high colloidal stability, insensitivity to dioxygen quenching and quantitative time-gated detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bellatreccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Zakaria Ziani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), 205 Rte de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Angelica Germinario
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Stijn Engelaar
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Filippo Piero Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gradone
- Istituto per la Microelettronica ed i Microsistemi (IMM) - CNR Sede di Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Marco Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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2
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Jin L, Selopal GS, Tong X, Perepichka DF, Wang ZM, Rosei F. Heavy-Metal-Free Colloidal Quantum Dots: Progress and Opportunities in Solar Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402912. [PMID: 38923167 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise as building blocks in solar technologies owing to their remarkable photostability and adjustable properties through the rationale involving size, atomic composition of core and shell, shapes, and surface states. However, most high-performing QDs in solar conversion contain hazardous metal elements, including Cd and Pb, posing significant environmental risks. Here, a comprehensive review of heavy-metal-free colloidal QDs for solar technologies, including photovoltaic (PV) devices, solar-to-chemical fuel conversion, and luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), is presented. Emerging synthetic strategies to optimize the optical properties by tuning the energy band structure and manipulating charge dynamics within the QDs and at the QDs/charge acceptors interfaces, are analyzed. A comparative analysis of different synthetic methods is provided, structure-property relationships in these materials are discussed, and they are correlated with the performance of solar devices. This work is concluded with an outlook on challenges and opportunities for future work, including machine learning-based design, sustainable synthesis, and new surface/interface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, National Institute of Scientific Research, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X1P7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Singh Selopal
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Rd, Banting Building, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Xin Tong
- Shimmer Center, Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory, Chengdu, 641419, P. R. China
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Zhiming M Wang
- Shimmer Center, Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory, Chengdu, 641419, P. R. China
| | - Federico Rosei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy
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3
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Zhao S, Wang Q, Liu J, Hao X, Liu X, Shen W, Du Z, Wang Y, Artemyev M, Tang J. Multiple underlying images tuned by Mn-doped Zn-Cu-In-S quantum dots. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34524-34533. [PMID: 38024974 PMCID: PMC10668080 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, ZnS capped Cu-In-S (ZCIS) quantum dots doped with Mn ions are synthesized by a thermal injection method, with luminescence covering almost the entire visible area. The large Stokes shift effectively inhibits the self-absorption effect under luminescence, and the quantum yield of ZCIS quantum dots increased from 38% to 50% after ZnS capping and further to 69% after doping with Mn. First, red-, yellow-, and blue-emitting quantum dots were synthesized and then, polychromatic ensembles were obtained by mixing the trichromatic quantum dots in a different ratio. Using the home-built inkjet printer, multilayered and multicolor mixed patterns were obtained for information pattern storage and multilayer pattern recognition and reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo Zhao
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianglong Hao
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Shen
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Du
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Mikhail Artemyev
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University Minsk 220006 Belarus
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Center of International Joint Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, National Base of International Sci. & Technology Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
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4
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Sreenan B, Lee B, Wan L, Zeng R, Zhao J, Zhu X. Review of Mn-Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Time-Resolved Luminescence Biosensing/Imaging. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:17413-17435. [PMID: 36874078 PMCID: PMC9980291 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have been developed for decades and are widely applied in biosensing/imaging. However, their biosensing/imaging applications are mainly based on luminescence-intensity measurement, which suffers from autofluorescence in complex biological samples and thus limits the biosensing/imaging sensitivities. It is expected for these NCs to be further developed to gain luminescence features that can overcome sample autofluorescence. On the other hand, time-resolved luminescence measurement utilizing long-lived-luminescence probes is an efficient technique to eliminate short-lived autofluorescence of samples while recording time-resolved luminescence of the probes for signal measurement after pulsed excitation from a light source. Despite time-resolved measurement being very sensitive, the optical limitations of many of the current long-lived-luminescence probes cause time-resolved measurement to be generally performed in laboratories with bulky and costly instruments. In order to apply highly sensitive time-resolved measurement for in-field or point-of-care (POC) testing, it is essential to develop probes possessing high brightness, low-energy (visible-light) excitation, and long lifetimes of up to milliseconds. Such desired optical features can significantly simplify the design criteria of time-resolved measurement instruments and facilitate the development of low-cost, compact, sensitive instruments for in-field or POC testing. Mn-doped NCs have recently been in rapid development and provide a strategy to solve the challenges faced by both colloidal semiconductor NCs and time-resolved luminescence measurement. In this review, we outline the major achievements in the development of Mn-doped binary and multinary NCs, with emphasis on their synthesis approaches and luminescence mechanisms. Specifically, we demonstrate how researchers approached these obstacles to achieve the aforementioned desired optical properties on the basis of the progressive understanding of Mn emission mechanisms. Afterward, we review representative applications of Mn-doped NCs in time-resolved luminescence biosensing/imaging and present the potential of Mn-doped NCs in advancing time-resolved luminescence biosensing/imaging for in-field or POC testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sreenan
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Bryan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ruosheng Zeng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jialong Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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5
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Chan MH, Huang WT, Chen KC, Su TY, Chan YC, Hsiao M, Liu RS. The optical research progress of nanophosphors composed of transition elements in the fourth period of near-infrared windows I and II for deep-tissue theranostics. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7123-7136. [PMID: 35353112 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00343k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of nano-optics is advancing by leaps and bounds, among which near-infrared (NIR) light optics have attracted much attention. NIR light has a longer wavelength than visible light, such that it can avoid shielding caused by biological tissues. This advantage has driven its importance and practicality in human treatment applications and has attracted significant attention from researchers in academia and industry. In the broad spectrum of infrared light wavelengths, the most noticeable ones are the NIR biological window I of 700-900 nm and window II of 1000-1700 nm. Luminescent materials can effectively cover the NIR biological window with different doping strategies. These doped elements are mostly transition elements with multielectron orbitals. Several nanomaterials based on narrow-spectrum lanthanides have been developed to correspond to biological applications of different wavelengths. However, this review explicitly introduces the absorption and reflection/luminescence interactions between NIR light and biological tissues independently. Unlike the adjustment of the wavelength of the lanthanide series, this review analyzes the NIR optical properties of the fourth-period element ions in transition elements (such as Cr3+ and Ni2+). These elements have a broadband wavelength of NIR light emission and higher quantum efficiency, corresponding to the absorption and emission spectrum and photobiological absorption of different NIR windows for therapeutic diagnosis. Finally, this review lists and explores other broadband NIR phosphors and has tried to discover the possibility of non-invasive precision medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Chan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Tse Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yi Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chieh Chan
- Intelligent Minimally Invasive Device Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Shi Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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6
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Lee B, Hegseth T, Zhu X. Optical Properties of Mn-Doped CuGa(In)S-ZnS Nanocrystals (NCs): Effects of Host NC and Mn Concentration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:994. [PMID: 35335807 PMCID: PMC8956066 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Time-gated fluorescence measurement (TGFM) using long-life fluorescence probes is a highly sensitive fluorescence-measurement technology due to the inherently high signal-to-background ratio. Although many probes for TGFM such as luminescent-metal-complex probes and lanthanide-doped nanoparticles are in development, they generally need sophisticated/expensive instruments for biosensing/imaging applications. Probes possessing high brightness, low-energy (visible light) excitation, and long lifetimes up to milliseconds of luminescence, are highly desired in order to simplify the optical and electronic design of time-gated instruments (e.g., adopting non-UV-grade optics or low-speed electronics), lower the instrument complexity and cost, and facilitate broader applications of TGFM. In this work, we developed Mn-doped CuGa(In)S-ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) using simple and standard synthetic steps to achieve all the desired optical features in order to investigate how the optical properties (fluorescence/absorption spectra, brightness, and lifetimes) of the Mn-doped NCs are affected by different host NCs and Mn concentrations in host NCs. With optimal synthetic conditions, a library of Mn-doped NCs was achieved that possessed high brightness (up to 47% quantum yield), low-energy excitation (by 405 nm visible light), and long lifetimes (up to 3.67 ms). Additionally, the time-domain fluorescence characteristics of optimal Mn-doped NCs were measured under pulsed 405 nm laser excitation and bandpass-filter-based emission collection. The measurement results indicate the feasibility of these optimal Mn-doped NCs in TGFM-based biosensing/imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (B.L.); (T.H.)
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tristan Hegseth
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (B.L.); (T.H.)
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (B.L.); (T.H.)
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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7
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Lee B, Hegseth T, Song Y, Zhao J, Zhu X. Mn-Doped AgZnInS/ZnS Nanocrystals (NCs): Effects of Zn Etching on the NC Optical Properties. OPTICAL MATERIALS 2022; 123:111941. [PMID: 35068693 PMCID: PMC8775054 DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mn-doped I(II)-III-VI NCs (e.g., Mn-doped AgZnInS/ZnS NCs) possessing low-energy excitation, high brightness and long fluorescence lifetimes have been desired for time-gated fluorescence biosensing/imaging. In this type of NCs, their optical properties are significantly affected by the microscopic interactions between Mn and Mn and between Mn and host NC, the compositions of NCs, and the defects in NCs. On the other hand, it is known that Zn etching to core I(II)-III-VI NCs in NC synthesis can significantly enhance the NC brightness because Zn can exchange surface atoms (e.g., Ag and In) in NCs to minimize NC surface-defects. But for Mn-doped I(II)-III-VI NCs, Zn etching could etch out not only surface-atoms of host NCs (e.g., Ag and In) but also Mn in NCs. As a result, it could significantly affect the NC compositions and the microscopic interactions between Mn and Mn as well as between Mn and host NC, and thus the optical properties of NCs (like lifetime and absorption/emission spectra). Therefore, it is needed to investigate how Zn etching would affect the optical properties of such Mn-doped NCs. In this study, a series of Mn-doped AgZnInS NCs with different Mn doping levels were prepared through nucleation doping, and then Zn etching was applied to etch these core NCs. To identify the effects of Zn etching on NC optical properties, ZnS coating (a different ZnS shelling approach by injecting Zn precursor and S precursor alternately in synthesis) was performed on the same Mn:AgZnInS NCs, and the optical properties of NCs with these two different ZnS shelling approaches were compared. Experimental results showed that under appropriate Mn doping levels in synthesis, Zn etching instead of ZnS coating can produce low-energy excitable NCs with higher QYs and longer lifetimes, which would further facilitate the use of such NCs in time-gated fluorescence measurement. To understand the reasons for the different optical properties under different ZnS shelling approaches, the material characteristics of the prepared NCs were further measured/analyzed and the possible fluorescence mechanisms were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,
University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno,
NV, USA
| | - Tristan Hegseth
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,
University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Yusheng Song
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jialong Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,
University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno,
NV, USA
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8
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Ming SK, Taylor RA, McNaughter PD, Lewis DJ, O’Brien P. Tunable structural and optical properties of Ag xCu yInS 2 colloidal quantum dots. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03169h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein is discussed tunable absorption and emission properties of AgxCuyInS2 quantum dots involving wurtzite to chalcopyrite phase transformation dependent on Ag+ dopant content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna-Kay Ming
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Richard A. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Paul D. McNaughter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J. Lewis
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paul O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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9
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Galiyeva P, Rinnert H, Bouguet-Bonnet S, Leclerc S, Balan L, Alem H, Blanchard S, Jasniewski J, Medjahdi G, Uralbekov B, Schneider R. Mn-Doped Quinary Ag-In-Ga-Zn-S Quantum Dots for Dual-Modal Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33100-33110. [PMID: 34901661 PMCID: PMC8655898 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Doping of transition metals within a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) has a high impact on the optical and magnetic properties of the QD. In this study, we report the synthesis of Mn2+-doped Ag-In-Ga-Zn-S (Mn:AIGZS) QDs via thermolysis of a dithiocarbamate complex of Ag+, In3+, Ga3+, and Zn2+ and of Mn(stearate)2 in oleylamine. The influence of the Mn2+ loading on the photoluminescence (PL) and magnetic properties of the dots are investigated. Mn:AIGZS QDs exhibit a diameter of ca. 2 nm, a high PL quantum yield (up to 41.3% for a 2.5% doping in Mn2+), and robust photo- and colloidal stabilities. The optical properties of Mn:AIGZS QDs are preserved upon transfer into water using the glutathione tetramethylammonium ligand. At the same time, Mn:AIGZS QDs exhibit high relaxivity (r 1 = 0.15 mM-1 s-1 and r 2 = 0.57 mM-1 s-1 at 298 K and 2.34 T), which shows their potential applicability for bimodal PL/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hervé Rinnert
- Université
de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Lavinia Balan
- CEMHTI-UPR
3079 CNRS, Site Haute Température, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Halima Alem
- Université
de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Blanchard
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
IPCM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Bolat Uralbekov
- Center
of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue, 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- LLP
≪EcoRadSM≫, Al-Farabi Avenue, 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Raphaël Schneider
- Laboratoire
Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
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10
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Morselli G, Villa M, Fermi A, Critchley K, Ceroni P. Luminescent copper indium sulfide (CIS) quantum dots for bioimaging applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:676-695. [PMID: 34264247 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper indium sulfide (CIS) quantum dots are ideal for bioimaging applications, by being characterized by high molar absorption coefficients throughout the entire visible spectrum, high photoluminescence quantum yield, high tolerance to the presence of lattice defects, emission tunability from the red to the near-infrared spectral region by changing their dimensions and composition, and long lifetimes (hundreds of nanoseconds) enabling time-gated detection to increase signal-to-noise ratio. The present review collects: (i) the most common procedures used to synthesize stable CIS QDs and the possible strategies to enhance their colloidal stability in aqueous environment, a property needed for bioimaging applications; (ii) their photophysical properties and parameters that affect the energy and brightness of their photoluminescence; (iii) toxicity and bioimaging applications of CIS QDs, including tumor targeting, time-gated detection and multimodal imaging, as well as theranostics. Future perspectives are analyzed in view of advantages and potential limitations of CIS QDs compared to most traditional QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Morselli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
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11
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Gallian B, Zaeimian MS, Hau D, AuCoin D, Zhu X. A Highly Sensitive Time-Gated Fluorescence Immunoassay Platform Using Mn-Doped AgZnInS/ZnS Nanocrystals as Signal Transducers. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 8:625424. [PMID: 33816457 PMCID: PMC8009851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a time-gated immunoassay platform using low-energy excitable and fluorescence long-lived Mn:AgZnInS/ZnS nanocrystals as signal transducers was developed and applied to the detection of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Burkholderia pseudomallei, a Gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of melioidosis. CPS is a high molecular weight antigen displayed and is shed from the outer membrane of B. pseudomallei. The immunoassay using the time-gated platform presents a limit of detection at around 23 pg/ml when CPS is spiked in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Gallian
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Masoumeh Saber Zaeimian
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - David AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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12
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Chen Y, Hu Q, Wang Q, Yu M, Gong X, Li S, Xiao J, Guo Y, Chen G, Lai X. Flexible translucent chitosan-glycerin/QD nanocomposite glue for anti-counterfeiting films with strong adhesion and stability. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23410-23416. [PMID: 35520298 PMCID: PMC9055136 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02718a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of commodity circulation, more attention has been paid to the anticounterfeiting technology of commodities, including stability, universality and ease of distinguishing. The authors report the use of gelatin-chitosan-glycerin/QD nanocomposite-functionalized glue for luminescent anti-counterfeiting labels. As the blend and plasticizer, the addition of chitosan and glycerin effectively improved the flexibility and formability of the gelatin-chitosan-glycerin/QD composite films, which show excellent mechanical properties, including high transparency, luminescence and flexibility, and they are easy to prepare on a large scale, providing certain reference values for new anticounterfeiting technology applying a variety of morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Shenjie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 People's Republic of China
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13
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Chetty SS, Praneetha S, Vadivel Murugan A, Govarthanan K, Verma RS. Human Umbilical Cord Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Labeled with Mn 2+ and Gd 3+ Co-Doped CuInS 2-ZnS Nanocrystals for Multimodality Imaging in a Tumor Mice Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3415-3429. [PMID: 31875453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) therapy has recently received profound interest as a targeting platform in cancer theranostics because of inherent tumor-homing abilities. However, the terminal tracking of MSCs engraftment by fluorescent in situ hybridization, immuno-histochemistry, and flow-cytometry techniques to translate into clinics is still challenging because of a dearth of inherent MSCs-specific markers and FDA approval for genetic modifications of MSCs. To address this challenge, a cost-effective noninvasive imaging technology based on multifunctional nanocrystals (NCs) with enhanced detection sensitivity, spatial-temporal resolution, and deep-tissue diagnosis is needed to be developed to track the transplanted stem cells. A hassle-free labeling of human umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly (WJ)-derived MSCs with Mn2+ and Gd3+ co-doped CuInS2-ZnS (CIS-ZMGS) NCs has been demonstrated in 2 h without requiring an electroporation process or transfection agents. It has been found that WJ-MSCs labeling did not affect their multilineage differentiation (adipocyte, osteocyte, chondrocyte), immuno-phenotypes (CD44+, CD105+, CD90+), protein (β-actin, vimentin, CD73, α-SMCA), and gene expressions. Interestingly, CIS-ZMGS-NCs-labeled WJ-MSCs exhibit near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence with a quantum yield of 84%, radiant intensity of ∼3.999 × 1011 (p/s/cm2/sr)/(μW/cm2), magnetic relaxivity (longitudinal r1 = 2.26 mM-1 s-1, transverse r2 = 16.47 mM-1 s-1), and X-ray attenuation (78 HU) potential for early noninvasive multimodality imaging of a subcutaneous melanoma in B16F10-tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice in 6 h. The ex vivo imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass-spectroscopy analyses of excised organs along with confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence of tumor results also significantly confirmed the positive tropism of CIS-ZMGS-NCs-labeled WJ-MSCs in the tumor environment. Hence, we propose the magnetofluorescent CIS-ZMGS-NCs-labeled WJ-MSCs as a next-generation nanobioprobe of three commonly used imaging modalities for stem cell-assisted anticancer therapy and tracking tissue/organ regenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shankar Chetty
- Advanced Functional Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Madanjeet School of Green Energy Technologies , Pondicherry University (A Central University) , Puducherry 605014 , India
| | - Selvarasu Praneetha
- Advanced Functional Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Madanjeet School of Green Energy Technologies , Pondicherry University (A Central University) , Puducherry 605014 , India
| | - Arumugam Vadivel Murugan
- Advanced Functional Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Madanjeet School of Green Energy Technologies , Pondicherry University (A Central University) , Puducherry 605014 , India
| | - Kavitha Govarthanan
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M) , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Rama Shanker Verma
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M) , Chennai 600036 , India
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14
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Parobek D, Qiao T, Son DH. Energetic hot electrons from exciton-to-hot electron upconversion in Mn-doped semiconductor nanocrystals. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:120901. [PMID: 31575181 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of hot electrons and their utilization in photoinduced chemical processes have been the subjects of intense research in recent years mostly exploring hot electrons in plasmonic metal nanostructures created via decay of optically excited plasmon. Here, we present recent progress made in generation and utilization of a different type of hot electrons produced via biphotonic exciton-to-hot electron "upconversion" in Mn-doped semiconductor nanocrystals. Compared to the plasmonic hot electrons, those produced via biphotonic upconversion in Mn-doped semiconductor nanocrystals possess much higher energy, enabling more efficient long-range electron transfer across the high energy barrier. They can even be ejected above the vacuum level creating photoelectrons, which can possibly produce solvated electrons. Despite the biphotonic nature of the upconversion process, hot electrons can be generated with weak cw excitation equivalent to the concentrated solar radiation without requiring intense or high-energy photons. This perspective reviews recent work elucidating the mechanism of generating energetic hot electrons in Mn-doped semiconductor nanocrystals, detection of these hot electrons as photocurrent or photoelectron emission, and their utilization in chemical processes such as photocatalysis. New opportunities that the energetic hot electrons can open by creating solvated electrons, which can be viewed as the longer-lived and mobile version of hot electrons more useful for chemical processes, and the challenges in practical utilization of energetic hot electrons are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parobek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Tian Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Dong Hee Son
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Pradhan
- School of Materials Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata 700032 , India
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16
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Mimun LC, Ajithkumar G, Pedraza F, Rightsell C, Tsin AT, Sardar DK. PMAO coated Na(Gd 0.5Lu 0.5)F 4:Nd 3+ nanocrystals as multifunctional contrast agent with NIR optical, X-ray and magnetic imaging properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:283-291. [PMID: 31029322 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials with multiple imaging functionalities are nowadays getting tremendous attention due to their several superior features compared to existing contrast agents. By developing a nanomaterial that exhibit multiple functionalities, the possibility to increase the amount of imaging information obtained in a short amount of time is becoming more and more a reality. In this work, we developed a multifunctional nanocrystals (NCs), Na(Gd0.5Lu0.5)F4:Nd3+, that combines multiple rare-earth features as an all-in-one imaging agent comprised of optical imaging, magnetic imaging, and X-ray imaging by utilizing the superparamagnetic features of Gd3+, the high X-ray absorption cross section of Lu3+, and the NIR fluorescence of Nd3+. Morphology, optical properties, and cell viability are shown in detail where the utility of this multifunctional imaging agent was confirmed by optical, X-ray and magnetic imaging experiments. Surface functionalization of the NCs is also presented to highlight the potential application of the NCs as contrast agents in biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Christopher Mimun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Gangadharan Ajithkumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America.
| | - Fransisco Pedraza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Chris Rightsell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Andy T Tsin
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Dhiraj K Sardar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
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17
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Sakai R, Onishi H, Ido S, Furumi S. Effective Mn-Doping in AgInS₂/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals for Dual Photoluminescent Peaks. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020263. [PMID: 30769899 PMCID: PMC6410175 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed the effective Mn-doping procedure for AgInS2(AIS)/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) to exhibit dual photoluminescence (PL) peaks. Although the AIS/ZnS core/shell NCs showed solely a single PL peak at ~530 nm, incorporation of a small amount of Mn as a dopant within the AIS/ZnS NCs resulted in the simultaneous emergence of dual PL peaks at ~500 nm (green PL) arising from AIS/ZnS NCs and ~600 nm (orange PL) from the Mn dopants. Furthermore, we succeeded in significantly increasing the absolute PL quantum yield value of dual emissive AIS/ZnS NCs incorporated with Mn dopants from 10% to 34% after surface passivation with another ZnS shell for the formation of core/shell/shell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Onishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Satomi Ido
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Seiichi Furumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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18
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Ma H, Pan L, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Synthesis of AgInS2 QDs in droplet microreactors: Online fluorescence regulating through temperature control. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Zhang WJ, Pan CY, Cao F, Wang H, Wu Q, Yang X. Synthesis and electroluminescence of novel white fluorescence quantum dots based on a Zn–Ga–S host. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14206-14209. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
White-light-emitting Ag, Mn: Zn–Ga–S/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with a gratifying photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of up to 90% were prepared, and shown to be ultra-stable, maintaining a high PL intensity at 300 °C or for 32 h of UV illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Chun-Yang Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
| | - Fan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications
- Education of Ministry
- Shanghai University
- P. R. China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications
- Education of Ministry
- Shanghai University
- P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications
- Education of Ministry
- Shanghai University
- P. R. China
| | - Xuyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications
- Education of Ministry
- Shanghai University
- P. R. China
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20
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Galiyeva P, Alem H, Rinnert H, Balan L, Blanchard S, Medjahdi G, Uralbekov B, Schneider R. Highly fluorescent, color tunable and magnetic quaternary Ag–In–Mn–Zn–S quantum dots. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and effective synthesis of Mn : AIZS quantum dots exhibiting color-tunable photoluminescence emission and magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perizat Galiyeva
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés
- Université de Lorraine
- CNRS
- LRGP
- F-54000 Nancy
| | - Halima Alem
- Institut Jean Lamour
- Université de Lorraine
- CNRS
- F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy
- France
| | - Hervé Rinnert
- Institut Jean Lamour
- Université de Lorraine
- CNRS
- F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy
- France
| | - Lavinia Balan
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M)
- CNRS
- UMR 7361
- 68093 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Sébastien Blanchard
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- IPCM
- F-75005 Paris
| | - Ghouti Medjahdi
- Institut Jean Lamour
- Université de Lorraine
- CNRS
- F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy
- France
| | | | - Raphaël Schneider
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés
- Université de Lorraine
- CNRS
- LRGP
- F-54000 Nancy
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21
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Zaeimian MS, Gallian B, Harrison C, Wang Y, Zhao J, Zhu X. Mn Doped AZIS/ZnS Nanocrystals (NCs): Effects of Ag and Mn Levels on NC Optical Properties. JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS 2018; 765:236-244. [PMID: 30008517 PMCID: PMC6039121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS NCs were prepared using a nucleation doping approach with the tuning of Mn and Ag levels in their synthesis. The optical properties of Mn:AZIS/ZnS NCs are found to be significantly affected by Ag and Mn levels. Specifically, more Ag and Mn atoms in Mn:AZIS/ZnS NCs cause their fluorescence red-shift, and as the Ag or Mn level reaches a high threshold, the fluorescence lifetime of Mn:AZIS/ZnS NC has a significant drop. The reasons for the effects of Mn and Ag levels on NC optical properties were explored and discussed. Through this study, it is also found that with certain Ag and Mn levels in synthesis, some Mn:AZIS/ZnS NCs present optimal optical properties including high brightness (QY > 40%), long fluorescence lifetime (> 1.2 ms), low energy for excitation (excitable at 405 nm), and no reabsorption. The feasibility of the optimized NCs for time-gated fluorescence measurement using a portable/compact instrument was further demonstrated, which indicates the application potential of the NCs in time-gated biosensing including point-of-care testing. Notably, this study also discloses that Mn:AZIS/ZnS NCs with different lifetimes can be achieved by tuning Mn and Ag levels in synthesis, which may further broaden the applications of Mn:AZIS/ZnS NCs in multiplexing detection/measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Saber Zaeimian
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Brandon Gallian
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Clay Harrison
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of The Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Jialong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of The Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
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22
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Bera S, Dutta A, Mutyala S, Ghosh D, Pradhan N. Predominated Thermodynamically Controlled Reactions for Suppressing Cross Nucleations in Formation of Multinary Substituted Tetrahedrite Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1907-1912. [PMID: 29584942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Group I-II-V-VI semiconducting Cu12- xM xSb4S13 (M = ZnII, CdII, MnII and CuII) substituted tetrahedrite nanostructures remain a new class of multinary materials that have not been widely explored yet. Having different ions, the formation process of these nanostructures always has the possibility of formation of cross nucleations. Minimizing the reaction time, herein, a predominantly thermodynamic control approach is reported, which decouples the quaternary nucleations from their possible cross nucleations. As a consequence, possible cross nucleations were prevented and a series of nearly monodisperse intriguing substituted tetrahedrite nanostructures were formed. The possible LaMer plot for the single- and multimaterial nucleations is also proposed. Further, bandgaps of all of these new materials are calculated, and preliminarily, the applicability of these materials is tested for photoelectrochemical water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bera
- Department of Materials Science , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Materials Science , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Sankararao Mutyala
- Department of Materials Science , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Dibyendu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Kolkata 700064 , India
| | - Narayan Pradhan
- Department of Materials Science , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata 700032 , India
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23
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Chen B, Pradhan N, Zhong H. From Large-Scale Synthesis to Lighting Device Applications of Ternary I-III-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Inspiring Greener Material Emitters. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:435-445. [PMID: 29303589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots with fabulous size-dependent and color-tunable emissions remained as one of the most exciting inventories in nanomaterials for the last 3 decades. Even though a large number of such dot nanocrystals were developed, CdSe still remained as unbeatable and highly trusted lighting nanocrystals. Beyond these, the ternary I-III-VI family of nanocrystals emerged as the most widely accepted greener materials with efficient emissions tunable in visible as well as NIR spectral windows. These bring the high possibility of their implementation as lighting materials acceptable to the community and also to the environment. Keeping these in mind, in this Perspective, the latest developments of ternary I-III-VI nanocrystals from their large-scale synthesis to device applications are presented. Incorporating ZnS, tuning the composition, mixing with other nanocrystals, and doping with Mn ions, light-emitting devices of single color as well as for generating white light emissions are also discussed. In addition, the future prospects of these materials in lighting applications are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkun Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Narayan Pradhan
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Haizheng Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
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24
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Chen S, Zaeimian MS, Monteiro JHSK, Zhao J, Mamalis AG, de Bettencourt-Dias A, Zhu X. Mn Doped AIZS/ZnS Nanocrystals: Synthesis and Optical Properties. JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS 2017; 725:1077-1083. [PMID: 29242679 PMCID: PMC5724564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Mn doped AIZS/ZnS (Mn:AIZS/ZnS) nanocrystals (NCs) have been synthesized in an approach using heat-up and drop-wise addition of precursors. On the basis of the characterization of these doped NCs on their optical properties and materials, it is found that: (1) as more Mn atoms are doped into NCs, the doped NCs present photoluminescence (PL) red-shift and quantum yield quenching; (2) the doped NCs possess a short PL lifetime in tens of microseconds and a long PL lifetime in hundreds of microseconds, and the short lived PL is more dominant than the long lived one; and (3) the doped NCs present a reversible PL thermal quenching in a range from room temperature to 170°C. Possible PL mechanisms of these NCs were discussed by analyzing their time-resolved PL spectra and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Nevada Reno, NV, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno, NV,
USA
| | - Masoumeh Saber Zaeimian
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Nevada Reno, NV, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno, NV,
USA
| | | | - Jialong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of The
Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Jilin, China
| | | | | | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Nevada Reno, NV, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada Reno, NV,
USA
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25
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Xu Y, Chen T, Hu X, Jiang W, Wang L, Jiang W, Liu J. The off-stoichiometry effect on the optical properties of water-soluble copper indium zinc sulfide quantum dots. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 496:479-486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Pradhan N, Das Adhikari S, Nag A, Sarma DD. Luminescence, Plasmonic, and Magnetic Properties of Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7038-7054. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Pradhan
- Department of Materials Science; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Samrat Das Adhikari
- Department of Materials Science; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Angshuman Nag
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, IISER; Pune 411008 India
| | - D. D. Sarma
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru 560012 India
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27
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Pradhan N, Das Adhikari S, Nag A, Sarma DD. Dotierte Halbleiter-Nanokristalle: Lumineszenz, plasmonische und magnetische Eigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Pradhan
- Department of Materials Science; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata 700032 Indien
| | - Samrat Das Adhikari
- Department of Materials Science; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata 700032 Indien
| | - Angshuman Nag
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, IISER; Pune 411008 Indien
| | - D. D. Sarma
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bengaluru 560012 Indien
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28
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Yang KY, Hsu HW, Hsieh HY, Chang WC, Li MC, Lin PC, Lee CC, Liu CL, Lee TC. Facile Spray Deposition of Photocatalytic ZnO/Cu-In-Zn-S Heterostructured Composite Thin Film. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
| | - Han-Wen Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chi Li
- Thin Film Technology Center/ Department of Optics and Photons; National Central University; Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center; Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Thin Film Technology Center/ Department of Optics and Photons; National Central University; Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chou Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
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Jo DY, Kim D, Kim JH, Chae H, Seo HJ, Do YR, Yang H. Tunable White Fluorescent Copper Gallium Sulfide Quantum Dots Enabled by Mn Doping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:12291-7. [PMID: 27120773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) can be tuned by engineering the band gap via size and composition control and further doping them with impurity ions. Targeting on highly bright white-emissive I-III-VI -type copper gallium sulfide (Cu-Ga-S, CGS) host QDs with the entire visible spectral coverage of blue to red, herein, Mn(2+) ion doping, through surface adsorption and lattice diffusion is fulfilled. Upon doping a distinct Mn emission from (4)T1-(6)A1 transition successfully appears in white photoluminescence (PL) of undoped CGS/ZnS core/shell QDs and with varying Mn concentration a systematic white spectral evolution of CGS:Mn/ZnS QDs is achievable with high PL quantum yield retained. The origins of white PL of CGS:Mn/ZnS QDs that is well decomposed into three emission bands are appropriately assigned. The resulting single-phased, doped QDs are then employed as near-UV-to-white down converters for the fabrication of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Electroluminescent properties of white QD-LEDs depending on Mn concentration of CGS:Mn/ZnS QDs and forward current are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yeon Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University , Seoul 121-791, Korea
| | - Daekyoung Kim
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University , Seoul 121-791, Korea
| | - Heeyeop Chae
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Seo
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University , Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - Young Rag Do
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University , Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Heesun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University , Seoul 121-791, Korea
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30
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Xuan TT, Liu JQ, Yu CY, Xie RJ, Li HL. Facile Synthesis of Cadmium-Free Zn-In-S:Ag/ZnS Nanocrystals for Bio-Imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24459. [PMID: 27074820 PMCID: PMC4830992 DOI: 10.1038/srep24459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High quality cadmium-free Zn-In-S:Ag doped-nanocrystals (d-NCs) were synthesized via a simple one-step noninjection route using silver nitrate, indium acetate, zinc acetate, oleylamine, S powder and 1-dodecanethiol as starting materials in an organic phase. The size and optical properties can be effectively tailored by controlling the reaction time, reaction temperature, Ag(+) dopant concentration, and the molar ratio of In to Zn. The photoluminescence wavelength of as-prepared Zn-In-S:Ag NCs covered a broad visible range from 458 nm to 603 nm. After being passivated by protective ZnS shell, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of Zn-In-S:Ag(+) /ZnS was greatly improved to 43.5%. More importantly, the initial high PLQY of the obtained core/shell d-NCs in organic media can be preserved when being transferred into the aqueous media via ligand exchange. Finally, high quality Zn-In-S:Ag(+) /ZnS d-NCs in aqueous phase were applied as bio-imaging agents for identifying living KB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Xuan
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jia-Qing Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Cai-Yan Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Rong-Jun Xie
- Sialon Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hui-Li Li
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
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31
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Debnath T, Maiti S, Ghosh HN. Unusually Slow Electron Cooling to Charge-Transfer State in Gradient CdTeSe Alloy Nanocrystals Mediated through Mn Atom. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1359-1367. [PMID: 27003582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized Mn-doped CdTeSe gradient alloy nanocrystals (NCs) by a colloidal synthetic method, and charge carrier dynamics have been revealed through ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. Due to the reactivity difference between Te and Se, a CdTe-rich core and CdSe-rich shell have been formed in the CdTeSe alloy with the formation of a gradient type II core-shell structure. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies suggest Mn atoms are located in the surface of the alloy NCs. Steady-state optical absorption and emission studies suggest formation of a charge-transfer (CT) state in which electrons are localized in a CdSe-rich shell and holes are localized in a CdTe-rich core which appears in the red region of the spectra. Electron transfer in the CT state is found to take place in the Marcus inverted region. To understand charge-transfer dynamics in the CdTeSe alloy NCs and to determine the effect of Mn doping on the alloy, ultrafast transient absorption studies have been carried out. In the case of the undoped alloy, formation of the CT state is found to take place through electron relaxation to the conduction band of the CT state with a time of 600 fs and through hole relaxation (from the CdSe-rich state to the CdTe-rich state) to the valence band of the CT state with a time scale of 1 ps. However, electron relaxation in the presence of Mn dopants takes place initially via an electron transfer to the Mn 3d state (d(5)) followed by transfer from the Mn 3d state (d(6)) to the CT state, which has been found to take place with a >700 ps time scale in addition to the hole relaxation time of 2 ps. Charge recombination time of the CT state is found to be extremely slow in the Mn-doped CdTeSe alloy NCs as compared to the undoped one, where the Mn atom acts as an electron storage center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Debnath
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sourav Maiti
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University , Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085, India
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32
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Pradhan N. Red-Tuned Mn d-d Emission in Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1087-94. [PMID: 26632423 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Light-emitting Mn-doped semiconductor nanocrystals have been extensively studied for the last three decades for their intense and stable Mn d-d emission. In principle, this emission should be fixed at 585 nm (yellow), but recent studies have shown that the emission can be widely tuned even to 650 nm (red). This is a spectacular achievement as this would make Mn-doped nanocrystals efficient and tunable light emitters. Keeping these developments in view, the chemistry of the synthesis of these materials, their photophysical processes and the expected origins of their red emission are summarized in this Minireview. All the related important studies from 1992 onwards are chronologically discussed, and one particular case is elaborated on in detail. As these materials are potentially important for biology, and photovoltaic, sensing and light-emitting devices, this Minireview is expected to help researchers investigating the chemistry, physics and applications of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Pradhan
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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33
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Huang G, Wang C, Xu X, Cui Y. An optical ratiometric temperature sensor based on dopant-dependent thermal equilibrium in dual-emitting Ag&Mn:ZnInS quantum dots. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06293h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel optical sensor for ratiometric temperature detection is devised via Ag&Mn:ZnInS quantum dots (QDs). The temperature can be read via the PL ratios of Ag-related and Mn-related PL intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangguang Huang
- Advanced Photonics Center
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- Advanced Photonics Center
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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34
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Li J, Liu Y, Hua J, Tian L, Zhao J. Photoluminescence properties of transition metal-doped Zn–In–S/ZnS core/shell quantum dots in solid films. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoluminescence (PL) properties of transition metal ion (Mn2+ or Cu+) doped Zn–In–S/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) in solution and solid films were investigated by using steady-state and time-resolved PL spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Li
- Department of Physics
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Jilin Normal University
- Siping 136000
- China
| | - Jie Hua
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Jilin Normal University
- Siping 136000
- China
| | - Lianhua Tian
- Department of Physics
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- China
| | - Jialong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education
- Jilin Normal University
- Siping 136000
- China
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35
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Peng L, Huang K, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Shi Z, Xie R, Yang W. Bandgap- and Radial-Position-Dependent Mn-Doped Zn-Cu-In-S/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:752-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Keke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhuolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Renguo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wensheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
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36
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Sun Z, Sitbon G, Pons T, Bakulin AA, Chen Z. Reduced Carrier Recombination in PbS - CuInS2 Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10626. [PMID: 26024021 PMCID: PMC4448528 DOI: 10.1038/srep10626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy loss due to carrier recombination is among the major factors limiting the performance of TiO2/PbS colloidal quantum dot (QD) heterojunction solar cells. In this work, enhanced photocurrent is achieved by incorporating another type of hole-transporting QDs, Zn-doped CuInS2 (Zn-CIS) QDs into the PbS QD matrix. Binary QD solar cells exhibit a reduced charge recombination associated with the spatial charge separation between these two types of QDs. A ~30% increase in short-circuit current density and a ~20% increase in power conversion efficiency are observed in binary QD solar cells compared to cells built from PbS QDs only. In agreement with the charge transfer process identified through ultrafast pump/probe spectroscopy between these two QD components, transient photovoltage characteristics of single-component and binary QDs solar cells reveal longer carrier recombination time constants associated with the incorporation of Zn-CIS QDs. This work presents a straightforward, solution-processed method based on the incorporation of another QDs in the PbS QD matrix to control the carrier dynamics in colloidal QD materials and enhance solar cell performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Sun
- 1] LPEM, PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8213, F-75005 Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gary Sitbon
- 1] LPEM, PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8213, F-75005 Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Pons
- 1] LPEM, PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8213, F-75005 Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Artem A Bakulin
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuoying Chen
- 1] LPEM, PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France [2] CNRS, UMR 8213, F-75005 Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
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37
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Jiang T, Song J, Wang H, Ye X, Wang H, Zhang W, Yang M, Xia R, Zhu L, Xu X. Aqueous synthesis of color tunable Cu doped Zn–In–S/ZnS nanoparticles in the whole visible region for cellular imaging. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2402-2410. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cu doped Zn–In–S/ZnS QDs were synthesized for labeling the cytoplasm and their multiple peak emission mechanisms were proposed.
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38
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Demillo VG, Liao M, Zhu X, Redelman D, Publicover NG, Hunter KW. Fabrication of MnFe 2O 4-CuInS 2/ZnS Magnetofluorescent Nanocomposites and Their Characterization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015; 464:134-142. [PMID: 25484523 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Magnetofluorescent nanocomposites (MFNCs) providing a single nanoscale platform with multimodal properties are gaining momentum in biological manipulation, biomedical imaging and therapy. In this work, we report the preparation of MFNCs integrating MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-PLGA) in a tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water solvent system. Through sonication and quick solvent displacement, multiple nanoparticles of each type are co-encapsulated within the hydrophobic core of PEG-PLGA micelles. The developed fabrication process is simple and fast. Moreover, due to the low toxicity of CuInS2/ZnS QDs, the fabrication process is environmentally benign. The fabricated MFNCs were further characterized regarding their fundamental physical, chemical and biological properties. Results reveal that the MFNCs possess high (Mn + Fe) recovery rates, and the optical properties and magnetic relaxivity of the MFNCs are sensitive to the MNP:QD mass ratios in the fabrication. Furthermore, the MFNCs present excellent stability in aqueous solutions, minimal cytotoxicity, and capability for bioconjugation. This study opens an avenue for the MFNCs to be employed in broad biological or biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta G Demillo
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA ; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Mingxia Liao
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA ; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA ; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Doug Redelman
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA ; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Nelson G Publicover
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA ; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenneth W Hunter
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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39
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Cao S, Li C, Wang L, Shang M, Wei G, Zheng J, Yang W. Long-lived and well-resolved Mn²⁺ ion emissions in CuInS-ZnS quantum dots. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7510. [PMID: 25515207 PMCID: PMC5378940 DOI: 10.1038/srep07510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CuInS2 (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) have tunable photoluminescence (PL) behaviors in the visible and near infrared spectral range with markedly lower toxicity than the cadmium-based counterparts, making them very promising applications in light emitting and solar harvesting. However, there still remain material- and fabrication- related obstacles in realizing the high-performance CIS-based QDs with well-resolved Mn2+d-d emission, long emission lifetimes as well as high efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate the growth of high-quality Mn2+-doped CuInS-ZnS (CIS-ZnS) QDs based on a multi-step hot-injection strategy. The resultant QDs exhibit a well-resolved Mn2+d-d emission with a high PL quantum yield (QY) up to 66% and an extremely long excited state lifetime up to ~3.78 ms, which is nearly two times longer than the longest one of “green” QDs ever reported. It is promising that the synthesized Mn2+-doped CIS-ZnS QDs might open new doors for their practical applications in bioimaging and opto/electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cao
- 1] School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China [2] Institute of Materials, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Chengming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Materials, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Minghui Shang
- Institute of Materials, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Guodong Wei
- Institute of Materials, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Jinju Zheng
- Institute of Materials, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Weiyou Yang
- Institute of Materials, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
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40
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Sitbon G, Bouccara S, Tasso M, Francois A, Bezdetnaya L, Marchal F, Beaumont M, Pons T. Multimodal Mn-doped I-III-VI quantum dots for near infrared fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging: from synthesis to in vivo application. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9264-72. [PMID: 24980473 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02239d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive multimodal contrast agents is a key issue to provide better global, multi-scale images for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Here we present the synthesis of Zn-Cu-In-(S, Se)/Zn(1-x)Mn(x)S core-shell quantum dots (QDs) that can be used as markers for both near-infrared fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We first present the synthesis of Zn-Cu-In-(S, Se) cores coated with a thick ZnS shell doped with various proportions of Mn. Their emission wavelengths can be tuned over the NIR optical window suitable for deep tissue imaging. The incorporation of manganese ions (up to a few thousand ions per QD) confers them a paramagnetic character, as demonstrated by structural analysis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. These QDs maintain their optical properties after transfer to water using ligand exchange. They exhibit T1-relaxivities up to 1400 mM(-1) [QD] s(-1) at 7 T and 300 K. We finally show that these QDs are suitable multimodal in vivo probes and demonstrate MRI and NIR fluorescence detection of regional lymph nodes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Sitbon
- LPEM, PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231, Paris Cedex 5, France.
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41
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Bhaumik S, Pal AJ. Light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed nontoxic quantum dots: oxides as carrier-transport layers and introducing molybdenum oxide nanoparticles as a hole-inject layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11348-11356. [PMID: 24983915 DOI: 10.1021/am501890m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report fabrication and characterization of solution-processed quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QDLEDs) based on a layer of nontoxic and Earth-abundant zinc-diffused silver indium disulfide (AIZS) nanoparticles as an emitting material. In the QDLEDs fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates, we use layers of oxides, such as graphene oxide (GO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as a hole- and electron-transport layer, respectively. In addition, we introduce a layer of MoO3 nanoparticles as a hole-inject one. We report a comparison of the characteristics of different device architectures. We show that an inverted device architecture, ITO/ZnO/AIZS/GO/MoO3/Al, yields a higher electroluminescence (EL) emission, compared to direct ones, for three reasons: (1) the GO/MoO3 layers introduce barriers for electrons to reach the Al electrode, and, similarly, the ZnO layers acts as a barrier for holes to travel to the ITO electrode; (2) the introduction of a layer of MoO3 nanoparticles as a hole-inject layer reduces the barrier height for holes and thereby balances charge injection in the inverted structure; and (3) the wide-bandgap zinc oxide next to the ITO electrode does not absorb the EL emission during its exit from the device. In the QDLEDs with oxides as carrier inject and transport layers, the EL spectrum resembles the photoluminescence emission of the emitting material (AIZS), implying that excitons are formed in the quaternary nanocrystals and decay radiatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Bhaumik
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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42
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Sarkar S, Guria AK, Patra BK, Pradhan N. Synthesis and photo-darkening/photo-brightening of blue emitting doped semiconductor nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3786-3790. [PMID: 24573380 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
By programming the synthetic reaction chemistry, stable blue emitting Cu(i) or Ag(i) doped Al(iii) co-doped ZnS (Al,Cu:ZnS or Al,Ag:ZnS) semiconductor nanocrystals are designed. Further, the photostability of the obtained intense blue-violet emission is studied, and the effects of doping/co-doping are correlated. Finally, it is revealed that the strong binding surface ligand 1-dodecanethiol and Al(iii) co-doping play pivotal roles in achieving such stable blue emitting doped nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Sarkar
- Department of Materials Science and Centre for Advanced Materials, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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43
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Ke J, Li X, Zhao Q, Shi Y, Chen G. A novel approach to synthesize ultrasmall Cu doped Zn-In-Se nanocrystal emitters in a colloidal system. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3403-3409. [PMID: 24531136 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06168j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A facile phosphine-free approach is presented to prepare Cu doped ternary Zn-In-Se nanocrystals with high performance photoluminescence. By doping during nucleation stage, Cu dopant serving as a dominative emission centre was introduced into a weak fluorescence ternary system to modify the emission path. As a result of varying the ratios of zinc to indium, emission of the products is tunable ranging from 620 to 545 nm and a photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 20%. Meanwhile, a large Stokes shift of 467 meV is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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Lin J, Zhang Q, Wang L, Liu X, Yan W, Wu T, Bu X, Feng P. Atomically Precise Doping of Monomanganese Ion into Coreless Supertetrahedral Chalcogenide Nanocluster Inducing Unusual Red Shift in Mn2+ Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4769-79. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501288x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Le Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wenbo Yan
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xianhui Bu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, 1250
Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Pingyun Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Huang F, Zhou J, Xu J, Wang Y. Formation of AgGaS2 nano-pyramids from Ag2S nanospheres through intermediate Ag2S-AgGaS2 heterostructures and AgGaS2 sensitized Mn2+ emission. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2340-2344. [PMID: 24418834 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04765b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot solution synthesis of monodisperse AgGaS2 nanocrystals with uniform pyramid-like shape is realized for the first time, in which an interesting phase and shape evolution from monodisperse Ag2S nanospheres to pure AgGaS2 nano-pyramids through an intermediate stage of Ag2S-AgGaS2 heterostructures, is revealed. Evidently, upon introducing Mn(2+) ions into the reaction system, they are incorporated into AgGaS2 nano-pyramids which act as efficient sensitization matrixes for the red emission of Mn(2+) d-d transition under blue excitation. Benefiting from their non-toxicity and facile fabrication, Mn:AgGaS2 nanocrystals may find potential applications in some fields such as blue chip excited LEDs and bio-labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002 P. R. China.
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Magnetically engineered Cd-free quantum dots as dual-modality probes for fluorescence/magnetic resonance imaging of tumors. Biomaterials 2014; 35:1608-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rao MJ, Shibata T, Chattopadhyay S, Nag A. Origin of Photoluminescence and XAFS Study of (ZnS)1-x(AgInS2)x Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:167-173. [PMID: 26276197 DOI: 10.1021/jz402443y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Donor-Acceptor transition was previously suggested as a mechanism for luminescence in (ZnS)1-x(AgInS2)x nanocrystals. Here we show the participation of delocalized valence/conduction band in the luminescence. Two emission pathways are observed: Path-1 involves transition between a delocalized state and a localized state exhibiting higher energy and shorter lifetime (∼25 ns) and Path-2 (donor-acceptor) involves two localized defect states exhibiting lower emission energy and longer lifetime (>185 ns). Surprisingly, Path-1 dominates (82% for x = 0.33) for nanocrystals with lower x, in sharp difference with prior assignment. Luminescence peak blue shifts systematically by 0.57 eV with decreasing x because of this large contribution from Path-1. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) study of (ZnS)1-x(AgInS2)x nanocrystals shows larger AgS4 tetrahedra compared with InS4 tetrahedra with Ag-S and In-S bond lengths 2.52 and 2.45 Å respectively, whereas Zn-S bond length is 2.33 Å along with the absence of second nearest-neighbor Zn-S-metal correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jagadeeswara Rao
- †Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, India 411008
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- ‡MRCAT, Sector 10, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Bldg 433B, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- ‡MRCAT, Sector 10, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Bldg 433B, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Angshuman Nag
- †Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, India 411008
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48
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Kadlag KP, Patil P, Jagadeeswara Rao M, Datta S, Nag A. Luminescence and solar cell from ligand-free colloidal AgInS2 nanocrystals. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42475h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kolny-Olesiak J, Weller H. Synthesis and application of colloidal CuInS2 semiconductor nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12221-37. [PMID: 24187935 DOI: 10.1021/am404084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals possess size-dependent properties, which make them interesting candidates for a variety of applications, e.g., in solar energy conversion, lighting, display technology, or biolabelling. However, many of the best studied nanocrystalline materials contain toxic heavy metals; this seriously limits their potential for widespread application. One of the possible less toxic alternatives to cadmium- or lead-containing semiconductors is copper indium disulfide (CIS), a direct semiconductor with a bandgap in the bulk of 1.45 eV and a Bohr exciton radius of 4.1 nm. This Review gives an overview of the methods developed during the last years to synthesize CIS nanocrystals and summarizes the possibilities to influence their shape, composition and crystallographic structure. Also the potential of the application of CIS nanocrystals in biolabellling, photocatalysis, solar energy conversion, and light-emitting devices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kolny-Olesiak
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg , 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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50
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Deng D, Qu L, Zhang J, Ma Y, Gu Y. Quaternary Zn-Ag-In-Se quantum dots for biomedical optical imaging of RGD-modified micelles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10858-10865. [PMID: 24083409 DOI: 10.1021/am403050s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the synthesis of new biocompatible quantum dots (QDs) helps in overcoming the intrinsic toxicity of the existing QDs composed of highly toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Hg, Pb, etc.) and is particularly interesting for the future practical application of QDs in biomedical imaging. Hence, in this report, a new one-pot approach to oil-soluble (highly toxic heavy metal-free) highly luminescent quaternary Zn-Ag-In-Se (ZAISe) QDs was designed. Their photoluminescence (PL) emission could be systematically tuned from 660 to 800 nm by controlling the Ag/Zn feed ratio, and their highest PL quantum yield is close to 50% after detailed optimization. Next, by using biodegradable RGD peptide (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid)-modified N-succinyl-N'-octyl-chitosan (RGD-SOC) micelles as a water transfer agent, the versatility of these quaternary ZAISe QDs for multiscale bioimaging of micelles (namely, in vitro and in vivo evaluating the tumor targeting of drug carriers) was further explored, as a promising alternative for Cd- and Pb-based QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
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