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Sajid H. Effect of interlayer slipping on the geometric, thermal and adsorption properties of 2D covalent organic frameworks: a comprehensive review based on computational modelling studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8577-8603. [PMID: 38421236 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D-COFs) are a class of crystalline porous organic polymers, consisting of 2D-planar sheets stacked together perpendicularly via noncovalent forces. Since their discovery, 2D-COFs have attracted extensive attention for optoelectronic and adsorption applications. Owing to the layer stacking nature of 2D COFs, various new slipped structures that are energetically favourable can be designed. These interlayer slipped structures are actively responsible for tuning (mostly enhancing) the optoelectronic properties, thermal properties, and mechanical strength of 2D COFs. This review summarizes the effect of interlayer slipping on the energetic stability, electronic behaviour and gas adsorption properties of 2D layered COFs, which is explained through computational modelling simulations. Since computational modelling offers a deep insight into electronic behaviour at the atomic scale, which is potentially impossible through experimental techniques, the introduction and role of computational techniques in such studies have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain Sajid
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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2
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Alipour S, Hassani M, Hosseini SMH, Mousavi-Khoshdel SM. Facile preparation of covalently functionalized graphene with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and investigation of its characteristics. RSC Adv 2022; 13:558-569. [PMID: 36605623 PMCID: PMC9772862 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports a fast and easy method for simultaneously in situ reducing and functionalizing graphene oxide. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine hydrate salt molecules are reduced by graphene oxide by reacting with oxide groups on the surface and removing these groups, and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone groups are replaced with oxide groups. The synthesized materials have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV absorption. Also, the morphology has been examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The result of the photocurrent response and electrochemical behavior of the samples through cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been analyzed to investigate the effect of physical and chemical changes compared to graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alipour
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) Narmak Tehran Iran +982177240480 +982177240480
| | - M Hassani
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) Narmak Tehran Iran +982177240480 +982177240480
| | - S M H Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) Narmak Tehran Iran +982177240480 +982177240480
| | - S M Mousavi-Khoshdel
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) Narmak Tehran Iran +982177240480 +982177240480
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3
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Gber TE, Louis H, Owen AE, Etinwa BE, Benjamin I, Asogwa FC, Orosun MM, Eno EA. Heteroatoms (Si, B, N, and P) doped 2D monolayer MoS 2 for NH 3 gas detection. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25992-26010. [PMID: 36199611 PMCID: PMC9468912 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2D transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2 monolayer quantum dots (MoS2-QD) and their doped boron (B@MoS2-QD), nitrogen (N@MoS2-QD), phosphorus (P@MoS2-QD), and silicon (Si@MoS2-QD) surfaces have been theoretically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) computation to understand their mechanistic sensing ability, such as conductivity, selectivity, and sensitivity toward NH3 gas. The results from electronic properties showed that P@MoS2-QD had the lowest energy gap, which indicated an increase in electrical conductivity and better adsorption behavior. By carrying out comparative adsorption studies using m062-X, ωB97XD, B3LYP, and PBE0 methods at the 6-311G++(d,p) level of theory, the most negative values were observed from ωB97XD for the P@MoS2-QD surface, signifying the preferred chemisorption surface for NH3 detection. The mechanistic studies provided in this study also indicate that the P@MoS2-QD dopant is a promising sensing material for monitoring ammonia gas in the real world. We hope this research work will provide informative knowledge for experimental researchers to realize the potential of MoS2 dopants, specifically the P@MoS2-QD surface, as a promising candidate for sensors to detect gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terkumbur E Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Akwa-Ibom State University Uyo Nigeria
| | - Aniekan E Owen
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Akwa-Ibom State University Uyo Nigeria
| | - Benjamin E Etinwa
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Fredrick C Asogwa
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | | | - Ededet A Eno
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
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4
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Mohata S, Dey K, Bhunia S, Thomas N, Gowd EB, Ajithkumar TG, Reddy CM, Banerjee R. Dual Nanomechanics in Anisotropic Porous Covalent Organic Framework Janus-Type Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:400-409. [PMID: 34965101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Empowered by crystalline ordered structures and homogeneous fabrication techniques, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been realized with uniform morphologies and isotropic properties. However, such homogeneity often hinders various surface-dependent properties observed in asymmetric nanostructures. The challenge remains to induce heterogeneity in COFs by creating an asymmetric superstructure such as a Janus thin film. In this regard, we propose a versatile yet straightforward interfacial layer-grafting strategy to fabricate free-standing Janus-type COF-graphene thin films. Herein, two-dimensional graphene sheets were utilized as the suitable grafter due to the possibility of noncovalent interactions between the layers. The versatility of the approach was demonstrated by fabricating two distinct Janus-type films, with the COF surface interwoven with nanofibers and nanospheres. The Janus-type films showcase opposing surface morphologies originating from graphene sheets and COF nanofibers or nanospheres, preserving the porosity (552-600 m2 g-1). The unique surface chemistries of the constituent layers further endow the films with orthogonal mechanical properties, as confirmed by the nanoindentation technique. Interestingly, the graphene sheets favor the Janus-type assembly of COF nanofibers over the nanospheres. This is reflected in the better nanomechanical properties of COFfiber-graphene films (Egraphene = 300-1200 MPa; ECOF = 15-60 MPa) compared to the COFsphere-graphene films (Egraphene = 11-14 MPa; ECOF = 2-5 MPa). These results indicate a direct relationship between the mechanical properties and homo/heterogeneity of Janus-type COF films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Mohata
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Neethu Thomas
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - E Bhoje Gowd
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Thalasseril G Ajithkumar
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - C Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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5
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Photo-induced synthesis of ternary Pt/rGO/COF photocatalyst with Pt nanoparticles precisely anchored on rGO for efficient visible-light-driven H 2 evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:2613-2622. [PMID: 34772502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been recognized as a new type of promising visible-light-driven photocatalysts for H2 evolution, while it still is a key point to facilitate the separation and transfer of photoinduced charges for further enhancing their activities. In this work, we fabricated a new type of ternary Pt/rGO/COF photocatalysts with Pt cocatalyst precisely anchored on rGO serving as electron collector for largely enhanced H2 evolution. A series of ternary hybrid materials were obtained via one-pot photoreduction of Pt4+ and GO under visible-light irradiation in a solution the same as photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction and simultaneous self-assembling of rGO/COF heterostructure. No need isolation, the synthetic system could be further used for photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction and the results show the H2 evolution rate of Pt/rGO(20%)/TpPa-1-COF hybrid material is 19.59 mmol·g-1·h-1, 6.51 times higher than that of Pt/TpPa-1-COF. The essential role of the exclusively distributed Pt nanoparticles on rGO to the high H2 evolution activity was confirmed by various comparisons of activity for the samples with diverse Pt distribution.
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7
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Ziogos OG, Blanco I, Blumberger J. Ultrathin porphyrin and tetra-indole covalent organic frameworks for organic electronics applications. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044702. [PMID: 32752720 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic and charge transport properties of porphyrin and tetra-indole porphyrinoid single layer covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are investigated by means of density functional theory calculations. Ultrathin diacetylene-linked COFs based on oxidized tetra-indole cores are narrow gap 2D semiconductors, featuring a pronounced anisotropic electronic band structure due to the combination of dispersive and flat band characteristics, while registering high room temperature charge carrier mobilities. The capability of bandgap and charge carrier localization tuning via the careful selection of fourfold porphyrin and porphyrinoid cores and twofold articulated linkers is demonstrated, with the majority of systems exhibiting electronic gap values between 1.75 eV and 2.3 eV. Tetra-indoles are also capable of forming stable monolayers via non-articulated core fusing, resulting in 2D morphologies with extended π-conjugation and semi-metallic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis George Ziogos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Itsaso Blanco
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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8
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Mohammed AK, Vijayakumar V, Halder A, Ghosh M, Addicoat M, Bansode U, Kurungot S, Banerjee R. Weak Intermolecular Interactions in Covalent Organic Framework-Carbon Nanofiber Based Crystalline yet Flexible Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30828-30837. [PMID: 31386343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The redox-active and porous structural backbone of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can facilitate high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices. However, the utilities of such 2D materials as supercapacitor electrodes in advanced self-charging power-pack systems have been obstructed due to the poor electrical conductivity and subsequent indigent performance. Herein, we report an effective strategy to enhance the electrical conductivity of COF thin sheets through the in situ solid-state inclusion of carbon nanofibers (CNF) into the COF precursor matrix. The obtained COF-CNF hybrids possess a significant intermolecular π···π interaction between COF and the graphene layers of the CNF. As a result, these COF-CNF hybrids (DqTp-CNF and DqDaTp-CNF) exhibit good electrical conductivity (0.25 × 10-3 S cm-1), as well as high performance in electrochemical energy storage (DqTp-CNF: 464 mF cm-2 at 0.25 mA cm-2). Also, the fabricated, mechanically strong quasi-solid-state supercapacitor (DqDaTp-CNF SC) delivered an ultrahigh device capacitance of 167 mF cm-2 at 0.5 mA cm-2. Furthermore, we integrated a monolithic photovoltaic self-charging power pack by assembling DqDaTp-CNF SC with a perovskite solar cell. The fabricated self-charging power pack delivered excellent performance in the areal capacitance (42 mF cm-2) at 0.25 mA cm-2 after photocharging for 300 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khayum Mohammed
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh 201 002 , India
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Vidyanand Vijayakumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh 201 002 , India
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Arjun Halder
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh 201 002 , India
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Meena Ghosh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh 201 002 , India
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Matthew Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane , NG11 8NS Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Umesh Bansode
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Sreekumar Kurungot
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh 201 002 , India
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , Maharashtra , India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , West Bengal , India
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9
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White DL, Burkert SC, Hwang SI, Star A. Holey Graphene Metal Nanoparticle Composites via Crystalline Polymer Templated Etching. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2824-2831. [PMID: 30958007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While graphene has sparked enormous research interest since its isolation in 2004, there has also been an interest in developing graphene composite materials that leverage graphene's extraordinary physical properties toward new technologies. Oxidative analogues such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide retain many of the same properties of graphene. While these materials contain many functional moieties, defect formation through current oxidation methods is random which, despite reductive treatments, can never fully recover the properties of the starting material. In the interest of bridging the divide between these two sets of materials for composite materials, here we show a methodology utilizing 2-D covalent organic frameworks as templates for hole formation in graphene through plasma etching. The holes formed act as edge-only chemical handles while retaining a contiguous sp2 structure. Holey graphene structures generated act as autoreduction sites for small noble metal nanoparticles which return many of graphene's original electrical properties that can be used for functional composites. Composite materials here show 103 enhancement of the Raman signal of the underlying holey graphene as well as excellent calculated limits of detection in gas sensing of H2S (3 ppb) and H2 (10 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- David L White
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Seth C Burkert
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Sean I Hwang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
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10
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Haase F, Banerjee T, Savasci G, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Structure-property-activity relationships in a pyridine containing azine-linked covalent organic framework for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Faraday Discuss 2019; 201:247-264. [PMID: 28613332 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic solids such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), porous polymers and carbon nitrides have garnered attention as a new generation of photocatalysts that offer tunability of their optoelectronic properties both at the molecular level and at the nanoscale. Owing to their inherent porosity and well-ordered nanoscale architectures, COFs are an especially attractive platform for the rational design of new photocatalysts for light-induced hydrogen evolution. In this report, our previous design strategy of altering the nitrogen content in an azine-linked COF platform to tune photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is extended to a pyridine-based photocatalytically active framework, where nitrogen substitution in the peripheral aryl rings reverses the polarity compared to the previously studied materials. We demonstrate how simple changes at the molecular level translate into significant differences in atomic-scale structure, nanoscale morphology and optoelectronic properties, which greatly affect the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency. In an effort to understand the complex interplay of such factors, we carve out the conformational flexibility of the PTP-COF precursor and the vertical radical anion stabilization energy as important descriptors to understand the performance of the COF photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Haase
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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11
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Wang H, Zeng Z, Xu P, Li L, Zeng G, Xiao R, Tang Z, Huang D, Tang L, Lai C, Jiang D, Liu Y, Yi H, Qin L, Ye S, Ren X, Tang W. Recent progress in covalent organic framework thin films: fabrications, applications and perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 48:488-516. [PMID: 30565610 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a newly emerging class of porous materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted much attention due to their intriguing structural merits (e.g., total organic backbone, tunable porosity and predictable structure). However, the insoluble and unprocessable features of bulk COF powder limit their applications. To overcome these limitations, considerable efforts have been devoted to exploring the fabrication of COF thin films with controllable architectures, which open the door for their novel applications. In this critical review, we aim to provide the recent advances in the fabrication of COF thin films not only supported on substrates but also as free-standing nanosheets via both bottom-up and top-down strategies. The bottom-up strategy involves solvothermal synthesis, interfacial polymerization, room temperature vapor-assisted conversion, and synthesis under continuous flow conditions; whereas, the top-down strategy involves solvent-assisted exfoliation, self-exfoliation, mechanical delamination, and chemical exfoliation. In addition, the applications of COF thin films including energy storage, semiconductor devices, membrane-separation, sensors, and drug delivery are summarized. Finally, to accelerate further research, a personal perspective covering their synthetic strategies, mechanisms and applications is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P. R. China.
| | - Piao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Lianshan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellent in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellent in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Danni Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Shujing Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoya Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
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12
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Touzeau J, Barbault F, Maurel F, Seydou M. Insights on porphyrin-functionalized graphene: Theoretical study of substituent and metal-center effects on adsorption. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Mitra J, Saxena M, Paul N, Saha E, Sarkar R, Sarkar S. Visible light induced degradation of pollutant dyes using a self-assembled graphene oxide–molybdenum oxo-bis(dithiolene) composite. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01899e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An easily separable graphene oxide–molybdenum oxo-bis(dithiolene) ([Ph4P]2[MoO(S2C2(CN)2)2]) composite degraded Rhodamine B and Rose Bengal dye upon visible light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyee Mitra
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-CSMCRI
- Gijubhai Badheka Marg
- Bhavnagar 364002
- India
| | - Manav Saxena
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- JAIN University
- Jain Global Campus
- Bengaluru
- India
| | - Navendu Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Ekata Saha
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-CSMCRI
- Gijubhai Badheka Marg
- Bhavnagar 364002
- India
| | - Rudra Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur
- Howrah-711103
- India
| | - Sabyasachi Sarkar
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology
- Nanoscience and Synthetic Leaf Laboratory at Downing Hall
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
- Shibpur
- Howrah-711103
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14
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Díaz U, Corma A. Ordered covalent organic frameworks, COFs and PAFs. From preparation to application. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Gou X, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Shi X, Fan X, Huang L, Lu G. Preparation and engineering of oriented 2D covalent organic framework thin films. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07417k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid metal/COF stack multilayers and patterned COF films were fabricated via the flexible combination of solvothermal deposition and compatible film processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Gou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Yunling Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Xing Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Guang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
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16
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A tunable azine covalent organic framework platform for visible light-induced hydrogen generation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8508. [PMID: 26419805 PMCID: PMC4598847 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution from photocatalytic reduction of water holds promise as a sustainable source of carbon-free energy. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) present an interesting new class of photoactive materials, which combine three key features relevant to the photocatalytic process, namely crystallinity, porosity and tunability. Here we synthesize a series of water- and photostable 2D azine-linked COFs from hydrazine and triphenylarene aldehydes with varying number of nitrogen atoms. The electronic and steric variations in the precursors are transferred to the resulting frameworks, thus leading to a progressively enhanced light-induced hydrogen evolution with increasing nitrogen content in the frameworks. Our results demonstrate that by the rational design of COFs on a molecular level, it is possible to precisely adjust their structural and optoelectronic properties, thus resulting in enhanced photocatalytic activities. This is expected to spur further interest in these photofunctional frameworks where rational supramolecular engineering may lead to new material applications. Production of hydrogen via the photocatalytic reduction of water is an attractive source of energy, but the catalysts are often expensive and possess little room for modification. Here, the authors show that covalent organic frameworks can be tuned for optimal photocatalytic performance.
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17
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Preparation and characterization of β-sitosterol/β-cyclodextrin crystalline inclusion complexes. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-015-0550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Fu Z, Shen W, He R, Liu X, Yu P, Peng X, Li M. Density functional study on the effect of a new ladder-type structure with different substituent groups (R = H, CH3, OCH3and CN) for donor–acceptor copolymers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05954a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Gunasinghe RN, Samarakoon DK, Arampath AB, Shashikala HBM, Vilus J, Hall JH, Wang XQ. Resonant orbitals in fluorinated epitaxial graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:18902-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Garg R, Dutta NK, Choudhury NR. Work Function Engineering of Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2014; 4:267-300. [PMID: 28344223 PMCID: PMC5304665 DOI: 10.3390/nano4020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is a two dimensional one atom thick allotrope of carbon that displays unusual crystal structure, electronic characteristics, charge transport behavior, optical clarity, physical & mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and much more that is yet to be discovered. Consequently, it has generated unprecedented excitement in the scientific community; and is of great interest to wide ranging industries including semiconductor, optoelectronics and printed electronics. Graphene is considered to be a next-generation conducting material with a remarkable band-gap structure, and has the potential to replace traditional electrode materials in optoelectronic devices. It has also been identified as one of the most promising materials for post-silicon electronics. For many such applications, modulation of the electrical and optical properties, together with tuning the band gap and the resulting work function of zero band gap graphene are critical in achieving the desired properties and outcome. In understanding the importance, a number of strategies including various functionalization, doping and hybridization have recently been identified and explored to successfully alter the work function of graphene. In this review we primarily highlight the different ways of surface modification, which have been used to specifically modify the band gap of graphene and its work function. This article focuses on the most recent perspectives, current trends and gives some indication of future challenges and possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Garg
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, 5095 Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Naba K Dutta
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, 5095 Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Namita Roy Choudhury
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, 5095 Adelaide, Australia.
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21
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Karmel HJ, Chien T, Demers-Carpentier V, Garramone JJ, Hersam MC. Self-Assembled Two-Dimensional Heteromolecular Nanoporous Molecular Arrays on Epitaxial Graphene. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:270-274. [PMID: 26270698 DOI: 10.1021/jz4025518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of graphene functionalization strategies that simultaneously achieve two-dimensional (2D) spatial periodicity and substrate registry is of critical importance for graphene-based nanoelectronics and related technologies. Here, we demonstrate the generation of a hydrogen-bonded molecularly thin organic heteromolecular nanoporous network on epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) using room-temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy. In particular, perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) and melamine are intermixed to form a spatially periodic 2D nanoporous network architecture with hexagonal symmetry and a lattice parameter of 3.45 ± 0.10 nm. The resulting adlayer is in registry with the underlying graphene substrate and possesses a characteristic domain size of 40-50 nm. This molecularly defined nanoporous network holds promise as a template for 2D ordered chemical modification of graphene at lengths scales relevant for graphene band structure engineering.
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22
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Dogru M, Bein T. On the road towards electroactive covalent organic frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5531-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46767h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Shashikala HBM, Nicolas CI, Wang XQ. Tunable Doping in Graphene by Light-Switchable Molecules. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2012; 116:26102-26105. [PMID: 23316261 PMCID: PMC3539810 DOI: 10.1021/jp311269c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent functionalization provides an effective way to modulate the electronic properties of graphene. Recent experimental work has demonstrated that hybrids of dipolar phototransductive molecules tethered to graphene are reversibly tunable in doping. We have studied the electronic structure characteristics of chromophore/graphene hybrids using dispersion-corrected density functional theory. The Dirac point of noncovalently functionalized graphene shifts upward via cis-trans isomerism, which is attributed to a change in the chromophore's dipole moment. Our calculation results reveal that the experimentally observed reversible doping of graphene is attributed to the change in charge transfer between the light-switchable chromophore and graphene via isomerization. Furthermore, we show that by varying the electric field perpendicular to the supramolecular functionalized graphene, additional tailoring of graphene doping can be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantel I. Nicolas
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Functional Nanoscale Materials, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Xiao-Qian Wang
- Department of Physics, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
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