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Koner K, Mohata S, Ogaeri Y, Nishiyama Y, Addicoat MA, Banerjee R. Enhancing the Crystallinity of Keto-enamine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks through an in situ Protection-Deprotection Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316873. [PMID: 38324467 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
β-Keto-enamine-linked 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as highly robust materials, showing significant potential for practical applications. However, the exclusive reliance on 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp aldehyde) in the design of such COFs often results in the production of non-porous amorphous polymers when combined with certain amine building blocks. Attempts to adjust the crystallinity and porosity by a modulator approach are inefficient because Tp aldehyde readily forms stable β-keto-enamine-linked monomers/oligomers with various aromatic amines through an irreversible keto-enol tautomerization process. Our research employed a unique protection-deprotection strategy to enhance the crystallinity and porosity of β-keto-enamine-linked squaramide-based 2D COFs. Advanced solid-state NMR studies, including 1D 13 C CPMAS, 1 H fast MAS, 15 N CPMAS, 2D 13 C-1 H correlation, 1 H-1 H DQ-SQ, and 14 N-1 H HMQC NMR were used to establish the atomic-level connectivity within the resultant COFs. The TpOMe -Sqm COFs synthesized utilizing this strategy have a surface area of 487 m2 g-1 , significantly higher than similar COFs synthesized using Tp aldehyde. Furthermore, detailed time-dependent PXRD, solid-state 13 C CPMAS NMR, and theoretical DFT studies shed more light on the crystallization and linkage conversion processes in these 2D COFs. Ultimately, we applied this protection-deprotection method to construct novel keto-enamine-linked highly porous organic polymers with a surface area of 1018 m2 g-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalipada Koner
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Shibani Mohata
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Yutaro Ogaeri
- JEOL Ltd. Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
| | | | - Matthew A Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Mohanpur, 741246, India
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Karak S, Koner K, Karmakar A, Mohata S, Nishiyama Y, Duong NT, Thomas N, Ajithkumar TG, Hossain MS, Bandyopadhyay S, Kundu S, Banerjee R. Morphology Tuning via Linker Modulation: Metal-Free Covalent Organic Nanostructures with Exceptional Chemical Stability for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2209919. [PMID: 36635878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of synthetic routes for the formation of robust porous organic polymers (POPs) with well-defined nanoscale morphology is fundamentally significant for their practical applications. The thermodynamic characteristics that arise from reversible covalent bonding impart intrinsic chemical instability in the polymers, thereby impeding their overall potential. Herein, a unique strategy is reported to overcome the stability issue by designing robust imidazole-linked POPs via tandem reversible/irreversible bond formation. Incorporating inherent rigidity into the secondary building units leads to robust microporous polymeric nanostructures with hollow-spherical morphologies. An in-depth analysis by extensive solid-state NMR (1D and 2D) study on 1H, 13C, and 14N nuclei elucidates the bonding and reveals the high purity of the newly designed imidazole-based POPs. The nitrogen-rich polymeric nanostructures are further used as metal-free electrocatalysts for water splitting. In particular, the rigid POPs show excellent catalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with long-term durability. Among them, the most efficient OER electrocatalyst (TAT-TFBE) requires 314 mV of overpotential to drive 10 mA cm-2 current density, demonstrating its superiority over state-of-the-art catalysts (RuO2 and IrO2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Karak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
| | - Kalipada Koner
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
| | - Arun Karmakar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Shibani Mohata
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- JEOL Ltd., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
| | - Nghia Tuan Duong
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- JEOL Ltd., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
| | - Neethu Thomas
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. HomiBhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | | | - Munshi Sahid Hossain
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata, 741246, India
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Mohata S, Das R, Koner K, Riyaz M, Das K, Chakraborty S, Ogaeri Y, Nishiyama Y, C Peter S, Banerjee R. Selective Metal-Free CO 2 Photoreduction in Water Using Porous Nanostructures with Internal Molecular Free Volume. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23802-23813. [PMID: 37870913 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of CO2 to a sole carbonaceous product using photocatalysis is a sustainable solution for alleviating the increasing levels of CO2 emissions and reducing our dependence on nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels. However, developing a photoactive, metal-free catalyst that is highly selective and efficient in the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) without the need for sacrificial agents, cocatalysts, and photosensitizers is challenging. Furthermore, due to the poor solubility of CO2 in water and the kinetically and thermodynamically favored hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), designing a highly selective photocatalyst is challenging. Here, we propose a molecular engineering approach to design a photoactive polymer with high CO2 permeability and low water diffusivity, promoting the mass transfer of CO2 while suppressing HER. We have incorporated a contorted triptycene scaffold with "internal molecular free volume (IMFV)" to enhance gas permeability to the active site by creating molecular channels through the inefficient packing of polymer chains. Additionally, we introduced a pyrene moiety to promote visible-light harvesting capability and charge separation. By leveraging these qualities, the polymer exhibited a high CO generation rate of 77.8 μmol g-1 h-1, with a high selectivity of ∼98% and good recyclability. The importance of IMFV was highlighted by replacing the contorted triptycene unit with a planar scaffold, which led to a selectivity reversal favoring HER over CO2RR in water. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) techniques, further supported by theoretical calculations, were employed to enlighten the mechanistic insight for metal-free CO2 reduction to exclusively CO in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Mohata
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | | | - Kalipada Koner
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | | | | | | | - Yutaro Ogaeri
- JEOL Ltd., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | | | | | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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Koner K, Das S, Mohata S, Duong NT, Nishiyama Y, Kandambeth S, Karak S, Reddy CM, Banerjee R. Viscoelastic Covalent Organic Nanotube Fabric via Macroscopic Entanglement. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16052-16059. [PMID: 35998367 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic nanotubes (CONTs) are one-dimensional porous frameworks constructed from organic building blocks via dynamic covalent chemistry. CONTs are synthesized as insoluble powder that restricts their potential applications. The judicious selection of 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarbaldehyde and tetraaminotriptycene as building blocks for TAT-BPy CONTs has led to constructing flexible yet robust and self-standing fabric up to 3 μm thickness. The TAT-BPy CONTs and TAT-BPy CONT fabric have been characterized by solid-state one-dimensional (1D) 13C CP-MAS, two-dimensional (2D) 13C-1H correlation NMR, 2D 1H-1H DQ-SQ NMR, and 2D 14N-1H correlation NMR spectroscopy. The mechanism of fabric formation has been established by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The as-synthesized viscoelastic TAT-BPy CONT fabric exhibits high mechanical strength with a reduced modulus (Er) of 8 (±3) GPa and hardness (H) of 0.6 (±0.3) GPa. Interestingly, the viscoelastic fabric shows time-dependent elastic depth recovery up to 50-70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalipada Koner
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India
| | - Susobhan Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India
| | - Shibani Mohata
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India
| | - Nghia Tuan Duong
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,JEOL RESONANCE Inc., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Sharath Kandambeth
- Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Suvendu Karak
- Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - C Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India
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Mohata S, Dey K, Bhunia S, Thomas N, Gowd EB, Ajithkumar TG, Reddy CM, Banerjee R. Dual Nanomechanics in Anisotropic Porous Covalent Organic Framework Janus-Type Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:400-409. [PMID: 34965101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Empowered by crystalline ordered structures and homogeneous fabrication techniques, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been realized with uniform morphologies and isotropic properties. However, such homogeneity often hinders various surface-dependent properties observed in asymmetric nanostructures. The challenge remains to induce heterogeneity in COFs by creating an asymmetric superstructure such as a Janus thin film. In this regard, we propose a versatile yet straightforward interfacial layer-grafting strategy to fabricate free-standing Janus-type COF-graphene thin films. Herein, two-dimensional graphene sheets were utilized as the suitable grafter due to the possibility of noncovalent interactions between the layers. The versatility of the approach was demonstrated by fabricating two distinct Janus-type films, with the COF surface interwoven with nanofibers and nanospheres. The Janus-type films showcase opposing surface morphologies originating from graphene sheets and COF nanofibers or nanospheres, preserving the porosity (552-600 m2 g-1). The unique surface chemistries of the constituent layers further endow the films with orthogonal mechanical properties, as confirmed by the nanoindentation technique. Interestingly, the graphene sheets favor the Janus-type assembly of COF nanofibers over the nanospheres. This is reflected in the better nanomechanical properties of COFfiber-graphene films (Egraphene = 300-1200 MPa; ECOF = 15-60 MPa) compared to the COFsphere-graphene films (Egraphene = 11-14 MPa; ECOF = 2-5 MPa). These results indicate a direct relationship between the mechanical properties and homo/heterogeneity of Janus-type COF films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Mohata
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Neethu Thomas
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - E Bhoje Gowd
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Thalasseril G Ajithkumar
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - C Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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