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Dewangan JK, Basu N, Chowdhury M. Scaling mechanical instabilities in drying micellar droplets. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4253-4264. [PMID: 35608257 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drying-induced mechanical instabilities in aqueous solution droplets occur primarily because, during evaporation, the central liquid minimizes the surface tension by pulling the packed gel-like region, leading to a stretching effect of the liquid region at the receding wet front. Under an appropriate scenario, it finally perturbs the gel-like zone at the droplet periphery, generating cracks, wrinkles, folds, cavities, buckles, etc. Here we report unique wrinkling patterns from evaporating sessile micellar aqueous droplets on rigid and soft substrates kept at temperatures well above the ambient. The wrinkling patterns remarkably vary depending on the material's elastic modulus and substrate, the concentration of the micellar solution (CCTAB), and the substrate temperature (TS). In the low concentration regime (CCTAB ≤ 0.0364 wt%), coffee-ring-like morphologies are observed devoid of any wrinkling morphology irrespective of TS and the substrate's elastic modulus. In the high initial concentration regime (CCTAB ≥ 0.0364 wt%), for droplets deposited at TS ≥ 85 °C, wrinkle formation starts at the droplet peripheral zone, radial on the stiff glass substrate, and annular on the soft cross-linked PDMS substrate. At CCTAB ≥ 2.73 wt%, radial wrinkles on the glass substrate and annular wrinkles on the cross-linked PDMS substrate nucleate from the edges connecting to the central region of the deposit. The ratio between the width of the gel-like deposit (or wrinkle length) and the droplet's radius scales with the initial concentration of the surfactant and depends on the initial equilibrium contact angle of the micellar droplets. Our results support existing understandings of mechanical instabilities of dried deposits, which satisfies interdependent scaling relationships among their number, lengthscale (dried deposit radius, the wavelength of the wrinkles, and peripheral undulations from Rayleigh-Bénard instability), thickness, and elastic modulus. Interestingly, we found substrate-dependent antagonistic interdependence of the elastic modulus of the dried deposit with the initial surfactant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant K Dewangan
- Lab of Soft Interfaces, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Nandita Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Mithun Chowdhury
- Lab of Soft Interfaces, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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2
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Murmu K, Pandey A, Roy P, Deb A, Gooh Pattader PS. Janus micro‐thread to micro‐nanodroplets using dynamic contact line lithography. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaniska Murmu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati India
| | - Ankur Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati India
| | - Pritam Roy
- Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati India
| | - Aniruddha Deb
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati India
| | - Partho Sarathi Gooh Pattader
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati India
- Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati India
- School of Health Science and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati India
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3
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Dynamic contact line lithography: Template-less complex Meso-patterning with polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:156-166. [PMID: 34062394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Micro/nanopatterning on a 2D surface is apt for cutting-edge miniaturization technology, which directly or indirectly requires high-end expensive lithographic tools. The evaporative deposition at the receding contact-line of a polymer solution, termed as Dynamic Contact Line Lithography (DCLL), can be a potential inexpensive technique for template-less meso-patterning if the deposition patterns from DCLL can be predicted a priori. EXPERIMENTS A deposition map (morphological phase diagram) from the myriads of patterns is constructed in terms of contact-line velocity and the polymer concentration. Specifically, two combinations: polystyrene (PS)/cyclohexane and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/toluene are used to show the generic nature of the phase diagrams. The surface wettability of Si (water contact angle, CA ~15°) is tuned from CA ~35° to ~98° by patterning with DCLL. FINDINGS Directed by the phase diagrams, fabrication of a complex rectangular cross-pattern of PS and PMMA micro-threads with a periodicity of ~65 μm and ~50 μm respectively on a Si surface is demonstrated to establish the robustness and potential of the DCLL and predictive phase diagram.
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4
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Gogoi P, Chattopadhyay A, Gooh Pattader PS. Toward Controlling Evaporative Deposition: Effects of Substrate, Solvent, and Solute. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11530-11539. [PMID: 33291880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding evaporative deposition from a colloidal suspension and on-demand control over it are important due to its industrial and biomedical applications. In particular, it is known that interactions among substrate, solute, and solvent have important consequences on evaporative depositions; however, how these are affecting the deposition patterns and at which conditions these interactions are prominent need detailed investigations. Here we report that the total time of deposition (td) and the geometric shape of the droplet (Lc = initial footprint diameter/height) have a significant role in determining the evaporative deposition patterns. We have identified four zones based on td and Lc, and found that with longer deposition time (high td) and larger available space for particle motion within a liquid droplet (high Lc), deposition patterns were governed by the interactions among the substrate, solute, and solvent. We also experimentally demonstrated that the pinned contact line is indispensable for the "coffee ring" effect by comparing the deposition on surfaces with and without hysteresis. The effect of the Marangoni flow is also discussed, and it is shown that by controlling Marangoni flow, one can manipulate the droplet deposition from uniform disk-like to coffee ring with a central deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerona Gogoi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Arun Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Partho Sarathi Gooh Pattader
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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5
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Abstract
In this work, the wetting and evaporation behaviour of non-polar solvent droplets on thin soluble coatings is investigated experimentally. The wetting process on spin-coated polymer layers by toluene is captured using shadowgraphy. Initial spontaneous dynamic wetting as well as later stages of wetting are recorded and evaluated. Furthermore, structures obtained by wetting and subsequent evaporation of solvents on polymer coatings are studied by confocal microscopy. The solubility of the substrate has been varied by using polymers with different molecular masses. We observe that initial spreading dynamics does not depend on the molar mass in the studied range. However, we find a strong influence of the molar mass on the late stage wetting dynamics and on the surface structure after solvent evaporation.
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6
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McBride SA, Skye R, Varanasi KK. Differences between Colloidal and Crystalline Evaporative Deposits. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11732-11741. [PMID: 32937070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaporative deposits from drops are widely studied due to their numerous applications in low-effort self-assembly, including for inkjet printing, microscale separations, and sensing/diagnostics. This phenomenon has been broadly explored for drops containing suspended colloidal particles but has been less quantified for drops with dissolved solutes. When a drop of solute/solvent mixture is evaporated on a substrate, nonvolatile solutes become supersaturated as the solvent evaporates, which then leads to crystal nucleation at the substrate-drop contact line. Emerging crystals alter the local wettability and fundamentally alter the dynamics of evaporation, which, in turn, influences the resultant evaporative deposit. Here we investigate the role of interactions between the substrate, crystals, and solution by comparing the evaporative deposition of three different salts as solutes against an evaporating colloidal solution. We show that nucleation effects can cause crystalline deposits to have a temperature relationship that is opposite to that of colloidal deposits and demonstrate how a balance between the contact-line pinning force and nucleation controls the deposit size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A McBride
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rachael Skye
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kripa K Varanasi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Keya JJ, Kudoh H, Kabir AMR, Inoue D, Miyamoto N, Tani T, Kakugo A, Shikinaka K. Radial alignment of microtubules through tubulin polymerization in an evaporating droplet. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231352. [PMID: 32275729 PMCID: PMC7147791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the formation of spherulites from droplets of highly concentrated tubulin solution via nucleation and subsequent polymerization to microtubules (MTs) under water evaporation by heating. Radial alignment of MTs in the spherulites was confirmed by the optical properties of the spherulites observed using polarized optical microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Temperature and concentration of tubulins were found as important parameters to control the spherulite pattern formation of MTs where evaporation plays a significant role. The alignment of MTs was regulated reversibly by temperature induced polymerization and depolymerization of tubulins. The formation of the MTs patterns was also confirmed at the molecular level from the small angle X-ray measurements. This work provides a simple method for obtaining radially aligned arrays of MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroki Kudoh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Inoue
- Department of Human Science Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Life, Environment and Materials Science, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail: (AK); (KS)
| | - Kazuhiro Shikinaka
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail: (AK); (KS)
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8
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Mouat AP, Wood CE, Pye JE, Burton JC. Tuning Contact Line Dynamics and Deposition Patterns in Volatile Liquid Mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:064502. [PMID: 32109122 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.064502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The spreading of a pure, volatile liquid on a wettable substrate has been studied in extensive detail. Here we show that the addition of a miscible, nonvolatile liquid can strongly alter the contact line dynamics and the final liquid deposition pattern. We observe two distinct regimes of behavior depending on the relative strength of solutal Marangoni forces and surface wetting. Fingerlike instabilities precede the deposition of a submicron thick film for large Marangoni forces and small solute contact angles, whereas isolated pearl-like drops emerge and are deposited in quasicrystalline patterns for small Marangoni forces and large solute contact angles. This behavior can be tuned by directly varying the contact angle of the solute liquid on the solid substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher P Mouat
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Clay E Wood
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Justin E Pye
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Justin C Burton
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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9
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Chen Y, Askounis A, Koutsos V, Valluri P, Takata Y, Wilson SK, Sefiane K. On the Effect of Substrate Viscoelasticity on the Evaporation Kinetics and Deposition Patterns of Nanosuspension Drops. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:204-213. [PMID: 31860312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the evaporation of sessile pure water and nanosuspension drops on viscoelastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films. We varied the viscoelasticity of the PDMS films by controlling the curing ratio and categorized them into three types: stiff (10:1, 20:1, 40:1), soft (60:1, 80:1), and very soft (100:1, 120:1, 140:1, 160:1). On stiff surfaces, pure water drops initially evaporate in a constant contact radius (CCR) mode, followed by a constant contact angle mode, and finally in a mixed mode of evaporation. Nanosuspension drops follow the same trend as water drops but with a difference toward the end of their lifetimes, when a short second CCR mode is observed. Complete evaporation of nanosuspension drops on stiff substrates leads to particle deposition patterns similar to a coffee ring with cracks and deposition tails. On soft surfaces, the initial spreading is followed by a pseudo-CCR mode. Complete evaporation of nanosuspension drops on soft substrates leads to deposits in the form of a uniform ring with a sharp ox-horn profile. Unexpectedly, the initial spreading is followed by a mixed mode on very soft substrates, on which wetting ridges (WRs) pulled up by the vertical component of surface tension are clearly observed in the vicinity of the contact line (CL). As the evaporation proceeds, the decreasing contact angle breaks the force balance in the horizontal direction at the CL and gives rise to a net horizontal force, which causes the CL to recede, transferring the horizontal force to the WR. Because of the viscoelastic nature of the very soft substrate, this horizontal force acting on the WR cannot be completely countered by the bulk of the substrate underneath. As a result, the WR moves horizontally in a viscous-flow way, which also enables the CL to be continuously anchored to the ridge and to recede relative to the bulk of the substrate. Consequently, a mixed mode of evaporation occurs. Complete evaporation of nanosuspension drops on very soft substrates leads to finger-like deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Chen
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road , Edinburgh EH9 3JL , U.K
| | - Alexandros Askounis
- Engineering, Faculty of Science , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , U.K
| | - Vasileios Koutsos
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FB , U.K
| | - Prashant Valluri
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road , Edinburgh EH9 3JL , U.K
| | | | - Stephen K Wilson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Strathclyde , Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street , Glasgow G1 1XH , U.K
| | - Khellil Sefiane
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road , Edinburgh EH9 3JL , U.K
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10
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Zhao W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Hu X, Liu F, Russell TP, Zhou G. Highly oriented and ordered microstructures in block copolymer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
| | - Yi Zhang
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao Wang
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Collaborative, Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA) Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU‐TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM) South China Normal University No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd. No. 1301‐1, Tourism Road, Dabu Xiang, Longhua District, 518110, Shenzhen China
- Academy of Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics No. 1301‐1, Tourism Road, Dabu Xiang, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110 China
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11
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Singer JP. Thermocapillary approaches to the deliberate patterning of polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Phillip Singer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road; Piscataway New Jersey 08854
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12
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Deblais A, Harich R, Colin A, Kellay H. Taming contact line instability for pattern formation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12458. [PMID: 27506626 PMCID: PMC4987529 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coating surfaces with different fluids is prone to instability producing inhomogeneous films and patterns. The contact line between the coating fluid and the surface to be coated is host to different instabilities, limiting the use of a variety of coating techniques. Here we take advantage of the instability of a receding contact line towards cusp and droplet formation to produce linear patterns of variable spacings. We stabilize the instability of the cusps towards droplet formation by using polymer solutions that inhibit this secondary instability and give rise to long slender cylindrical filaments. We vary the speed of deposition to change the spacing between these filaments. The combination of the two gives rise to linear patterns into which different colloidal particles can be embedded, long DNA molecules can be stretched and particles filtered by size. The technique is therefore suitable to prepare anisotropic structures with variable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Deblais
- LOMA, Laboratoire Ondes et Matiere d'Aquitaine (UMR 5798), Universite de Bordeaux—CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - R. Harich
- LOMA, Laboratoire Ondes et Matiere d'Aquitaine (UMR 5798), Universite de Bordeaux—CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A. Colin
- ESPCI, CNRS, SIMM UMR 7615, 11 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - H. Kellay
- LOMA, Laboratoire Ondes et Matiere d'Aquitaine (UMR 5798), Universite de Bordeaux—CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
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13
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Dish-like drying patterns of the water-soluble gelatin sheet wetted by an aqueous droplet. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 140:481-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Karbalaei A, Kumar R, Cho HJ. Thermocapillarity in Microfluidics-A Review. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7010013. [PMID: 30407386 PMCID: PMC6189759 DOI: 10.3390/mi7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the past and recent studies on thermocapillarity in relation to microfluidics. The role of thermocapillarity as the change of surface tension due to temperature gradient in developing Marangoni flow in liquid films and conclusively bubble and drop actuation is discussed. The thermocapillary-driven mass transfer (the so-called Benard-Marangoni effect) can be observed in liquid films, reservoirs, bubbles and droplets that are subject to the temperature gradient. Since the contribution of a surface tension-driven flow becomes more prominent when the scale becomes smaller as compared to a pressure-driven flow, microfluidic applications based on thermocapillary effect are gaining attentions recently. The effect of thermocapillarity on the flow pattern inside liquid films is the initial focus of this review. Analysis of the relation between evaporation and thermocapillary instability approves the effect of Marangoni flow on flow field inside the drop and its evaporation rate. The effect of thermocapillary on producing Marangoni flow inside drops and liquid films, leads to actuation of drops and bubbles due to the drag at the interface, mass conservation, and also gravity and buoyancy in vertical motion. This motion can happen inside microchannels with a closed multiphase medium, on the solid substrate as in solid/liquid interaction, or on top of a carrier liquid film in open microfluidic systems. Various thermocapillary-based microfluidic devices have been proposed and developed for different purposes such as actuation, sensing, trapping, sorting, mixing, chemical reaction, and biological assays throughout the years. A list of the thermocapillary based microfluidic devices along with their characteristics, configurations, limitations, and improvements are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Karbalaei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Ranganathan Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Hyoung Jin Cho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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15
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Woo EM, Lugito G, Yang CE. Analysis of crystal assembly in banded spherulites of phthalic acid upon solvent evaporation. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce02043c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differences are seen in the mechanism of lamellar assembly of two alternating banded regions (valley and ridge) of phthalic acid spherulites solvent-evaporation crystallized at either higher (80 °C) or ambient (28 °C) temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamor M. Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Graecia Lugito
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
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16
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Đorđević L, Marangoni T, Miletić T, Rubio-Magnieto J, Mohanraj J, Amenitsch H, Pasini D, Liaros N, Couris S, Armaroli N, Surin M, Bonifazi D. Solvent Molding of Organic Morphologies Made of Supramolecular Chiral Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8150-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Đorđević
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tanja Miletić
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jenifer Rubio-Magnieto
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Innovation in Materials
and Polymers, University of Mons−UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - John Mohanraj
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM UdR Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli
10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nikos Liaros
- Department
of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, P.O. Box 1414, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Stelios Couris
- Department
of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, P.O. Box 1414, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Innovation in Materials
and Polymers, University of Mons−UMONS, 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Namur
Research College and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur−UNamur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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17
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Sun W, Yang F. Dynamics of the evaporative dewetting of a volatile liquid film confined within a circular ring. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4024-4031. [PMID: 25785552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dewetting dynamics of a toluene film confined within a copper ring on a deformable PMMA film is studied. The toluene film experiences evaporation and dewetting, which leads to the formation of a circular contact line around the center of the copper ring. The contact line recedes smoothly toward the copper ring at a constant velocity until reaching a dynamic "stick" state to form the first circular polymer ridge. The average receding velocity is found to be dependent on the dimensions of the copper ring (the copper ring diameter and the cross-sectional diameter of the copper wire) and the thickness of the PMMA films. A model is presented to qualitatively explain the evaporative dewetting phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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Sun W, Yang F. Fabrication of asymmetric-gradient-concentric ring patterns via evaporation of droplets of PMMA solution at different substrate temperatures. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01659b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric-gradient-concentric ring patterns are fabricated via evaporating a PMMA solution droplet with a circular copper ring as template. Various micro-patterns are formed in the trench between the polymer rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Materials Program
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
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Sun W, Yang F. Evaporation-induced formation of self-organized gradient concentric rings on sub-micron pre-cast PMMA films. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:4451-4457. [PMID: 24803223 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A "particle-on-film" template is developed to fabricate self-organized surface patterns through solvent evaporation on initially featureless, sub-micron PMMA films. The small particle placed on the pre-cast PMMA film is able to confine a toluene droplet and influence the evaporative process. Well-ordered gradient concentric rings are formed around the particle due to the unconventional "advancing-receding" motion of the contact line in the "stick" state on the surface of the PMMA films. Both the center-to-center distance between adjacent rings (wavelength) and the height of the rings (amplitude) are strongly dependent on the particle size and the film thickness, and decrease with the decrease of the distance to the center of the particle. A linear dependence of the amplitude of the rings on the wavelength is observed under experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that the "particle-on-film" template has the potential to fabricate highly-ordered surface patterns economically and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Sun W, Yang F. Formation of self-organized gradient stripes on precast poly(methyl methacrylate) films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6548-6555. [PMID: 24849400 DOI: 10.1021/la5004275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A "wire-on-film" template has been developed to construct surface gradient patterns on precast poly(methyl methacrylate) films. Solvent evaporation around a Cu wire leads to the formation of self-organized gradient stripes, with the longitudinal direction of the stripes being parallel to the axis of the Cu wire. Both the spatial wavelength and the amplitude of the stripes near the Cu wire decrease with a decrease of the distance to the center of the Cu wire. The amplitude of the stripes varies linearly with the spatial wavelength for the experimental conditions used, which is a function of the diameter of the Cu wires and the film thickness. Using two parallel copper wires, we demonstrate the possibility of controlling the characteristics of the gradient stripes. A featureless zone is formed between the copper wires, the size of which is dependent on the distance between two wires and the diameter of the copper wires. The results of this study provide a simple method to fabricate gradient gratings on polymer films in an economical and efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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Abstract
In this work, we developed a simple method to construct well-ordered finger-like structures on pre-cast polymer films for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Materials Program
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington, USA
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington, USA
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Bi W, Wu X, Yeow EKL. Unconventional multiple ring structure formation from evaporation-induced self-assembly of polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:11056-11063. [PMID: 22747256 DOI: 10.1021/la300697w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation of multiring deposits of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) from the evaporation of a P2VP-(2,6-lutidine + water) drop on a glass substrate does not conform to the conventional pinning-depinning mechanism. Instead, ringlike deposits are formed when the droplet undergoes several cycles of spreading and receding where, for each spreading event, a P2VP ridge is formed at the contact line when the polymer flows toward the outward advancing edge. The complex interplay between an outward solutal-Marangoni flow due to a higher concentration of the polymer at the contact line and an inward solvent-Marangoni flow arising from the differences in volatilities and surface tensions of the pure solvent components plays an important role in enhancing the droplet spreading rate. The newly discovered surface patterning mechanism has important implications in the development of novel techniques for inducing self-assembly of functional materials from evaporating drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuguo Bi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
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Majumder M, Rendall CS, Eukel JA, Wang JYL, Behabtu N, Pint CL, Liu TY, Orbaek AW, Mirri F, Nam J, Barron AR, Hauge RH, Schmidt HK, Pasquali M. Overcoming the “Coffee-Stain” Effect by Compositional Marangoni-Flow-Assisted Drop-Drying. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:6536-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3009628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Majumder
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Laboratory (NSEL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Roth SV, Herzog G, Körstgens V, Buffet A, Schwartzkopf M, Perlich J, Abul Kashem MM, Döhrmann R, Gehrke R, Rothkirch A, Stassig K, Wurth W, Benecke G, Li C, Fratzl P, Rawolle M, Müller-Buschbaum P. In situ observation of cluster formation during nanoparticle solution casting on a colloidal film. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:254208. [PMID: 21654049 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/25/254208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a real-time study of the nanostructuring and cluster formation of gold nanoparticles deposited in aqueous solution on top of a pre-structured polystyrene colloidal thin film. Cluster formation takes place at different length scales, from the agglomerations of the gold nanoparticles to domains of polystyrene colloids. By combining in situ imaging ellipsometry and microbeam grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering, we are able to identify different stages of nanocomposite formation, namely diffusion, roughness increase, layer build-up and compaction. The findings can serve as a guideline for nanocomposite tailoring by solution casting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrabe, Hamburg, Germany.
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Müller-Buschbaum P, Magerl D, Hengstler R, Moulin JF, Körstgens V, Diethert A, Perlich J, Roth SV, Burghammer M, Riekel C, Gross M, Varnik F, Uhlmann P, Stamm M, Feldkamp JM, Schroer CG. Structure and flow of droplets on solid surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:184111. [PMID: 21508480 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/18/184111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The structure and flow of droplets on solid surfaces is investigated with imaging and scattering techniques and compared to simulations. To access nanostructures at the liquid-solid interface advanced scattering techniques such as grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) with micro- and nanometer-sized beams, GISAXS and in situ imaging ellipsometry and GISAXS tomography are used. Using gold nanoparticle suspensions, structures observed in the wetting area due to deposition are probed in situ during the drying of the droplets. After drying, nanostructures in the wetting area and inside the dried droplets are monitored. In addition to drying, a macroscopic movement of droplets is caused by body forces acting on an inclined substrate. The complexity of the solid surfaces is increased from simple silicon substrates to binary polymer brushes, which undergo a switching due to the liquid in the droplet. Nanostructures introduced in the polymer brush due to the movement of droplets are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department E13, Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Garching, Germany.
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Marangoni T, Mezzasalma SA, Llanes-Pallas A, Yoosaf K, Armaroli N, Bonifazi D. Thermosolutal self-organization of supramolecular polymers into nanocraters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1513-1523. [PMID: 21254759 DOI: 10.1021/la104276y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ability of two complementary molecular modules bearing H-bonding uracilic and 2,6-(diacetylamino)pyridyl moieties to self-assemble and self-organize into submicrometer morphologies has been investigated by means of spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and microscopic methods. Using uracilic (3)N-BOC-protected modules, it has been possible to thermally trigger the self-assembly/self-organization process of the two molecular modules, inducing the formation of objects on a mica surface that exhibit crater-like morphology and a very homogeneous size distribution. Confirmation of the presence of the hydrogen-bonding-driven self-assembly/self-organization process in solution was obtained by variable-temperature (VT) steady-state UV-vis absorption and emission measurements. The variation of the geometric and spatial features of the morphologies was monitored at different T by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and was interpreted by a nonequilibrium diffusion model for two chemical species in solution. The formation of nanostructures turned out to be affected by the solid substrate (molecular interactions at a solid-liquid interface), by the matter-momentum transport in solution (solute diffusivity D(0) and solvent kinematic viscosity ν), and the thermally dependent cleavage reaction of the BOC functions (T-dependent differential weight loss, θ = θ(Τ)) in a T interval extrapolated to ∼60 K. A scaling function, f = f (νD(0), ν/D(0), θ), relying on the onset condition of a concentration-driven thermosolutal instability has been established to simulate the T-dependent behavior of the structural dimension (i.e., height and radius) of the self-organized nanostructures as ⟨h⟩ ≈ f (T) and ⟨r⟩ ≈ 1/f (T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Marangoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and UdR INSTM, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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27
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Kaya D, Belyi VA, Muthukumar M. Pattern formation in drying droplets of polyelectrolyte and salt. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:114905. [PMID: 20866155 DOI: 10.1063/1.3493687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have discovered spectacular patterns formed by drying aqueous drops of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) containing fixed amounts of sodium chloride. Crystallization of salt molecules takes place at a critical concentration and several factors such as the polyelectrolyte concentration and humidity affect the final patterns formed. The observed patterns include concentric rings, needle-like structures, chains of triangular-shaped crystallites, etc. We describe the observed phenomenology accompanied by a theoretical model for the occurrence of concentric rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kaya
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Ma H, Dong R, Horn JDV, Hao J. Spontaneous formation of radially aligned microchannels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2047-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04576d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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John NS, Raina G, Sharma A, Kulkarni GU. Cellular network formation of hydrophobic alkanethiol capped gold nanoparticles on mica surface mediated by water islands. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:094704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3484941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Haidara H, Vonna L, Vidal L. Unrevealed Self-Assembly and Crystallization Structures of Na−Alginate, Induced by the Drying Dynamics of Wetting Films of the Aqueous Polymer Solution. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902363p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Haidara
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), LRC 7228-CNRS/UHA 15, rue Jean Starcky B.P. 2488, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - L. Vonna
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), LRC 7228-CNRS/UHA 15, rue Jean Starcky B.P. 2488, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - L. Vidal
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), LRC 7228-CNRS/UHA 15, rue Jean Starcky B.P. 2488, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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31
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Roth SV, Rothkirch A, Autenrieth T, Gehrke R, Wroblewski T, Burghammer MC, Riekel C, Schulz L, Hengstler R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Spatially resolved investigation of solution cast nanoparticle films by X-ray scattering and multidimensional data set classification. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1496-1500. [PMID: 20099914 DOI: 10.1021/la9037414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A combinatorial high-throughput approach is used to investigate a solution cast gradient consisting of colloidal gold nanoparticles on top of a silicon substrate by means of a X-ray nanobeam. Classification algorithms are used to reveal and visualize structural transitions from a frozen colloidal solution to a well-defined nanostructure. Prominent length scales on the order of 100 nm are observed. A periodic change in the nanostructure along the gradient is explained by a simplified stick-slip model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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Cai Y, Zhang Newby BM. Porous polymer films templated by marangoni flow-induced water droplet arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7638-7645. [PMID: 19456183 DOI: 10.1021/la901335w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report the development of a novel, simple, and cost-effective method for fabricating porous polymer films with controllable interpore distances, pore sizes, and arrangements using water droplets induced by Marangoni flow as templates. First, a spread-thin ethanol film on a partially water-wettable substrate is exposed to a humid airflow, facilitating the evaporation and recession of the ethanol film. Meanwhile, water in the airflow condenses on the ethanol film and accumulates near the receding contact line, which induces the formation of water fingers at the receding contact line and, finally, ordered arrays of water droplets after detachment. The formation of the hexagonal and square arrays of water droplets is due to the pinning and sliding of the water fingers on the silicone oxide (SiOx) and silicon (Si) substrates, respectively. By varying the thickness of the ethanol film spread on the Si substrate, the sliding velocity of water fingers can be tuned, subsequently leading to the fabrication of other arrangements. The interdroplet distance and droplet size can be dependently controlled by tuning the humidity of the airflow. The ordered arrays of water droplets on the substrate are then utilized to fabricate porous polymer films by dip-coating the substrate with a polystyrene solution. Films with hexagonal and square (and other arrangements) arrays of pores are fabricated on the silicon oxide (SiOx) and silicon (Si) substrates, respectively. The pore size can also be independently tuned by further condensation or evaporation of formed water droplets, leading to porous polymer films with both close- and non-close-packed arrays of pores. The ordered porous polymer films can be further used as templates for fabricating metal post patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjun Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3906, USA
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Seo M, Kim J, Seo G, Shin CH, Kim S. Utilization of Evaporation during the Crystallization Process: Self-Templation of Organic Parallelogrammatic Pipes. Chemistry 2009; 15:612-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Girard F, Antoni M. Influence of substrate heating on the evaporation dynamics of pinned water droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:11342-11345. [PMID: 18823094 DOI: 10.1021/la8012206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of evaporating water droplets deposited on a heated substrate is investigated numerically. Droplets are pinned with a contact line radius of R = 1 mm. Evaporative mass flow and convection occurring inside the droplets are studied for different heating substrate sizes L S and heating temperatures T S. A simplified model neglecting hydrodynamics in air and evaporative cooling and assuming droplets to be spherical caps is simulated with a finite element method. A toruslike convective cell appears inside the droplets as evaporation takes place. For L S/ R > 1, the contact line is warmer than the apex of the droplets, and convection generates a downstream flow in the vicinity of the symmetry axis of the droplets. For L S/ R < 1, it is the apex that is warmer. Convection then generates an upstream flow. The overall evaporation time is described. It slows when L S/ R > 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Girard
- Aix-Marseille Université - Université Paul Cezanne, UMR-CNRS 6263 ISM2, Centre St. Jérôme, BP 451 Marseille 13397, Cedex 20, France
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Alvarez M, Friend JR, Yeo LY. Surface vibration induced spatial ordering of periodic polymer patterns on a substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:10629-32. [PMID: 18795809 DOI: 10.1021/la802255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the possibility of producing regular, long-range, spatially ordered polymer patterns without requiring the use of physical or chemical templating through the interfacial destabilization of a thin polymer film driven by surface acoustic waves (SAWs). The periodicity and spot size of the pattern are observed to be dependent on a single parameter, that is, the SAW frequency (or wavelength), therefore offering a rapid, simple, yet novel method for self-organized regular spatial polymer pattern formation that is far more tunable than conventional polymer patterning procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Alvarez
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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36
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Liu G, Zhang C, Zhao J, Zhu Y. Study of the morphology of the three-phase contact line and its evolution by morphological examination after droplet evaporation of aqueous polymer solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7923-7930. [PMID: 18582133 DOI: 10.1021/la800452w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The local morphology and its evolution of an air-liquid-solid three-phase contact line was studied on the homogeneous surfaces of homopolymer of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the nanostructured surface of diblock copolymer of PS- b-PMMA by the approach of the morphological study of the residual solid after droplet evaporation of water-soluble polymers such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(acrylic acid). The observation by atomic force microscopy discovered the stripelike "button-and-ribbon" structure of the precipitated polymer solute along the moving direction of the contact line. On the surface of PS- b-PMMA, the morphology of PVP has a close correlation with the nanostructure of PS- b-PMMA. The results exhibit the local morphology of the contact line and its evolution, revealing its pinning and depinning processes on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Sciences and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Zhang L, Maheshwari S, Chang HC, Zhu Y. Evaporative self-assembly from complex DNA-colloid suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:3911-3917. [PMID: 18341362 DOI: 10.1021/la703539k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation-induced pattern formation has attracted considerable attention as a simple yet versatile method for generating self-assembled structures that have broad applications from photonic devices to biomacromolecular recognition. Previous study of evaporative self-assembly has mainly focused on single nonvolatile component systems, and the driving mechanisms have been extensively investigated. In contrast, pattern formation from evaporating multicomponent systems, despite its wide existence in nature and numerous engineering applications, has been rarely explored. In this work, we examine a DNA-colloid binary suspension as a model system to understand the evaporation-induced interfacial hydrodynamics and self-assembled morphology in multicomponent systems involving complex competing intermolecular and interfacial interactions. Direct microscopic observations show that the composition of the binary system plays a critical role in the multiple-ring formation upon evaporation: (1) suspensions with high DNA concentrations and low colloidal concentrations favor the formation of the multiple-ring pattern; (2) the size of colloidal particles added into DNA aqueous droplets can significantly disrupt smooth multiple rings to form rippled rings and curtain-like periodic patterns with a curious spoke-like structure as the size of colloidal particles increases; and (3) the enhancement of DNA-colloid interaction by oppositely charged colloidal particles results in considerably high irregularity of DNA stain ring spacing. We examine the disruption of the multiring morphology under varied conditions and attribute it to local hydrodynamics governed by colloid aggregation and sedimentation. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating periodic self-assembled hybrid structures via one-step evaporation of droplets consisting of multiple components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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38
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Fahmi A, Pietsch T, Gindy N. Hierarchical Nanoporous Structures by Self-Assembled Hybrid Materials Based on Block Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200700549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Pu G, Guo J, Gwin LE, Severtson SJ. Mechanical pinning of liquids through inelastic wetting ridge formation on thermally stripped acrylic polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:12142-12146. [PMID: 17949113 DOI: 10.1021/la701652m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A film composed of a thermal-stripped, solvent-borne acrylic polymer is shown to completely arrest motion of the three-phase line for water as a result of ridge structure formation. This mechanism produces anomalous wetting behavior including the arbitrary selection of contact angles, formation of quasi-periodic ridge structures on surfaces, and requirement of stick and break motion for wetting line advancement, a novel mechanism reported here. The ridges are retained by the polymer subsequent to wetting, which are 2 scales larger in height than those described previously. This allows for their characterization, which shows significant detail including the hierarchical apex structure where a cutoff area is used in theoretical treatment to avoid a singularity. Results of Wilhelmy plate experiments show a spatial connection between quasi-periodic variation in force-displacement curves and the wetting ridges on plate. These results are consistent with the dominance of the viscoelastic properties of the substrate in determining wetting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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40
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Li G, Graf K, Bonaccurso E, Golovko DS, Best A, Butt HJ. Evaporation Structures of Solvent Drops Evaporating from Polymer Surfaces: Influence of Molar Mass. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Baffoun A, Haidara H, Dupuis D, Viallier P. Wetting-induced formation of quasiperiodical wrinkling patterns in alginate-based coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:9447-54. [PMID: 17665933 DOI: 10.1021/la7007107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of systematic model experimental investigations on wrinkling instabilities which develop on alginate-based coatings when they are wetted by swelling electrolyte drops. The wrinkles first appear randomly within the wet spot, before they selectively protrude out around the periphery in a quasiperiodical wrinkle pattern. We discuss the critical parameters that drive the emergence (ionic strength and swelling rate) and spatial feature (size and periodicity) of these swelling-induced structures on such complex functional coatings. Beyond their relative aesthetics and their fundamental interest related to morphological instabilities, these reconstruction structures which are invisible to the naked eye can develop in a variety of technological processes (inkjet printing for instance), affecting irreversibly the quality of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baffoun
- Institut de Chimie des Surfaces & Interfaces, ICSI-CNRS, Mulhouse Cedex, France
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42
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Girard F, Antoni M, Faure S, Steinchen A. Evaporation and Marangoni driven convection in small heated water droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:11085-91. [PMID: 17154588 DOI: 10.1021/la061572l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation dynamics of small sessile water droplets under microgravity conditions is investigated numerically. The water-air interface is free, and the surrounding air is assumed to be quasisteady. The droplet is described by Navier-Stokes and heat equations and its surrounding water/air gaseous phase with Laplace equation. In the thermodynamic conditions of the simulations presented herein, the evaporative mass flow is nonlinear. It shows a minimum that indicates the existence of qualitative changes in the evaporative regimes although the droplet is sessile. Due to temperature gradients on the free interface, Marangoni motion occurs and generates inside the droplet convection cells that furthermore exhibit small fluctuating motion as evaporation goes on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Girard
- Thermodynamique et modélisation des milieux hors d'équilibre, UMR-CNRS 6171, Université Paul Cezanne-Aix-Marseille III, BP 451 Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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43
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Li G, Butt HJ, Graf K. Microstructures by solvent drop evaporation on polymer surfaces: dependence on molar mass. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:11395-9. [PMID: 17154631 DOI: 10.1021/la061929l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
When a solvent drop evaporates from a polymer surface, it leaves behind a characteristic structure, typically a crater. We deposited toluene drops with a microsyringe onto planar polystyrene (PS) surfaces and analyzed the surface topography after drying. For low molar mass PS (Mw = 20.9-24.3 kDa) dotlike protrusions with a ridge at the periphery formed on the polymer surface. With increasing molar mass the central region decreased in height. At Mw = 29.6-643 kDa a craterlike structure with a depression in the center and a ridge was observed. At even higher molar mass, irregular structures without rotational symmetry occurred. We explain the observed dependence on the molar mass with a different degree of entanglement, leading to different dissolution rates and different diffusion constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfen Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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44
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Gotkis Y, Ivanov I, Murisic N, Kondic L. Dynamic structure formation at the fronts of volatile liquid drops. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:186101. [PMID: 17155555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.186101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on instabilities during the spreading of volatile liquids, with emphasis on the novel instability observed when isopropyl alcohol is deposited on a monocrystalline Si wafer. This instability is characterized by emission of drops ahead of the expanding front, with each drop followed by smaller, satellite droplets, forming the structures which we nickname "octopi" due to their appearance. A less volatile liquid, or a substrate of larger heat conductivity, suppresses this instability. We formulate a theoretical model that reproduces the main features of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gotkis
- KLA-Tencor Corporation, San Jose, California 95134, USA
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45
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Li Q, Zhu YT, Kinloch IA, Windle AH. Self-Organization of Carbon Nanotubes in Evaporating Droplets. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:13926-30. [PMID: 16836343 DOI: 10.1021/jp061554c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a simple and efficient way for organizing carbon nanotubes, in particular, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) into ordered structures from their dilute solutions. It was found that drying a droplet of carbon nanotube solution at room temperature on a wettable surface such as glass or silica wafer led to redistribution, accumulation, and organization of carbon nanotubes along the perimeter of the droplet. Unlike the aggregation behaviors of colloid nanoparticles, anistropic carbon nanotubes tended to show two orientations in a ring deposit: one parallel to the outer perimeter of the ring and the other normal to it in the interior. Drying droplets of SWNT solutions at high temperatures exhibited a long-range ordered structure. In addition, droplet drying may cause size separation of carbon nanotubes and pattern formation through interactions between droplets. This result helps us not only to further understand fluid dynamics during the drying process but also to provide a promising and simple strategy for either assembling carbon nanotubes on a surface or organizing them into well-aligned films and fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Li
- Materials Science Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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46
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Wu S, Zeng F, Zhu H, Tong Z. Formation of Microscopic Ordering and Macroscopic Patterns in Solid Polyacrylate−Tetraoctylammonium Bromide Films. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma052577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuizhu Wu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China, and Research Institute of Materials Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China, and Research Institute of Materials Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China, and Research Institute of Materials Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhen Tong
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China, and Research Institute of Materials Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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47
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Cordeiro RM, Pakula T. Behavior of Evaporating Droplets at Nonsoluble and Soluble Surfaces: Modeling with Molecular Resolution. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:4152-61. [PMID: 16851476 DOI: 10.1021/jp045329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid droplets in equilibrium with vapor are simulated at solidlike surfaces using the cooperative motion algorithm (CMA). These droplets behave like real droplets, i.e., the densities of the coexistent liquid and vapor phases obey empirical relations such as rho l - rho v proportional, variant (1 - T/Tc)(1/3). Droplet evaporation was studied under various interaction conditions, i.e., nonsoluble and soluble substrates. In the last case, substrate particles migrate toward the liquid-vapor interface to minimize the droplet surface energy. This leads to the formation of a microwell surrounded by a ringlike deposit on the substrate surface. It is shown that the ring formation in the first stages of evaporation results in pinning of the droplet contact area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Cordeiro
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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48
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Morphology-dependent properties and swelling-induced transition in ‘sodium-alginate/urea’ thin films. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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