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Mohammadi S, Khajeh K, Taghdir M, Ranjbar B. An experimental investigation on the influence of various buffer concentrations, osmolytes and gold nanoparticles on lysozyme: Spectroscopic and calorimetric study. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:162-169. [PMID: 33412205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Considering importance and several industrial applications of lysozyme, including natural antibiotic and preservative, identifier for the diagnosis of diseases, and extraction purposes, its reversibility and stability studies can be very important. In this paper, the role that buffer and osmolytes concentrations play on the thermodynamic stability of lysozyme denaturation process, that is a new simple and inexpensive method, was evaluated by Nano-DSC III, far- and near-UV CD and fluorescence techniques. In thermal denaturation study, RI and ΔG of protein increased from 25.62% to 58.82% and 48.87 to 63.63 kJ mol-1 with the increment of buffer and osmolytes concentrations, respectively. These changes showed a significant increase of 129.59% in RI and 28.16% in ΔG. The effect of buffer and osmolytes concentrations on the secondary and tertiary structures of protein was also investigated. The results indicated that increment of buffer and osmolytes concentrations increase rigidity and thermodynamic stability of protein. Also, structure of protein may be changed by its interaction with GNPs. Hence, interaction of lysozyme with GNPs was studied at the buffer and osmolytes concentrations that gives the maximum RI and ΔG, respectively. The results showed that molten globule-like state was formed by lysozyme in the presence of GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mohammadi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bijan Ranjbar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
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Schwaminger S, Blank‐Shim SA, Borkowska‐Panek M, Anand P, Fraga‐García P, Fink K, Wenzel W, Berensmeier S. Experimental characterization and simulation of amino acid and peptide interactions with inorganic materials. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:84-100. [PMID: 32624891 PMCID: PMC6999452 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by nature, many applications and new materials benefit from the interplay of inorganic materials and biomolecules. A fundamental understanding of complex organic-inorganic interactions would improve the controlled production of nanomaterials and biosensors to the development of biocompatible implants for the human body. Although widely exploited in applications, the interaction of amino acids and peptides with most inorganic surfaces is not fully understood. To date, precisely characterizing complex surfaces of inorganic materials and analyzing surface-biomolecule interactions remain challenging both experimentally and computationally. This article reviews several approaches to characterizing biomolecule-surface interactions and illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of the methods presented. First, we explain how the adsorption mechanism of amino acids/peptides to inorganic surfaces can be determined and how thermodynamic and kinetic process constants can be obtained. Second, we demonstrate how this data can be used to develop models for peptide-surface interactions. The understanding and simulation of such interactions constitute a basis for developing molecules with high affinity binding domains in proteins for bioprocess engineering and future biomedical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Priya Anand
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Paula Fraga‐García
- Bioseparation Engineering GroupTechnical University of MunichMünchenGermany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Bioseparation Engineering GroupTechnical University of MunichMünchenGermany
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Spatially selective binding of green fluorescent protein on designed organosilane nanopatterns prepared with particle lithography. Biointerphases 2017; 12:02C402. [PMID: 28427269 DOI: 10.1116/1.4979912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical approach for preparing protein nanopatterns has been to design surface templates of nanopatterns of alkanethiols or organosilanes that will selectively bind and localize the placement of biomolecules. Particle lithography provides a way to prepare millions of protein nanopatterns with a few basic steps. For our nanopatterning strategy, organosilanes with methoxy and sulfhydryl groups were chosen as a surface template. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was selected as a model for patterning. Areas of 2-[methoxy (polyethyleneoxy)6-9propyl]trichlorosilane (MPT-silane) are effective as a matrix for resisting the attachment of proteins, whereas nanopatterns with sulfur groups provide reactive sites for binding linker groups to connect proteins. A protocol with particle lithography was designed to make a surface template of nanopatterns of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) surrounded by a methoxy terminated matrix. The sulfhydryl groups of the MPTMS nanopatterns were activated with a sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate linker. The activated regions of MPTMS furnished sites for binding GFP. Samples were characterized with atomic force microscopy after successive steps of the patterning protocol to evaluate the selectivity of protein binding. Direct views of the protein bound selectively to designated sites of MPTMS are presented, as evidence of robust and reproducible patterning. Nanoscale patterns of proteins can be used for surfaces of biochips and biosensors, and also for immunochemistry test platforms.
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Abstract
Understanding protein-inorganic surface interactions is central to the rational design of new tools in biomaterial sciences, nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. Although a significant amount of experimental research on protein adsorption onto solid substrates has been reported, many aspects of the recognition and interaction mechanisms of biomolecules and inorganic surfaces are still unclear. Theoretical modeling and simulations provide complementary approaches for experimental studies, and they have been applied for exploring protein-surface binding mechanisms, the determinants of binding specificity towards different surfaces, as well as the thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption. Although the general computational approaches employed to study the dynamics of proteins and materials are similar, the models and force-fields (FFs) used for describing the physical properties and interactions of material surfaces and biological molecules differ. In particular, FF and water models designed for use in biomolecular simulations are often not directly transferable to surface simulations and vice versa. The adsorption events span a wide range of time- and length-scales that vary from nanoseconds to days, and from nanometers to micrometers, respectively, rendering the use of multi-scale approaches unavoidable. Further, changes in the atomic structure of material surfaces that can lead to surface reconstruction, and in the structure of proteins that can result in complete denaturation of the adsorbed molecules, can create many intermediate structural and energetic states that complicate sampling. In this review, we address the challenges posed to theoretical and computational methods in achieving accurate descriptions of the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of protein-surface systems. In this context, we discuss the applicability of different modeling and simulation techniques ranging from quantum mechanics through all-atom molecular mechanics to coarse-grained approaches. We examine uses of different sampling methods, as well as free energy calculations. Furthermore, we review computational studies of protein-surface interactions and discuss the successes and limitations of current approaches.
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Ramakrishnan SK, Zhu J, Gergely C. Organic-inorganic interface simulation for new material discoveries. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Ramakrishnan
- Nanobiology Institute; Yale University; West Haven CT USA
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C); UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Jie Zhu
- Nanobiology Institute; Yale University; West Haven CT USA
| | - Csilla Gergely
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C); UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
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Ozboyaci M, Kokh DB, Wade RC. Three steps to gold: mechanism of protein adsorption revealed by Brownian and molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10191-200. [PMID: 27021898 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The addition of three N-terminal histidines to β-lactamase inhibitor protein was shown experimentally to increase its binding potency to an Au(111) surface substantially but the binding mechanism was not resolved. Here, we propose a complete adsorption mechanism for this fusion protein by means of a multi-scale simulation approach and free energy calculations. We find that adsorption is a three-step process: (i) recognition of the surface predominantly by the histidine fusion peptide and formation of an encounter complex facilitated by a reduced dielectric screening of water in the interfacial region, (ii) adsorption of the protein on the surface and adoption of a specific binding orientation, and (iii) adaptation of the protein structure on the metal surface accompanied by induced fit. We anticipate that the mechanistic features of protein adsorption to an Au(111) surface revealed here can be extended to other inorganic surfaces and proteins and will therefore aid the design of specific protein-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ozboyaci
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Gan T, Wu B, Zhou X, Zhang G. Ultrahigh resolution, serial fabrication of three dimensionally-patterned protein nanostructures by liquid-mediated non-contact scanning probe lithography. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-100 nm and 3D-patterned structures of protein are fabricated on Au surface in solution by liquid-mediated non-contact scanning probe lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Gan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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Qiu ZY, Chen C, Wang XM, Lee IS. Advances in the surface modification techniques of bone-related implants for last 10 years. Regen Biomater 2014; 1:67-79. [PMID: 26816626 PMCID: PMC4668999 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At the time of implanting bone-related implants into human body, a variety of biological responses to the material surface occur with respect to surface chemistry and physical state. The commonly used biomaterials (e.g. titanium and its alloy, Co-Cr alloy, stainless steel, polyetheretherketone, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and various calcium phosphates) have many drawbacks such as lack of biocompatibility and improper mechanical properties. As surface modification is very promising technology to overcome such problems, a variety of surface modification techniques have been being investigated. This review paper covers recent advances in surface modification techniques of bone-related materials including physicochemical coating, radiation grafting, plasma surface engineering, ion beam processing and surface patterning techniques. The contents are organized with different types of techniques to applicable materials, and typical examples are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ye Qiu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Cen Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Xiu-Mei Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - In-Seop Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biomimetic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Beijing Allgens Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China, and Institute of Natural Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Laaser JE, Skoff DR, Ho JJ, Joo Y, Serrano AL, Steinkruger JD, Gopalan P, Gellman SH, Zanni MT. Two-dimensional sum-frequency generation reveals structure and dynamics of a surface-bound peptide. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:956-62. [PMID: 24372101 PMCID: PMC3956615 DOI: 10.1021/ja408682s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface-bound polypeptides and proteins are increasingly used to functionalize inorganic interfaces such as electrodes, but their structural characterization is exceedingly difficult with standard technologies. In this paper, we report the first two-dimensional sum-frequency generation (2D SFG) spectra of a peptide monolayer, which are collected by adding a mid-IR pulse shaper to a standard femtosecond SFG spectrometer. On a gold surface, standard FTIR spectroscopy is inconclusive about the peptide structure because of solvation-induced frequency shifts, but the 2D line shapes, anharmonic shifts, and lifetimes obtained from 2D SFG reveal that the peptide is largely α-helical and upright. Random coil residues are also observed, which do not themselves appear in SFG spectra due to their isotropic structural distribution, but which still absorb infrared light and so can be detected by cross-peaks in 2D SFG spectra. We discuss these results in the context of peptide design. Because of the similar way in which the spectra are collected, these 2D SFG spectra can be directly compared to 2D IR spectra, thereby enabling structural interpretations of surface-bound peptides and biomolecules based on the well-studied structure/2D IR spectra relationships established from soluble proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David R. Skoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jia-Jung Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yongho Joo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Arnaldo L. Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jay D. Steinkruger
- School of Environmental, Physical, and Applied Sciences, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri 64093
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Martin T. Zanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Surface Characterization Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in Liquid Environments. SURFACE SCIENCE TECHNIQUES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34243-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Immobilization of proteins on carboxylic acid functionalized nanopatterns. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1985-93. [PMID: 23239182 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of proteins on nanopatterned surfaces was investigated using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ex situ infrared reflectance-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). The AFM-based lithography technique of nanografting provided control of the size, geometry, and spatial placement of nanopatterns within self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Square nanopatterns of carboxylate-terminated SAMs were inscribed within methyl-terminated octadecanethiolate SAMs and activated using carbodiimide/succinimide coupling chemistry. Staphylococcal protein A was immobilized on the activated nanopatterns before exposure to rabbit immunoglobulin G. In situ AFM was used to monitor changes in the topography and friction of the nanopatterns in solution upon protein immobilization. Complementary studies with ex situ IRAS confirmed the surface chemistry that occurred during the steps of SAM activation and subsequent protein immobilization on unpatterned samples. Since carbodiimide/succinimide coupling chemistry can be used for surface attachment of different biomolecules, this protocol shows promise for development of other aqueous-based studies for nanopatterned protein immobilization.
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Ganguly A, Rajdev P, Williams SM, Chatterji D. Nonspecific Interaction between DNA and Protein allows for Cooperativity: A Case Study with Mycobacterium DNA Binding Protein. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:621-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp209423n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abantika Ganguly
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | | | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Wang C, Yan Q, Liu HB, Zhou XH, Xiao SJ. Different EDC/NHS activation mechanisms between PAA and PMAA brushes and the following amidation reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12058-68. [PMID: 21853994 DOI: 10.1021/la202267p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy was applied to investigate the well-known EDC/NHS (N-ethyl-N'-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide) activation details of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brushes grafted on porous silicon. Succinimidyl ester (NHS-ester) is generally believed to be the dominant intermediate product, conveniently used to immobilize biomolecules containing free primary amino groups via amide linkage. To our surprise, the infrared spectral details revealed that the EDC/NHS activation of PMAA generated anhydride (estimated at around 76% yield and 70% composition), but not NHS-ester (around 5% yield and 11% composition) under the well-documented reaction conditions, as the predominant intermediate product. In contrast, EDC/NHS activation of PAA still follows the general rule, i.e., the expected NHS-ester is the dominant intermediate product (around 45% yield and 57% composition), anhydride the side product (40% yield and 28% composition), under the optimum reaction conditions. The following amidation on PAA-based NHS-esters with a model amine-containing compound, L-leucine methyl ester, generated approximately 70% amides and 30% carboxylates. In contrast, amidation of PAA- or PMAA-based anhydrides with L-leucine methyl ester only produced less than 30% amides but more than 70% carboxylates. The above reaction yields and percentage compositions were estimated by fitting the carbonyl stretching region with 5 possible species, NHS-ester, anhydride, N-acylurea, unreacted acid, unhydrolyzed tert-butyl ester, and using the Beer-Lambert law. The different surface chemistry mechanisms will bring significant effects on the performance of surface chemistry-derived devices such as biochips, biosensors, and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China
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Ulman A, Ioffe M, Patolsky F, Haas E, Reuvenov D. Highly active engineered-enzyme oriented monolayers: formation, characterization and sensing applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2011; 9:26. [PMID: 21689418 PMCID: PMC3144448 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interest in introducing ecologically-clean, and efficient enzymes into modern industry has been growing steadily. However, difficulties associated with controlling their orientation, and maintaining their selectivity and reactivity is still a significant obstacle. We have developed precise immobilization of biomolecules, while retaining their native functionality, and report a new, fast, easy, and reliable procedure of protein immobilization, with the use of Adenylate kinase as a model system. METHODS Self-assembled monolayers of hexane-1,6-dithiol were formed on gold surfaces. The monolayers were characterized by contact-angle measurements, Elman-reagent reaction, QCM, and XPS. A specifically designed, mutated Adenylate kinase, where cysteine was inserted at the 75 residue, and the cysteine at residue 77 was replaced by serine, was used for attachment to the SAM surface via spontaneously formed disulfide (S-S) bonds. QCM, and XPS were used for characterization of the immobilized protein layer. Curve fitting in XPS measurements used a Gaussian-Lorentzian function. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Water contact angle (65-70°), as well as all characterization techniques used, confirmed the formation of self-assembled monolayer with surface SH groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed clearly the two types of sulfur atom, one attached to the gold (triolate) and the other (SH/S-S) at the ω-position for the hexane-1,6-dithiol SAMs. The formation of a protein monolayer was confirmed using XPS, and QCM, where the QCM-determined amount of protein on the surface was in agreement with a model that considered the surface area of a single protein molecule. Enzymatic activity tests of the immobilized protein confirmed that there is no change in enzymatic functionality, and reveal activity ~100 times that expected for the same amount of protein in solution. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, immobilization of a protein by the method presented here, with the resulting high enzymatic activity, has never been reported. There are many potential applications for selective localization of active proteins at patterned surfaces, for example, bioMEMS (MEMS--Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems. Due to the success of the method, presented here, it was decided to continue a research project of a biosensor by transferring it to a high aspect ratio platform--nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Ulman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Six Metrotech Centre, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Michael Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Fernando Patolsky
- Department of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Elisha Haas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dana Reuvenov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Ganguly A, Chatterji D. Sequential assembly of an active RNA polymerase molecule at the air-water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3808-3814. [PMID: 21395266 DOI: 10.1021/la200225t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
At the heart of understanding cellular processes lies our ability to explore the specific nature of communication between sequential information carrying biopolymers. However, the data extracted from conventional solution phase studies may not reflect the dynamics of communication between recognized partners as they occur in the crowded cellular milieu. We use the principle of immobilization of histidine-tagged biopolymers at a Ni(II)-encoded Langmuir monolayer to study sequence-specific protein-protein interactions in an artificially crowded environment. The advantage of this technique lies in increasing the surface density of one of the interacting partners that allows us to study macromolecular interactions in a controlled crowded environment, but without compromising the speed of the reactions. We have taken advantage of this technique to follow the sequential assembly process of the multiprotein complex Escherichia coli RNA polymerase at the interface and also deciphered the role of one of the proteins, omega (ω), in the assembly pathway. Our reconstitution studies indicate that in the absence of molecular chaperones or other cofactors, omega (ω) plays a decisive role in refolding the largest protein beta prime (β') and its recruitment into the multimeric assembly to reconstitute an active RNA polymerase. It was also observed that the monolayer had the ability to distinguish between sequence-specific and -nonspecific interactions despite the immobilization of one of the biomacromolecules. The technique provides a universal two-dimensional template for studying protein-ligand interactions while mimicking molecular crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abantika Ganguly
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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Shekaran A, Garcia AJ. Nanoscale engineering of extracellular matrix-mimetic bioadhesive surfaces and implants for tissue engineering. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1810:350-60. [PMID: 20435097 PMCID: PMC2924948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of tissue engineering is to restore tissue function using biomimetic scaffolds which direct desired cell fates such as attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Cell behavior in vivo is determined by a complex interaction of cells with extracellular biosignals, many of which exist on a nanoscale. Therefore, recent efforts in tissue engineering biomaterial development have focused on incorporating extracellular matrix- (ECM) derived peptides or proteins into biomaterials in order to mimic natural ECM. Concurrent advances in nanotechnology have also made it possible to manipulate protein and peptide presentation on surfaces on a nanoscale level. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses protein and peptide nanopatterning techniques and examples of how nanoscale engineering of bioadhesive materials may enhance outcomes for regenerative medicine. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Synergy between ECM-mimetic tissue engineering and nanotechnology fields can be found in three major strategies: (1) Mimicking nanoscale orientation of ECM peptide domains to maintain native bioactivity, (2) Presenting adhesive peptides at unnaturally high densities, and (3) Engineering multivalent ECM-derived peptide constructs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Combining bioadhesion and nanopatterning technologies to allow nanoscale control of adhesive motifs on the cell-material interface may result in exciting advances in tissue engineering. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Nanotechnologies - Emerging Applications in Biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Shekaran
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhure
- Center for Materials Research (CMR), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences (CBBS), Department of Chemistry, Norfolk State University (NSU), Norfolk, VA 23504
| | - Anil Mahapatro
- Center for Materials Research (CMR), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences (CBBS), Department of Chemistry, Norfolk State University (NSU), Norfolk, VA 23504
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Padmos JD, Duchesne P, Dunbar M, Zhang P. Gold nanoparticles on titanium and interaction with prototype protein. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95:146-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Bellido E, de Miguel R, Ruiz-Molina D, Lostao A, Maspoch D. Controlling the number of proteins with dip-pen nanolithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:352-355. [PMID: 20217717 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bellido
- Centre d'Investigació en Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN-CSIC), Esfera UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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22
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Gonzalez-Macia L, Morrin A, Smyth MR, Killard AJ. Advanced printing and deposition methodologies for the fabrication of biosensors and biodevices. Analyst 2010; 135:845-67. [PMID: 20419231 DOI: 10.1039/b916888e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced printing and deposition methodologies are revolutionising the way biological molecules are deposited and leading to changes in the mass production of biosensors and biodevices. This revolution is being delivered principally through adaptations of printing technologies to device fabrication, increasing throughputs, decreasing feature sizes and driving production costs downwards. This review looks at several of the most relevant deposition and patterning methodologies that are emerging, either for their high production yield, their ability to reach micro- and nano-dimensions, or both. We look at inkjet, screen, microcontact, gravure and flexographic printing as well as lithographies such as scanning probe, photo- and e-beam lithographies and laser printing. We also take a look at the emerging technique of plasma modification and assess the usefulness of these for the deposition of biomolecules and other materials associated with biodevice fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gonzalez-Macia
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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23
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Rosa LG, Liang J. Atomic force microscope nanolithography: dip-pen, nanoshaving, nanografting, tapping mode, electrochemical and thermal nanolithography. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:483001. [PMID: 21832507 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/48/483001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely employed as a nanoscopic lithography technique. In this review, we summarize the current state of research in this field. We introduce the various forms of the technique, such as nanoshaving, nanografting and dip-pen nanolithography, which we classify according to the different interactions between the AFM probe and the substrate during the nanolithography fabrication process. Mechanical force, applied by the tip to the substrate, is the variable that can be controlled with good precision in AFM and it has been utilized in patterning self-assembled monolayers. In such applications, the AFM tip can break some relatively weak chemical bonds inside the monolayer. In general, the state of the art for AFM nanolithography demonstrates the power, resolution and versatility of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Rosa
- Department of Physics and Electronics, University of Puerto Rico-Humacao, 100 Road 908 CUH Station, Humacao, PR 00791, USA. The Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Facundo Bueso Building, Rio Piedras, PR 00931, USA
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24
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Kogot JM, Parker AM, Lee J, Blaber M, Strouse GF, Logan TM. Analysis of the Dynamics of Assembly and Structural Impact for a Histidine Tagged FGF1−1.5 nm Au Nanoparticle Bioconjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2106-13. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900224d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Kogot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Kasha Laboratory Institute of Molecular Biophysics, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Alex M. Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Kasha Laboratory Institute of Molecular Biophysics, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Jihun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Kasha Laboratory Institute of Molecular Biophysics, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Kasha Laboratory Institute of Molecular Biophysics, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Geoffrey F. Strouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Kasha Laboratory Institute of Molecular Biophysics, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Timothy M. Logan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Kasha Laboratory Institute of Molecular Biophysics, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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25
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Hirtz M, Brinks MK, Miele S, Studer A, Fuchs H, Chi L. Structured polymer brushes by AFM lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:919-923. [PMID: 19266479 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hirtz
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische, Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
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26
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Staii C, Viesselmann C, Ballweg J, Shi L, Liu GY, Williams JC, Dent EW, Coppersmith SN, Eriksson MA. Positioning and guidance of neurons on gold surfaces by directed assembly of proteins using Atomic Force Microscopy. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3397-404. [PMID: 19342092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that Atomic Force Microscopy nanolithography can be used to control effectively the adhesion, growth and interconnectivity of cortical neurons on Au surfaces. We demonstrate immobilization of neurons at well-defined locations on Au surfaces using two different types of patterned proteins: 1) poly-d-lysine (PDL), a positively charged polypeptide used extensively in tissue culture and 2) laminin, a component of the extracellular matrix. Our results show that both PDL and laminin patterns can be used to confine neuronal cells and to control their growth and interconnectivity on Au surfaces, a significant step towards the engineering of artificial neuronal assemblies with well-controlled neuron position and connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Staii
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA.
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27
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Jonkheijm P, Weinrich D, Schröder H, Niemeyer CM, Waldmann H. Chemical strategies for generating protein biochips. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9618-47. [PMID: 19025742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein biochips are at the heart of many medical and bioanalytical applications. Increasing interest has been focused on surface activation and subsequent functionalization strategies for immobilizing these biomolecules. Different approaches using covalent and noncovalent chemistry are reviewed; particular emphasis is placed on the chemical specificity of protein attachment and on retention of protein function. Strategies for creating protein patterns (as opposed to protein arrays) are also outlined. An outlook on promising and challenging future directions for protein biochip research and applications is also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Jonkheijm
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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28
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Cullen SP, Mandel IC, Gopalan P. Surface-anchored poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone) brushes as templates for enzyme immobilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13701-13709. [PMID: 18956849 DOI: 10.1021/la8024952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We explored surface-anchored poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone) (PVDMA) brushes as potential templates for protein immobilization. The brushes were grown using atom transfer radical polymerization from surface-anchored initiators and characterized by a combination of ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RNase A was immobilized as a model enzyme through the nucleophilic attack of azlactone by the amine groups in the lysines located in the protein. The surface density of RNase A increased linearly from 5 to 50 nm. For 50 nm thick poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone) brushes, 7.5 microg/cm2 of RNase A was bound. The kinetics and thermodynamics of RNase A immobilization, the activity relative to surface density, and the pH and temperature dependence were examined. A Langmuir-like model for binding kinetics indicates that the kinetics are controlled by the rate of adsorption of RNase A and has an adsorption rate constant, k(ads), of 2.8 x 10(-8) microg(-1) s(-1) cm3. A maximum relative activity of approximately 0.95, which is near the activity of free RNase A, was reached at 1.2 microg/cm2 (approximately 3.0 monolayers) of immobilized RNase A. The immobilized RNase A had a similar temperature and pH dependence as free RNase A, indicating no significant change in conformation. The PVDMA template was extended to other biotechnologically relevant enzymes, such as deoxyribonuclease I, glucose oxidase, glucoamylase, and trypsin, with relative activities higher than or comparable to those of enzymes immobilized by other means. PVDMA brushes offer an efficient route to immobilize proteins via the ring opening of azlactone without the need for activation or pretreatment while retaining high relative activities of the bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Cullen
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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29
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Jonkheijm P, Weinrich D, Schröder H, Niemeyer C, Waldmann H. Chemische Verfahren zur Herstellung von Proteinbiochips. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Staii C, Wood DW, Scoles G. Ligand-induced structural changes in maltose binding proteins measured by atomic force microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:2503-2509. [PMID: 18642963 DOI: 10.1021/nl801553h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) based force-compression measurements to probe the ligand-induced functional conformational changes in surface-immobilized dicysteine-terminated maltose binding proteins (dicys-MBPs). The proteins are immobilized at well-defined locations directly on Au substrates using the previously reported technique of nanografting. By measuring the difference between the ligand-free and ligand-bound mechanical work performed by the AFM-tip during the protein compression, we determine the open-closed transition energy for dicys-MBPs to be DeltaE0 = (8 +/- 4) Kcal/mol. We also compare the binding kinetics of two different ligands (maltose and maltotriose) to dicys-MBPs by performing AFM-friction measurements. We show that our results are consistent with a simple model for the surface-immobilized dicys-MBPs: the protein consists of two rigid lateral lobes connected by a hinge-loaded spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Staii
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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31
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Yang H, Fung SY, Pritzker M, Chen P. Mechanical-Force-Induced Nucleation and Growth of Peptide Nanofibers at Liquid/Solid Interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Yang H, Fung SY, Pritzker M, Chen P. Mechanical-Force-Induced Nucleation and Growth of Peptide Nanofibers at Liquid/Solid Interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4397-400. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Andreescu S, Luck LA. Studies of the binding and signaling of surface-immobilized periplasmic glucose receptors on gold nanoparticles: A glucose biosensor application. Anal Biochem 2008; 375:282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Ngunjiri JN, Kelley AT, LeJeune ZM, Li JR, Lewandowski BR, Serem WK, Daniels SL, Lusker KL, Garno JC. Achieving precision and reproducibility for writing patterns of n-alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers with automated nanografting. SCANNING 2008; 30:123-136. [PMID: 18200549 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanografting is a high-precision approach for scanning probe lithography, which provides unique advantages and capabilities for rapidly writing arrays of nanopatterns of thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Nanografting is accomplished by force- induced displacement of molecules of a matrix SAM, followed immediately by the self-assembly of n-alkanethiol ink molecules from solution. The feedback loop used to control the atomic force microscope tip position and displacement enables exquisite control of forces applied to the surface, ranging from pico to nanonewtons. To achieve high-resolution writing at the nanoscale, the writing speed, direction, and applied force need to be optimized. There are strategies for programing the tip translation, which will improve the uniformity, alignment, and geometries of nanopatterns written using open-loop feedback control. This article addresses the mechanics of automated nanografting and demonstrates results for various writing strategies when nanografting patterns of n-alkanethiol SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnpeter N Ngunjiri
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Biomodular Multiscale Systems, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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35
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Cullen SP, Liu X, Mandel IC, Himpsel FJ, Gopalan P. Polymeric brushes as functional templates for immobilizing ribonuclease A: study of binding kinetics and activity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:913-920. [PMID: 18076197 DOI: 10.1021/la702510z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to immobilize proteins with high binding capacities on surfaces while maintaining their activity is critical for protein microarrays and other biotechnological applications. We employed poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes as templates to immobilize ribonuclease A (RNase A), which is commonly used to remove RNA from plasmid DNA preparations. The brushes are grown by surface-anchored atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators. RNase A was immobilized by both covalent esterification and a high binding capacity metal-ion complexation method to PAA brushes. The polymer brushes immobilized 30 times more enzyme compared to self-assembled monolayers. As the thickness of the brush increases, the surface density of the RNase A increases monotonically. The immobilization was investigated by ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). The activity of the immobilized RNase A was determined using UV absorbance. As much as 11.0 microg/cm(2) of RNase A was bound to PAA brushes by metal-ion complexation compared to 5.8 microg/cm(2) by covalent immobilization which is 30 and 16 times the estimated mass bound in a monolayer. The calculated diffusion coefficient D was 0.63 x 10(-14) cm(2)/s for metal-ion complexation and 0.71 x 10(-14) cm(2)/s for covalent immobilization. Similar values of D indicate that the binding kinetics is similar, but the thermodynamic equilibrium coverage varies with the binding chemistry. Immobilization kinetics and thermodynamics were characterized by ellipsometry for both methods. A maximum relative activity of 0.70-0.80 was reached between five and nine monolayers of the immobilized enzyme. However, the relative activity for covalent immobilization was greater than that of metal-ion complexation. Covalent esterification resulted in similar temperature dependence as free enzyme, whereas metal-ion complexation showed no temperature dependence indicating a significant change in conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Cullen
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Physics, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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36
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37
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Mendes PM, Yeung CL, Preece JA. Bio-nanopatterning of Surfaces. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2007; 2:373-84. [PMID: 21794192 PMCID: PMC3246385 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-007-9083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bio-nanopatterning of surfaces is a very active interdisciplinary field of research at the interface between biotechnology and nanotechnology. Precise patterning of biomolecules on surfaces with nanometre resolution has great potential in many medical and biological applications ranging from molecular diagnostics to advanced platforms for fundamental studies of molecular and cell biology. Bio-nanopatterning technology has advanced at a rapid pace in the last few years with a variety of patterning methodologies being developed for immobilising biomolecules such as DNA, peptides, proteins and viruses at the nanoscale on a broad range of substrates. In this review, the status of research and development are described, with particular focus on the recent advances on the use of nanolithographic techniques as tools for biomolecule immobilisation at the nanoscale. Present strengths and weaknesses, as well future challenges on the different nanolithographic bio-nanopatterning approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Mendes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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38
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Liang J, Scoles G. Nanografting of alkanethiols by tapping mode atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:6142-7. [PMID: 17455963 DOI: 10.1021/la063385t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanografting, an atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanolithography technique, is becoming a popular method for patterning self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). In this technique, a nanoscale patch of a thiol-on-gold SAM is exchanged with a different thiol by the action of an AFM tip operated in contact mode at high load. The results are then imaged in topographic or lateral force microscopy again at low values of the load. One of the problems of contact mode nanografting is that monolayers of large molecules such as proteins are likely to be deformed, damaged, or even removed from the surface by contact mode imaging even when small loads are used. Furthermore, we need to note that the stiffness of the cantilevers used in contact mode is different than that of the cantilevers used in tapping mode and that tip changing in the course of an experiment can be quite inconvenient. Here, we show that a monolayer on a gold substrate can be nanografted using tapping mode AFM (also referred to as amplitude modulation AFM) rather than the commonly used contact mode. While the grafting parameters are somewhat trickier to choose, the results demonstrate that nanografting in tapping mode can make patches of the same quality as those made by contact mode, therefore allowing for gentle imaging of the grafted molecules and the whole SAM without changing the microscope tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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39
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Tinazli A, Piehler J, Beuttler M, Guckenberger R, Tampé R. Native protein nanolithography that can write, read and erase. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:220-225. [PMID: 18654266 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of systematic approaches to explore protein-protein interactions and dynamic protein networks is at the forefront of biological sciences. Nanopatterned protein arrays offer significant advantages for sensing applications, including short diffusion times, parallel detection of multiple targets and the requirement for only tiny amounts of sample. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) based techniques have successfully demonstrated patterning of molecules, including stable proteins, with submicrometre resolution. Here, we introduce native protein nanolithography for the nanostructured assembly of even fragile proteins or multiprotein complexes under native conditions. Immobilized proteins are detached by a novel vibrational AFM mode (contact oscillation mode) and replaced by other proteins, which are selectively self-assembled from the bulk. This nanolithography permits rapid writing, reading and erasing of protein arrays in a versatile manner. Functional protein complexes may be assembled with uniform orientation at dimensions down to 50 nm. Such fabrication of two-dimensionally arranged nano-objects with biological activity will prove powerful for proteome-wide interaction screens and single molecule/virus/cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tinazli
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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40
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Liang J, Sun Q, Selloni A, Scoles G. Side-by-Side Characterization of Electron Tunneling through Monolayers of Isomeric Molecules: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:24797-801. [PMID: 17149895 DOI: 10.1021/jp066059v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a new experimental method for measuring relatively small differences in electron tunneling through two distinct monolayers. We place them side by side using scanning probe nanolithography and compare the tunneling currents by conductive probe atomic force microscopy under identical force, voltage, and tip contamination conditions. We demonstrate the validity of our approach by applying it to two isomeric molecules with similar length and functional groups, with only the position of two functional groups, one aromatic and the other aliphatic, being inverted with respect to each other. The relative values of the two tunneling currents, calculated using density functional theory and the Tersoff-Hamann approach, compare very well with the experimental data, providing us with an example of theory vs experiment agreement that is rather uncommon in this field.
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41
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Christman KL, Enriquez-Rios VD, Maynard HD. Nanopatterning proteins and peptides. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:928-939. [PMID: 32680180 DOI: 10.1039/b611000b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A variety of techniques have been developed to site-specifically immobilize biomolecules onto surfaces with resolutions below one micron. The ability to pattern proteins and peptides in particular has great potential for applications in biosensors, biomaterials, and tissue engineering. For example, immobilizing proteins at the nanoscale could lead to the development of diagnostic protein nanoarrays, while patterning peptides could lead to greater control over the cell/biomaterial interface. This review discusses the methods that have been reported for patterning proteins and peptides with submicron and nanometer resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Christman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angles, CA 90095-1569 and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 6722 Boelter Hall, Los Angles, CA 90095-7151.
| | - Vanessa D Enriquez-Rios
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angles, CA 90095-1569 and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 6722 Boelter Hall, Los Angles, CA 90095-7151.
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