1
|
Wu X, Zang R, Qiu Y, Yang N, Liu M, Wei S, Xu X, Diao Y. Self-Assembly of Rhein and Matrine Nanoparticles for Enhanced Wound Healing. Molecules 2024; 29:3326. [PMID: 39064904 PMCID: PMC11279319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carrier-free self-assembly has gradually shifted the focus of research on natural products, which effectively improve the bioavailability and the drug-loading rate. However, in spite of the existing studies, the development of self-assembled natural phytochemicals that possess pharmacological effects still has scope for further exploration and enhancement. Herein, a nano-delivery system was fabricated through the direct self-assembly of Rhein and Matrine and was identified as a self-assembled Rhein-Matrine nanoparticles (RM NPs). The morphology of RM NPs was characterized by TEM. The molecular mechanisms of self-assembly were explored using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel was used as a drug carrier for controlled release and targeted delivery of RM NPs. The potential wound repair properties of RM NPs were evaluated on a skin wound-healing model. TEM and dynamic light scattering study demonstrated that the RM NPs were close to spherical, and the average size was approximately 75 nm. 1H NMR of RM NPs demonstrated strong and weak changes in the interaction energies during self-assembly. Further molecular dynamics simulation analysis predicted the self-assembly behavior. An in vivo skin wound-healing model demonstrated that RM NPs present better protection effect against skin damages. Taken together, RM NPs are a new self-assembly system; this may provide new directions for natural product applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China; (X.W.); (R.Z.); (Y.Q.); (N.Y.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (X.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun M, Chen W, Qin L, Xie XM. The Effect of Colloidal Nanoparticles on Phase Separation of Block and Heteroarm Star Copolymers Confined between Polymer Brushes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:804. [PMID: 38399056 PMCID: PMC10890131 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The effect of colloidal nanoparticles on the phase changes of the amphiphilic AB linear diblock, A1A2B, and A2B heteroarm star copolymers confined between two polymer brush substrates was investigated by using a real-space self-consistent field theory. By changing the concentrations of nanoparticles and polymer brushes, the phase structure of the amphiphilic AB copolymer transforms from lamellar to core-shell hexagonal phase to cylinder phase. The pattern of A2B heteroarm star copolymer changes from core-shell hexagonal phases to lamellar phases and the layer decreases when increasing the density of the polymer brushes. The results showed that the phase behavior of the system is strongly influenced by the polymer brush architecture and the colloidal nanoparticle numbers. The colloidal nanoparticles and the soft confined surface of polymer brushes make amphiphilic AB copolymers easier to form ordered structures. The dispersion of the nanoparticles was also investigated in detail. The soft surfaces of polymer brushes and the conformation of the block copolymers work together to force the nanoparticles to disperse evenly. It will give helpful guidance for making some new functional materials by nano etching technology, nano photoresist, and nanoprinting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenyu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China;
| | - Lei Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China;
| | - Xu-Ming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao Y, Wu X, Qi C. Janus-Like Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles as Two-in-One Emulsifiers for Aqueous and Nonaqueous Pickering Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11467-11476. [PMID: 32975954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of Pickering emulsions is very significant owing to their versatile and important applications in many scopes. In this study, synthesis of a novel kind of single-chain polymer nanoparticle (SCPN) and its stabilized Pickering emulsions were demonstrated. To this end, linear-dendritic diblock copolymers consisting of poly((2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) blocks and four-generation dendritic aliphatic polyester blocks (G4) have been first synthesized by the combination of click chemistry and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization reaction. The subsequent intramolecular cross-linking of the PDMAEMA block of PDMAEMA-b-G4 copolymers in DMF using 1,4-diiodobutane as cross-linkers afforded Janus-like SCPNs that exhibited a cross-linked PDMAEMA head tethered by a short dendritic tail. The molecular weight and distribution together with the structure of polymers were carefully characterized by GPC and NMR spectroscopy. By the employment of the as-synthesized Janus-like SCPNs as Pickering emulsifiers, aqueous and nonaqueous Pickering emulsions including water-in-oil and oil-in-oil as well as ionic liquid-in-oil were generated. Under the same conditions, it was found that the long-term stabilities of Pickering emulsions stabilized by Janus-like SCPNs were superior to those of Pickering emulsions stabilized by their linear quaternized PDMAEMA-b-G4 by CH3I analogous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
- College of Chemistry and Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymeric Materials of College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Xionghui Wu
- College of Chemistry and Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymeric Materials of College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Chenze Qi
- Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Platinum Atoms Dispersed in Single-chain Polymer Nanoparticles. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Zhang B, Liu W, Meng L, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Wu X, Dai J, Mao G, Wei Y. Study of the perpendicular self-assembly of a novel high- χ block copolymer without any neutral layer on a silicon substrate. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3828-3837. [PMID: 35518108 PMCID: PMC9060441 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10319d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel type of high-χ block copolymer, polystyrene-block-polycarbonate (PS-b-PC), which contains an active –NH– group on the polymer backbone between the PS block and the PC block, has been successfully synthesized. Vertical micro-phase separation can be successfully achieved on Si substrates with neutral-layer-free materials with a pitch of 16.8 nm. Water contact angle experiments indicate that PS and PC have approximate surface energy values on Si substrates. A hydrogen bond mechanism has been proposed for the formation of a periodic and lamella-forming phase separation structure, with the domains oriented perpendicular to the substrate. A combination of both theory and experimental verification proves that the hydrogen bonding plays a dominant role as a real driving force to promote vertical micro-phase separation in the absence of a neutral layer. Subsequently, the study of a novel block copolymer on four different types of substrate without any neutral layer further confirms that the newly synthesized material enables greater flexibility and potential applications for the fabrication of various nanostructures and functional electronic devices in a simple, cost-effective and efficient way, which is of considerable importance to contemporary and emerging technology applications. A novel type of high-χ block copolymer, polystyrene-block-polycarbonate (PS-b-PC), which contains an active –NH– group on the polymer backbone between the PS block and the PC block, has been successfully synthesized.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Zhang
- College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China.,Integrated Circuit Advanced Process Center (ICAC), Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (IME CAS) Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-82995684 +86-10-82995898
| | - Weichen Liu
- Integrated Circuit Advanced Process Center (ICAC), Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (IME CAS) Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-82995684 +86-10-82995898
| | - Lingkuan Meng
- The Integrated Circuit Materials & Components Industry Technology Innovative Alliance 27 Zhichun Road, Haidian District Beijing 100083 P. R. China +86-10-82357517.,School of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu Technological University Chengdu 611730 P. R. China
| | - Zhengping Zhang
- College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Integrated Circuit Advanced Process Center (ICAC), Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (IME CAS) Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-82995684 +86-10-82995898
| | - Xing Wu
- Jiangsu HanTop Photo-Materials Co., Ltd Floor 4-5, Buliding No. 9, No. 1158 Zhongxin Rd Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Junyan Dai
- Jiangsu HanTop Photo-Materials Co., Ltd Floor 4-5, Buliding No. 9, No. 1158 Zhongxin Rd Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Guoping Mao
- Jiangsu HanTop Photo-Materials Co., Ltd Floor 4-5, Buliding No. 9, No. 1158 Zhongxin Rd Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yayi Wei
- Integrated Circuit Advanced Process Center (ICAC), Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (IME CAS) Beijing 100029 P. R. China +86-10-82995684 +86-10-82995898
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song C, Lin T, Zhang Q, Thayumanavan S, Ren L. pH-Sensitive morphological transitions in polymeric tadpole assemblies for programmed tumor therapy. J Control Release 2019; 293:1-9. [PMID: 30391316 PMCID: PMC6338209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafine single-chain tadpole polymers (SCTPs), containing an intrachain crosslinked globule and a pH-sensitive linear polymer chain, have been synthesized. Self-assembly of these polymers depends on the linear block length and the pH, at which the polymer is assembled. Although the SCTPs themselves exhibit a size that is consistent with a single-chain species, the self-assembled SCTPs were found to be substantially larger. Since the transition between these two structures is reversibly dependent on pH, we explored the possibility of utilizing these assemblies to achieve deep tissue penetration in tumors. Our results indicate that there is indeed a pH-dependent deep tissue penetration in ex vivo tumor multicellular spheroids. Moreover, the multi-tadpole assemblies (MTAs) can stably encapsulate hydrophobic molecules, which have been used to encapsulate paclitaxel (PTX). These PTX/MTAs show excellent therapeutic efficacy and biosafety in 4 T1 xenograft mouse models. The innovative multi-compartment aggregates are able to fulfill structure-related function transitions with the variation of microenvironment, which has potential to extremely enrich the design of sophisticated biological agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunfeng Song
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tongtong Lin
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Lei Ren
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huo H, Tan T, Gou L, Chen L, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Liu F. Single-chain tethered nanoparticles with tunable softness: scalable synthesis and unique self-assembly behavior. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A scalable method to prepare single-chain tethered nanoparticles with tunable softness, which results in unique self-assembly behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haohui Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Gou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Qilu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Asenjo-Sanz I, Verde-Sesto E, Pomposo JA. Valuable structure-size relationships for tadpole-shaped single-chain nanoparticles with long and short flexible tails unveiled. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10884-10887. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tadpole-shaped single-chain nanoparticles (TSCNPs) are useful soft building blocks for nanotechnology composed of a flexible polymer chain tethered to an intramolecularly folded single-chain nanoparticle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Asenjo-Sanz
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC
- E-20018 San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC
- E-20018 San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - José A. Pomposo
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center MPC
- E-20018 San Sebastián
- Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Cao H, Cui Z, Gao P, Ding Y, Zhu X, Lu X, Cai Y. Metal-Folded Single-Chain Nanoparticle: Nanoclusters and Self-Assembled Reduction-Responsive Sub-5-nm Discrete Subdomains. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Pan Gao
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yi Ding
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xuechao Zhu
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xinhua Lu
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yuanli Cai
- State-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tanaka R, Watanabe K, Yamamoto T, Tajima K, Isono T, Satoh T. A facile strategy for manipulating micellar size and morphology through intramolecular cross-linking of amphiphilic block copolymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00646b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intramolecular cross-linking on aqueous self-assembly behavior was systematically investigated based on an amphiphilic block copolymer system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoto Tanaka
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- and Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
| | - Kodai Watanabe
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- and Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- and Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- and Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
| | - Takuya Isono
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- and Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- and Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang F, Diesendruck CE. Advantages and limitations of diisocyanates in intramolecular collapse. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00712d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive examination of the synthesis of single chain polymer nanoparticles (SCPNs) from a copolymer of methyl acrylate (MA) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) via the intra-chain urethane formation by using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as a cross-linker is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa
- Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa
- Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clop EM, Corvalán NA, Perillo MA. Langmuir films of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine grafted poly(ethylene glycol). In-situ evidence of surface aggregation at the air-water interface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:640-649. [PMID: 27697738 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular packing-dependent interfacial organization of polyethylene glycol grafted dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PE-PEGs) Langmuir films was studied. The PEG chains covered a wide molecular mass range (350, 1000 and 5000Da). In surface pressure-area (π-A), isotherms PE-PEG1000 and PE-PEG5000 showed transitions (midpoints at πm,t1∼11mN/m, "t1"), which appeared as a long non-horizontal line region. Thus, t1 cannot be considered a first-order phase transition but may reflect a transition within the polymer, comprising its desorption from the air-water interface and compaction upon compression. This is supported by the increase in the νs(C-O-C) PM-IRRAS signal intensity and the increasing surface potentials at maximal compression, which reflect thicker polymeric layers. Furthermore, changes in hydrocarbon chain (HC) packing and tilt with respect to the surface led to reorientation in the PO2- group upon compression, indicated by the inversion of the νasym(PO2-) PM-IRRAS signal around t1. The absence of a t1 in PE-PEG350 supports the requisite of a critical polymer chain length for this transition to occur. In-situ epifluorescence microscopy revealed 2D-domain-like structures in PE-PEG1000 and PE-PEG5000 around t1, possibly associated with gelation/dehydration of the polymeric layer and appearing at decreasing π as the polymeric tail became longer. Another transition, t2, appearing in PE-PEG350 and PE-PEG1000 at πm,t2=29.4 and 34.8mN/m, respectively, was associated with HC condensation and was impaired in PE-PEG5000 due to steric hindrance imposed by the large size of its polymer moiety. Two critical lengths of polymer chains were found, one of which allowed the onset of polymeric-tail gelation and the other limited HC compaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Clop
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas IIBYT (CONICET-UNC) Cátedra de Química Biológica, Depto de Química, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X 5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia A Corvalán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas IIBYT (CONICET-UNC) Cátedra de Química Biológica, Depto de Química, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X 5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María A Perillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas IIBYT (CONICET-UNC) Cátedra de Química Biológica, Depto de Química, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X 5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ku KH, Shin JM, Klinger D, Jang SG, Hayward RC, Hawker CJ, Kim BJ. Particles with Tunable Porosity and Morphology by Controlling Interfacial Instability in Block Copolymer Emulsions. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5243-5251. [PMID: 27138967 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of porous block copolymer (BCP) particles with controllable morphology and pore sizes was fabricated by tuning the interfacial behavior of BCP droplets in oil-in-water emulsions. A synergistic adsorption of polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) BCPs and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the surface of the emulsion droplet induced a dramatic decrease in the interfacial tension and generated interfacial instability at the particle surface. In particular, the SDS concentration and the P4VP volume fraction of PS-b-P4VP were key parameters in determining the degree of interfacial instability, leading to different types of particles including micelles, capsules, closed-porosity particles, and open-porosity particles with tunable pore sizes ranging from 10 to 500 nm. The particles with open-porosity could be used as pH-responsive, high capacity delivery systems where the uptake and release of multiple dyes could be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hee Ku
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jae Man Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Klinger
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Königin-Luise Str. 2-4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Se Gyu Jang
- Applied Quantum Composites Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Jeonbuk, 565-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Hanlon
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Christopher K. Lyon
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Erik B. Berda
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mavila S, Eivgi O, Berkovich I, Lemcoff NG. Intramolecular Cross-Linking Methodologies for the Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2015; 116:878-961. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva-84105, Israel
| | - Or Eivgi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva-84105, Israel
| | - Inbal Berkovich
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva-84105, Israel
| | - N. Gabriel Lemcoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva-84105, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Murphy JN, Harris KD, Buriak JM. Automated Defect and Correlation Length Analysis of Block Copolymer Thin Film Nanopatterns. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133088. [PMID: 26207990 PMCID: PMC4514826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Line patterns produced by lamellae- and cylinder-forming block copolymer (BCP) thin films are of widespread interest for their potential to enable nanoscale patterning over large areas. In order for such patterning methods to effectively integrate with current technologies, the resulting patterns need to have low defect densities, and be produced in a short timescale. To understand whether a given polymer or annealing method might potentially meet such challenges, it is necessary to examine the evolution of defects. Unfortunately, few tools are readily available to researchers, particularly those engaged in the synthesis and design of new polymeric systems with the potential for patterning, to measure defects in such line patterns. To this end, we present an image analysis tool, which we have developed and made available, to measure the characteristics of such patterns in an automated fashion. Additionally we apply the tool to six cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) polymers thermally annealed to explore the relationship between the size of each polymer and measured characteristics including line period, line-width, defect density, line-edge roughness (LER), line-width roughness (LWR), and correlation length. Finally, we explore the line-edge roughness, line-width roughness, defect density, and correlation length as a function of the image area sampled to determine each in a more rigorous fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth D. Harris
- National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jillian M. Buriak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Surface functionalization of quantum dots for biological applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 215:28-45. [PMID: 25467038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots are a group of inorganic nanomaterials exhibiting exceptional optical and electronic properties which impart distinct advantages over traditional fluorescent organic dyes in terms of tunable broad excitation and narrow emission spectra, signal brightness, high quantum yield and photo-stability. Aqueous solubility and surface functionalization are the most common problems for QDs employed in biological research. This review addresses the recent research progress made to improve aqueous solubility, functionalization of biomolecules to QD surface and the poorly understood chemistry involved in the steps of bio-functionalization of such nanoparticles.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lyon CK, Prasher A, Hanlon AM, Tuten BT, Tooley CA, Frank PG, Berda EB. A brief user's guide to single-chain nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01217h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we outline the various methods that have been explored to synthesize architecturally defined nanoparticles from discrete polymer chains, summarize the methods of characterization that are required to prove their formation and probe their morphology, and introduce a number of potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alka Prasher
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Hampshire
- Durham
- USA
| | | | - Bryan T. Tuten
- Materials Science Program
- University of New Hampshire
- Durham
- USA
| | | | - Peter G. Frank
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Hampshire
- Durham
- USA
| | - Erik B. Berda
- Department of Chemistry
- University of New Hampshire
- Durham
- USA
- Materials Science Program
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gonzalez-Burgos M, Latorre-Sanchez A, Pomposo JA. Advances in single chain technology. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6122-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent advances in single chain technology for the construction of soft nano-objects via chain compaction, and their envisioned applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gonzalez-Burgos
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) – Materials Physics Center
- E-20018 San Sebastián
- Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
| | - Alejandro Latorre-Sanchez
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) – Materials Physics Center
- E-20018 San Sebastián
- Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
| | - José A. Pomposo
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU) – Materials Physics Center
- E-20018 San Sebastián
- Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wei ZJ, Xu YW, Zhang L, Luo MM. Synthesis and thermal polymerization of perylene bisimide containing benzocyclobutene groups. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Roy RK, Lutz JF. Compartmentalization of single polymer chains by stepwise intramolecular cross-linking of sequence-controlled macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12888-91. [PMID: 25183314 DOI: 10.1021/ja507889x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the intramolecular double compaction of sequence-controlled linear macromolecules into "structured" random coils. These compartmentalized single-chain objects were prepared by performing successive cross-linking reactions in an orthogonal fashion. The foldable precursors were synthesized by sequence-controlled copolymerization of styrene with N-substituted maleimides (MIs), namely pentafluorophenyl 4-maleimidobenzoate (1) and TIPS-protected N-propargyl maleimide (2). These two functional MIs allow intramolecular cross-linking. The activated ester pentafluorophenyl moieties of 1 were reacted with ethylenediamine, whereas the deprotected alkyne functions of 2 were self-reacted by Eglinton coupling. The compaction of model copolymers containing only one cross-linkable zone (i.e., either 1 or 2) was first studied. (1)H NMR and SEC analysis indicated that these structures could be efficiently compacted into single-chain objects. Thus, more complex copolymers containing two individually addressable cross-linking zones were prepared and sequentially compacted. Detailed characterization of the folding process indicated that double-compaction occurred and that the formed single-chain particles contain distinct cross-linked subdomains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Roy
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry Group, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR-22 CNRS , BP 84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li Destri G, Miano F, Marletta G. Structure-rheology relationship in weakly amphiphilic block copolymer Langmuir monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3345-3353. [PMID: 24650052 DOI: 10.1021/la4043777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The linear viscoelastic behavior in the low-frequency regime at the water/air interface of three different polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) copolymer monolayers, with block length ratio varying from 66-33 to 50-50 and 25-75 in molecular units, was studied and related to the interfacial behavior, characterized by means of Langmuir isotherms, and their structure, characterized by means of the atomic force microscopy technique. The two monolayers with the highest PMMA amount showed a single phase transition at about 12 mN/m, the viscoelastic behavior changing from a predominantly elastic to a viscoelastic one. This change in the viscoelastic properties was ascribed to the beginning of entanglement among the PMMA coronas of the predominantly circular quasi-2D micelles formed by the two copolymer systems. Conversely, the polymer with the lowest PMMA amount, despite having the same PMMA block length of the PS-PMMA 50-50 block copolymer, was found to behave as a viscoelastic system at any surface pressure value. This characteristic behavior cannot therefore be simply related to the molecular weight difference, but it has been put in connection to the irregular micelle structure observed in this case, consisting of a mixture of spherical and wormlike micelles, and to the different conformation adopted by the PMMA block. By blending this copolymer with an immiscible elastic homopolymer, namely poly(2-vinylpyridine), it was possible to tune the micelle nanostructure, obtaining regular circular quasi-2D micelles, with viscoelastic properties as expected for the PMMA-rich copolymer monolayers. To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time the explicit dependence upon the relative block length and, in turn, upon the nanostructure of the quasi-2D micelles, of the viscoelastic properties of Langmuir monolayers and suggests that molecular weight and intermolecular interactions are not the only parameters governing the polymer conformation and, in turn, the polymer rheology and dynamics in quasi-2D confined systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Li Destri
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemistry, University of Catania and CSGI , V.le A Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Characterization of single-chain polymer folding using size exclusion chromatography with multiple modes of detection. APPLIED PETROCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-014-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
27
|
Zell ZA, Isa L, Ilg P, Leal LG, Squires TM. Adsorption energies of poly(ethylene oxide)-based surfactants and nanoparticles on an air-water surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:110-119. [PMID: 24328531 DOI: 10.1021/la404233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of polymer-based surfactants and nanoparticles on fluid-fluid interfaces is central to many applications, including dispersion stabilization, creation of novel 2D materials, and surface patterning. Very often these processes involve compressing interfacial monolayers of particles or polymers to obtain a desired material microstructure. At high surface pressures, however, even highly interfacially active objects can desorb from the interface. Methods of directly measuring the energy which keeps the polymer or particles bound to the interface (adsorption/desorption energies) are therefore of high interest for these processes. Moreover, though a geometric description linking adsorption energy and wetting properties through the definition of a contact angle can be established for rigid nano- or microparticles, such a description breaks down for deformable or aggregating objects. Here, we demonstrate a technique to quantify desorption energies directly, by comparing surface pressure-density compression measurements using a Wilhelmy plate and a custom-microfabricated deflection tensiometer. We focus on poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymers and nanoparticles. For PEO-based homo- and copolymers, the adsorption energy of PEO chains scales linearly with molecular weight and can be tuned by changing the subphase composition. Moreover, the desorption surface pressure of PEO-stabilized nanoparticles corresponds to the saturation surface pressure for spontaneously adsorbed monolayers, yielding trapping energies of ∼10(3) k(B)T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Zell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dirlam PT, Kim HJ, Arrington KJ, Chung WJ, Sahoo R, Hill LJ, Costanzo PJ, Theato P, Char K, Pyun J. Single chain polymer nanoparticles via sequential ATRP and oxidative polymerization. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00321c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
29
|
Hu J, Wu T, Zhang G, Liu S. Efficient Synthesis of Single Gold Nanoparticle Hybrid Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymers and Their Controlled Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7624-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302019q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Altintas O, Barner-Kowollik C. Single Chain Folding of Synthetic Polymers by Covalent and Non-Covalent Interactions: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:958-71. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
31
|
Aiertza MK, Odriozola I, Cabañero G, Grande HJ, Loinaz I. Single-chain polymer nanoparticles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:337-46. [PMID: 22015611 PMCID: PMC11114773 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polymer nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled characteristics has become an appealing research topic lately. Nanomedicine, and especially drug delivery and imaging, are fields that require particles of a controlled size and with a tailored arrangement of functional groups. Intramolecular cross-linking or collapse of single polymer chains has emerged as an efficient alternative for the synthesis of well-defined polymer NPs. This technique allows the generation of 1.5-20 nm particles with a wide variety of chemical compositions and functionalities. This review begins by gathering synthetic strategies described in the literature and groups them into four main synthetic methods: homo-functional collapse, hetero-functional collapse, crosslinker-mediated collapse, and one-block collapse of diblock or triblock copolymers. Afterwards, the main characterization techniques and physical properties of single-chain polymer NPs (SCPNs) are exposed. Finally, several applications in nanomedicine are mentioned followed by some future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miren Karmele Aiertza
- New Materials Department, Fundación CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ibon Odriozola
- New Materials Department, Fundación CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Germán Cabañero
- New Materials Department, Fundación CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Hans-Jürgen Grande
- New Materials Department, Fundación CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iraida Loinaz
- New Materials Department, Fundación CIDETEC, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Effect of integrin targeting and PEG shielding on polyplex micelle internalization studied by live-cell imaging. J Control Release 2011; 156:364-73. [PMID: 21843561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
α(v)β(3) and α(v)β(5) integrins are attractive target structures for cancer therapy as they are upregulated in tumor and tumor associated host cells and play a pivotal role for tumor growth and metastasis. Gene vectors such as polyplex micelles consisting of thiolated PEG-block-poly(lysine) copolymers complexed with plasmid DNA can be targeted to these specific integrins by equipment with a cyclic RGD peptide. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the RGD ligand on micelle endocytosis by comparing fluorescently labeled, targeted and untargeted micelles in live-cell imaging experiments with highly sensitive fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Two micelle types with 12 kDa (PEG12) and 17 kDa (PEG17) PEG shell layers were examined to evaluate the influence of surface shielding on the internalization characteristics. Our results reveal three major effects: First, the RGD ligand accelerates the internalization of micelles into integrin expressing HeLa cells without changing the uptake pathway of the micelles. Both targeted as well as untargeted micelles are predominantly internalized via clathrin mediated endocytosis. Second, the PEG shielding of micelles has an important effect on their targeting specificity. At high PEG shielding selective endocytosis of integrin targeted micelles occurs, whereas at low PEG shielding targeted and untargeted micelles show comparable internalization. In addition, PEG17 RGD(+) micelles induce the highest reporter gene expression. Third, our data demonstrate a clear influence of the applied micelle dose on the internalization of integrin targeted micelles. We propose that PEG17 shielded micelles equipped with a cyclic RGD ligand are the favored system of choice for clinical therapy as they exhibit higher transgene expression, a higher specificity for integrin-dependent endocytosis compared to PEG12 shielded micelles, and are functional at low doses as well.
Collapse
|
33
|
Felipe MJ, Estillore N, Pernites RB, Nguyen T, Ponnapati R, Advincula RC. Interfacial behavior of OEG-linear dendron monolayers: aggregation, nanostructuring, and electropolymerizability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9327-9336. [PMID: 21696202 DOI: 10.1021/la200916n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the interesting interfacial behavior of oligoethylene glycol or OEGylated linear dendron monolayers at the air-water interface as a function of (a) carbazole dendron generation, (b) the length of the OEG units, and (c) the surface pressure applied upon compression. Surface pressure-area isotherms, hysteresis studies, and isobaric creep measurement revealed a structure-property relationship consistent with the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of a linear dendron with the OEG group serving as the surface anchor to the water subphase. AFM studies revealed that all the OEGylated carbazole dendrons self-assemble into spherical morphology at low surface pressures but form ribbonlike structures as the surface pressure is increased. This nanostructuring is primarily imparted by the increase in van der Waals forces with increasing amount of carbazole units per dendron generation on a hydrophilic mica surface. Further, electrochemical cross-linking of the carbazole molecules by cyclic voltammetery (CV) on doped Si wafer has enabled the formation of an LB film monolayer with a secondary level of organization in the monolayer imparted by the inter- and intramolecular cross-linking among the carbazole units. This study should provide a basis for monolayer film materials based on combining the LB technique and electrochemical cross-linking for nanostructuring superstructures at the air-water interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Felipe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jiang X, Pu H, Wang P. Polymer nanoparticles via intramolecular crosslinking of sulfonyl azide functionalized polymers. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
35
|
Wang C, Wang D, Hu X, Wang G. Interface interaction within nanopores in thin films of an amphiphilic block copolymer and CTAB. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 354:219-25. [PMID: 21129753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With water droplets as sacrificed templates at a particular humidity, micro-porous solid thin films were successfully fabricated by self-assembly using an amphiphilic block polymer, polystyrene-b-polyacrylic acid (PS-b-PAA). Interface interactions between the micro-porous thin film and a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), are investigated by in-situ AFM in aqueous solutions. An interesting phenomenon was observed in water and CTAB solution, which the dimensions of the micropores are remarkably larger than the dimensions of those in air. The solid thin films exhibit different surface morphologies in response to stimulus by different concentrations of CTAB. These observations were explained by positing that the PAA chains in the micropores stretch and contract with interface interactions between PAA and CTAB. A promising electrochemical application of this film is suggested. This study is aimed at strategies for the functionalization of stimulus-responsive micro-porous solid thin films with tunable surface morphologies, and exploring new smart materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering and Monitoring, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yang J, Liu S, Zhu F, Huang Y, Li B, Zhang L. New polymers derived from 4-vinylsilylbenzocyclobutene monomer with good thermal stability, excellent film-forming property, and low-dielectric constant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Perepichka II, Badia A, Bazuin CG. Nanostrand formation of block copolymers at the air/water interface. ACS NANO 2010; 4:6825-6835. [PMID: 20979365 DOI: 10.1021/nn101318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers consisting of a network of nanostrands have occasionally been reported in the literature, but are often coexistent with other morphologies, which is not useful for potential applications. With the use of PS-P4VP/PDP, a polystyrene-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) diblock copolymer of 12 mol % VP content mixed with 3-pentadecylphenol, it is shown that the disordered nanostrand network morphology can be obtained reproducibly and uniformly over large surface areas by spreading chloroform solutions of relatively high copolymer concentration. Use of a more slowly evaporating spreading solvent, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and a low subphase temperature, 8-9 °C, results in much more densely aligned nanostrands. Poorly spreading solvents such as nitrobenzene produce the well-known fingerprint pattern often observed in spin- or dip-coated thin films of block copolymers. A mechanism for nanostrand network formation is proposed that involves the momentary formation of a fingerprint morphology in spreading drops followed by its breakup at the level of the mobile P4VP/PDP stripes as spreading continues, leaving P4VP-anchored PS nanostrands floating on the water surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna I Perepichka
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Auto-Assemblés (CRMAA/CSACS), Université de Montréal, Montréal (QC), Canada H3C 3J7
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tang NYW, Badia A. Self-patterned mixed phospholipid monolayers for the spatially selective deposition of metals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17058-17067. [PMID: 20923160 DOI: 10.1021/la102397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal-reactive organosulfur groups were patterned onto mica and silicon surfaces by dewetting instabilities during the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition of phase-separated mixed phospholipid monolayers. Monolayers were formed from binary mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and their ω-methyldisulfide-dialkylphosphatidylcholine analogues, DSDPPC and DSDLPC. Patterns of highly parallel stripes of condensed DPPC or DSDPPC, protruding by 0.7-0.9 nm from a fluid matrix of DLPC or DSDLPC, were observed over areas extending at least 30 × 30 μm(2) in the LB films. The average stripe width varied from ca. 150 to 500 nm, depending on the lipid composition and deposition pressure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the phospholipid-monolayer-bound methydisulfides react with Au vapor to form a gold-thiolate species. The adsorption of thermally evaporated Au, Ag, and Cu onto DSDPPC/DLPC and DPPC/DSDLPC patterns was investigated by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A change in phase contrast is observed in FEGSEM and AFM over the methyldisulfide-functionalized areas following metal deposition due to metal-thiolate bond formation. An increase in step height between the DSDPPC stripes and nonfunctionalized DLPC background following metal deposition, as well as the resistance of the metal-coated DSDPPC or DSDLPC regions to detergent extraction from the surface, attest to a selective metallization of the pattern. Our results indicate that the preferential adsorption of vapor-deposited metal onto the ω-methyldisulfide-terminated phase occurs at submonolayer coverages. The chemical reactivity exhibited by the organosulfur-modified phospholipid LB films make these templates potentially interesting for the fabrication of solid-supported patterns of metal nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Y-Wa Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
A facile route to ketene-functionalized polymers for general materials applications. Nat Chem 2010; 2:207-12. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
40
|
Essa S, Rabanel JM, Hildgen P. Effect of aqueous solubility of grafted moiety on the physicochemical properties of poly(d,l-lactide) (PLA) based nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2010; 388:263-73. [PMID: 20060450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the solubility effect of grafted moiety on the physicochemical properties of poly(d,l-lactide) (PLA) based nanoparticles (NPs), two materials of completely different aqueous solubility, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and palmitic acid were grafted on PLA backbone at nearly the same grafting density, 2.5% (mol of grafted moiety/mol of lactic acid monomer). Blank and ibuprofen-loaded NPs were fabricated from both polymers and their properties were compared to PLA homopolymer NPs as a control. NPs were analyzed for major physicochemical parameters such as encapsulation efficiency, size and size distribution, surface charge, thermal properties, surface chemistry, % poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) adsorbed at the surface of NPs, and drug release pattern. Encapsulation efficiency of ibuprofen was found to be nearly the same for both polymers approximately 36% and 39% for PEG2.5%-g-PLA and palmitic acid2.5%-g-PLA NPs, respectively. Lyophilized NPs of palmitic acid2.5%-g-PLA either blank or loaded showed larger hydrodynamic diameter ( approximately 180nm) than PEG2.5%-g-PLA NPs ( approximately 135nm). PEG2.5%-g-PLA NPs showed lower % of PVA adsorbed at their surface ( approximately 5%, w/w) than palmitic acid2.5%-g-PLA NPs ( approximately 10%, w/w). Surface charge of palmitic acid2.5%-g-PLA NPs seems to be influenced by the large amount of PVA remains associated within their matrix. Thermal analysis using DSC revealed possible drug crystallization inside NPs. Both AFM phase imaging and XPS studies revealed the tendency of PEG chains to migrate towards the surface of PEG2.5%-g-PLA NPs. While, XPS analysis of palmitic acid2.5%-g-PLA NPs showed the tendency of palmitate chains to position themselves into the inner core of the forming particle avoiding facing the aqueous phase during NPs preparation using O/W emulsion method. The in vitro release pattern showed that PEG2.5%-g-PLA NPs exhibited faster release rates than palmitic acid2.5%-g-PLA NPs. PEG and palmitate chains when grafted onto PLA backbone, different modes of chain organization during NPs formation were obtained, affecting the physicochemical properties of the obtained NPs. The obtained results suggest that the properties of PLA-based NPs can be tuned by judicious selection of both chemistry and solubility profile of grafted material over PLA backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Essa
- C.P. 6128, succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bozorgui B, Sen M, Miller WL, Pàmies JC, Cacciuto A. Phase behavior of repulsive polymer-tethered colloids. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:014901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3273415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
42
|
Creation of dense polymer brush layers by the controlled deposition of an amphiphilic responsive comb polymer. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
43
|
Beck JB, Killops KL, Kang T, Sivanandan K, Bayles A, Mackay ME, Wooley KL, Hawker CJ. FACILE PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES BY INTRAMOLECULAR CROSSLINKING OF ISOCYANATE FUNCTIONALIZED COPOLYMERS. Macromolecules 2009; 42:5629-5635. [PMID: 20717499 DOI: 10.1021/ma900899v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic approach to the preparation of intramolecularly collapsed nanoparticles under mild, room temperature conditions has been developed from commercially available vinyl monomers. Reaction of isocyanate functionalized linear copolymers with a diamine in dilute solution leads to the efficient formation of nanoparticles where the diameter of the nanoparticle can be varied by controlling both the molecular weight and mole percentage of isocyanate repeat units. Physical properties for the intramolecularly collapsed nanoparticles were fully consistent with a three-dimensional structure and analysis of the collapse reaction revealed that approximately 75% of the isocyanate groups along the backbone underwent crosslinking with 25% being available for further reaction with mono-functional amines. This stepwise consumption of the isocyanates allows the chemical and physical properties of the nanoparticles to be further tuned and significantly opens up the range of nanoparticles that can be prepared using this mild and highly efficient chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Benjamin Beck
- Materials Research Laboratory University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5121
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Price EW, Guo Y, Wang CW, Moffitt MG. Block copolymer strands with internal microphase separation structure via self-assembly at the air-water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:6398-6406. [PMID: 19466788 DOI: 10.1021/la804317s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer microphase separation in the bulk is coupled to amphiphilic block copolymer self-assembly at the air-water interface to yield hierarchical Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) structures combining organization at the meso- and nanoscales. A blend of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) (Mn=141K, 11.4 wt % PEO) and polystyrene-b-poly(butadiene) (PS-b-PB) (Mn=31.9K, 28.5 wt % PB) containing a PS-b-PB weight fraction of f=0.75 was deposited at the air-water interface, resulting in the spontaneous generation of aggregates with multiscale organization, including nanoscale cylinders in mesoscale strands, via evaporation of the spreading solvent. The resulting features were characterized in LB films via AFM and TEM and at the air-water interface via Langmuir compression isotherms. Blends containing lower PS-b-PB contents formed mesoscale aggregate morphologies of continents and strands (f=0.50) or mesoscale continents with holes (f=0.25), but without the internal nanoscale organization found in the f=0.75 blend. The interfacial self-assembly of pure PS-b-PB at the air-water interface (f=1) yielded taller and more irregularly shaped aggregates than blends containing PS-b-PEO, indicating the integral role of the amphiphilic copolymer in regulating the mesoscale organization of the hierarchically structured features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu J, Nie Z, Gao Y, Adronov A, Li H. “Click” coupling between alkyne‐decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes and reactive PDMA‐PNIPAM micelles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science, Chemistry College, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Nie
- Institute of Polymer Science, Chemistry College, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Gao
- Institute of Polymer Science, Chemistry College, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research (BIMR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1
| | - Huaming Li
- Institute of Polymer Science, Chemistry College, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Environment‐friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Iacovella CR, Horsch MA, Glotzer SC. Local ordering of polymer-tethered nanospheres and nanorods and the stabilization of the double gyroid phase. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:044902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2953581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
47
|
Wen G, Chung B, Chang T. Aggregation Behavior of Homo‐PS/PS‐b‐P2VP Blends at the Air/Water Interface. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
48
|
Njikang G, Liu G, Curda SA. Tadpoles from the Intramolecular Photo-Cross-Linking of Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800642r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Njikang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Guojun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Scott A. Curda
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Berda EB, Wagener KB. Inducing Pendant Group Interactions in Precision Polyolefins: Synthesis and Thermal Behavior. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800616h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik B. Berda
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang W, Dichtel WR, Stieg AZ, Benítez D, Gimzewski JK, Heath JR, Stoddart JF. Folding of a donor-acceptor polyrotaxane by using noncovalent bonding interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6514-9. [PMID: 18448682 PMCID: PMC2373343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711072105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked compounds, such as bistable catenanes and bistable rotaxanes, have been used to bring about actuation in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and molecular electronic devices (MEDs). The elaboration of the structural features of such rotaxanes into macromolecular materials might allow the utilization of molecular motion to impact their bulk properties. We report here the synthesis and characterization of polymers that contain pi electron-donating 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) units encircled by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)), a pi electron-accepting tetracationic cyclophane, synthesized by using the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The polyrotaxanes adopt a well defined "folded" secondary structure by virtue of the judicious design of two DNP-containing monomers with different binding affinities for CBPQT(4+). This efficient approach to the preparation of polyrotaxanes, taken alongside the initial investigations of their chemical properties, sets the stage for the preparation of a previously undescribed class of macromolecular architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhang
- *California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - William R. Dichtel
- *California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Adam Z. Stieg
- *California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Diego Benítez
- *California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - James K. Gimzewski
- *California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - James R. Heath
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- *California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| |
Collapse
|