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Wang Y, Xu K, Gao X, Wei Z, Han Q, Wang S, Du W, Chen M. Polystyrene nanoplastics with different functional groups and charges have different impacts on type 2 diabetes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:21. [PMID: 38658944 PMCID: PMC11044502 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00582-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing attention is being paid to the environmental and health impacts of nanoplastics (NPs) pollution. Exposure to nanoplastics (NPs) with different charges and functional groups may have different adverse effects after ingestion by organisms, yet the potential ramifications on mammalian blood glucose levels, and the risk of diabetes remain unexplored. RESULTS Mice were exposed to PS-NPs/COOH/NH2 at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for nine weeks, either alone or in a T2DM model. The findings demonstrated that exposure to PS-NPs modified by different functional groups caused a notable rise in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in a mouse model of T2DM. Exposure to PS-NPs-NH2 alone can also lead the above effects to a certain degree. PS-NPs exposure could induce glycogen accumulation and hepatocellular edema, as well as injury to the pancreas. Comparing the effect of different functional groups or charges on T2DM, the PS-NPs-NH2 group exhibited the most significant FBG elevation, glycogen accumulation, and insulin resistance. The phosphorylation of AKT and FoxO1 was found to be inhibited by PS-NPs exposure. Treatment with SC79, the selective AKT activator was shown to effectively rescue this process and attenuate T2DM like lesions. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PS-NPs with different functional groups (charges) induced T2DM-like lesions. Amino-modified PS-NPs cause more serious T2DM-like lesions than pristine PS-NPs or carboxyl functionalized PS-NPs. The underlying mechanisms involved the inhibition of P-AKT/P-FoxO1. This study highlights the potential risk of NPs pollution on T2DM, and provides a new perspective for evaluating the impact of plastics aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaolan Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanting Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Gupta T, Arora L, Mukhopadhyay S, Pal SK. Ultrasensitive Detection of Lipid-Induced Misfolding of the Prion Protein at the Aqueous-Liquid Crystal Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2117-2122. [PMID: 38363235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The misfolding of the α-helical cellular prion protein into a self-propagating β-rich aggregated form is a key pathogenic event in fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as prion diseases. Herein, we utilize the interfacial properties of liquid crystals (LCs) to monitor the lipid-membrane-induced conformational switching of prion protein (PrP) into β-rich amyloid fibrils. The lipid-induced conformational switching resulting in aggregation occurs at the nanomolar protein concentration and is primarily mediated by electrostatic interactions between PrP and lipid headgroups. Our LC-based methodology offers a potent and sensitive tool to detect and delineate molecular mechanisms of PrP misfolding mediated by lipid-protein interactions at the aqueous interface under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarang Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Lisha Arora
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Samrat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Manauli 140306, India
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Katrahalli U, Shanker G, Pal D, Hadagali MD. Molecular spectroscopic and docking analysis of the interaction of fluorescent thiadicarbocyanine dye with biomolecule bovine serum albumin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10702-10712. [PMID: 36546697 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2158135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Binding studies of the water-soluble thiadicarbocyanine dye 3,3'-diethylthiadicarbocyanine acetate (DTC) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were examined under physiological conditions using spectroscopic techniques like fluorescence, UV-Visible, circular dichroism (CD), FT-IR and molecular docking methods. Compiled experimental results envisage that DTC quench the fluorescence intensity of BSA. The increasing binding constants (K) were found to be in the order of 103 Mol-1 as a function of temperature, as calculated from the fluorescence quenching data. The quenching mechanism, thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔS0 and ΔG0) and the number of binding sites have been explored. CD values showed that the secondary structure of the BSA has been altered upon binding to DTC. Displacement experiments were carried out with different site probes to find out the binding site of DTC on BSA and it was found that binding interaction at site II of sub-domain IIIA. The interference of common metal ions on the interaction of DTC with BSA has also been studied. The experimental data exhibit that DTC interacts with BSA by hydrophobic forces. The experimental findings from BSA binding studies were validated by using in silico molecular docking technique. The results of the investigations were accurately supported by studies on molecular docking. The optimal shape of the molecular probe demonstrated the affinity as a free binding energy release of -7.37 Kcal/mol. The present research report endeavors to the approachable nature of water-soluble DTC dye and paves way for targeted biological interactions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Govindaswamy Shanker
- Department of Chemistry, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
| | - Debnath Pal
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Manjunatha Devagondanahalli Hadagali
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Davangere University, Davangere, India
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4
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Maiti S, Roh S, Cohen I, Abbott NL. Non-equilibrium ordering of liquid crystalline (LC) films driven by external gradients in surfactant concentration. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 637:134-146. [PMID: 36696789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Gradients in the concentration of amphiphiles play an important role in many non-equilibrium processes involving complex fluids. Here we explore if non-equilibrium interfacial behaviors of thermotropic (oily) liquid crystals (LCs) can amplify microscopic gradients in surfactant concentration into macroscopic optical signals. EXPERIMENTS We use a milli-fluidic system to generate gradients in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration and optically quantify the dynamic ordering of micrometer-thick nematic LC films that contact the gradients. FINDINGS We find that the reordering of the LCs is dominated by interfacial shearing by Marangoni flows, thus providing simple methods for rapid mapping of interfacial velocities from a single optical image and investigating the effects of confinement of surfactant-driven interfacial flows. Additionally, we establish that surface advection and surfactant desorption are the two key processes that regulate the interfacial flows, revealing that the dynamic response of the LC can provide rapid and potentially high throughput approaches to measurement of non-equilibrium interfacial properties of amphiphiles. We also observe flow-induced assemblies of microparticles to form at the LC interface, hinting at new non-equilibrium approaches to microparticle assembly. We conclude that dynamic states adopted by LCs in the presence of surfactant concentration gradients provide new opportunities for engineering complex fluids beyond equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Maiti
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Sangchul Roh
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Itai Cohen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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5
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Mishra K, Singh B. Influence of bipyridine isomers and some structurally related compounds on nematic liquid crystal orientation at the aqueous interface. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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6
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Pani I, Sil S, Pal SK. Liquid Crystal Biosensors: A New Therapeutic Window to Point-of-Care Diagnostics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:909-917. [PMID: 36634050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
After revolutionizing the field of electro-optic displays, liquid crystals (LCs) are emerging as functional soft materials with wide-ranging biomedical implications. Integrating smart sensor designs with label-free imaging presents exciting opportunities in diagnostics. In this Perspective, we present an elegant collage of the key findings that demonstrate the utility of LC biosensors in diagnosing a disease or infection in clinical samples, cellular microenvironments, or bodily fluids. We emphasize the currently prevalent diagnostic techniques and the advances made using LCs in achieving greater sensitivity, a simplified strategy, multiplexed detection, and so on. We collate the landmark contributions in translational research in LC-based diagnostics. We believe that developing LC-based biosensors presents a new therapeutic window in point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Soma Sil
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
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7
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Yu J, Liang C, Lee M, Das S, Ye A, Mujid F, Poddar PK, Cheng B, Abbott NL, Park J. Two-Dimensional Mechanics of Atomically Thin Solids on Water. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7180-7186. [PMID: 36047815 PMCID: PMC9479134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Movement of a three-dimensional solid at an air-water interface is strongly influenced by the extrinsic interactions between the solid and the water. The finite thickness and volume of a moving solid causes capillary interactions and water-induced drag. In this Letter, we report the fabrication and dynamical imaging of freely floating MoS2 solids on water, which minimizes such extrinsic effects. For this, we delaminate a synthesized wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 onto a water surface, which shows negligible height difference across water and MoS2. Subsequently patterning by a laser generates arbitrarily shaped MoS2 with negligible in-plane strain. We introduce photoswitchable surfactants to exert a lateral force to floating MoS2 with a spatiotemporal control. Using this platform, we demonstrate a variety of two-dimensional mechanical systems that show reversible shape changes. Our experiment provides a versatile approach for designing and controlling a large array of atomically thin solids on water for intrinsically two-dimensional dynamics and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ce Liang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Myungjae Lee
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrew Ye
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Fauzia Mujid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Preeti K Poddar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Baorui Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiwoong Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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8
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State-of-the-Art Development in Liquid Crystal Biochemical Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080577. [PMID: 36004973 PMCID: PMC9406035 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging stimuli-responsive material, liquid crystal (LC) has attracted great attentions beyond display applications, especially in the area of biochemical sensors. Its high sensitivity and fast response to various biological or chemical analytes make it possible to fabricate a simple, real-time, label-free, and cost-effective LC-based detection platform. Advancements have been achieved in the development of LC-based sensors, both in fundamental research and practical applications. This paper briefly reviews the state-of-the-art research on LC sensors in the biochemical field, from basic properties of LC material to the detection mechanisms of LC sensors that are categorized into LC-solid, LC–aqueous, and LC droplet platforms. In addition, various analytes detected by LCs are presented as a proof of the application value, including metal ions, nucleic acids, proteins, glucose, and some toxic chemical substances. Furthermore, a machine-learning-assisted LC sensing platform is realized to provide a foundation for device intelligence and automatization. It is believed that a portable, convenient, and user-friendly LC-based biochemical sensing device will be achieved in the future.
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9
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Uchida J, Soberats B, Gupta M, Kato T. Advanced Functional Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109063. [PMID: 35034382 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals have been intensively studied as functional materials. Recently, integration of various disciplines has led to new directions in the design of functional liquid-crystalline materials in the fields of energy, water, photonics, actuation, sensing, and biotechnology. Here, recent advances in functional liquid crystals based on polymers, supramolecular complexes, gels, colloids, and inorganic-based hybrids are reviewed, from design strategies to functionalization of these materials and interfaces. New insights into liquid crystals provided by significant progress in advanced measurements and computational simulations, which enhance new design and functionalization of liquid-crystalline materials, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa Km. 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
| | - Monika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
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Adhyapak P, Dong W, Dasgupta S, Dutta A, Duan M, Kapoor S. Lipid Clustering in Mycobacterial Cell Envelope Layers Governs Spatially Resolved Solvation Dynamics. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200146. [PMID: 35419975 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell envelope acts as a multilayered barrier to drugs. However, the role of lipid composition in the properties of different mycobacterial membranes, otherwise dictating their interactions with drugs, is poorly understood. In this study, we found that hydration states, solvation relaxation kinetics, rotational lipid mobility, and lateral lipid diffusion differed between inner and outer mycobacterial membranes. Molecular modeling showed that lipid clustering patterns governed membrane dynamics in the different layers of the cell envelope. By regulating membrane properties, lipid composition and structure modulated water abundance and interactions with lipid head groups. These findings can help deepen our understanding of the physical chemistry underlying membrane structure and function, as well as the interaction of mycobacterial membranes with drugs and host membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Adhyapak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Wanqian Dong
- Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Souradip Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mojie Duan
- Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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11
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Moud AA. Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching in Colloidal Science: Introduction and Application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1028-1048. [PMID: 35201752 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching) is a method for determining diffusion in material science. In industrial applications such as medications, foods, Medtech, hygiene, and textiles, the diffusion process has a substantial influence on the overall qualities of goods. All these complex and heterogeneous systems have diffusion-based processes at the local level. FRAP is a fluorescence-based approach for detecting diffusion; in this method, a high-intensity laser is made for a brief period and then applied to the samples, bleaching the fluorescent chemical inside the region, which is subsequently filled up by natural diffusion. This brief Review will focus on the existing research on employing FRAP to measure colloidal system heterogeneity and explore diffusion into complicated structures. This description of FRAP will be followed by a discussion of how FRAP is intended to be used in colloidal science. When constructing the current Review, the most recent publications were reviewed for this assessment. Because of the large number of FRAP articles in colloidal research, there is currently a dearth of knowledge regarding the growth of FRAP's significance to colloidal science. Colloids make up only 2% of FRAP papers, according to ISI Web of Knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Abbasi Moud
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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12
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Şengül S, Aydoğan N, Bukusoglu E. Nanoparticle adsorption induced configurations of nematic liquid crystal droplets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:2310-2320. [PMID: 34774320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nematic liquid crystal (LC) droplets have been widely used for the detection of molecular species. We investigate the response of micrometer sized nematic LC droplets against the adsorption of nanoparticles from aqueous media. We synthesized ∼ 100 nm-in-diameter silica nanoparticles and modified their surfaces to mediate either planar or homeotropic LC anchoring and a pH-dependent charge. We show surface functionality- and concentration-dependent configurations of the droplets consistent with the change in the surface anchoring and the formation of local heterogeneities upon adsorption of the nanoparticles to LC-aqueous interfaces. The adsorption of nanoparticles modified with dimethyloctadecyl [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ammonium chloride (DMOAP, homeotropic) exhibit a transition from bipolar to radial, whereas the adsorption of -COOH-terminated counterparts (planar) did not cause a configuration transition. By manipulating the electrostatic interactions, we controlled the adsorption of the nanoparticles to the LC-aqueous interfaces, providing access to the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. We demonstrate a temporal change in the droplet configurations caused by the adsorption of the nanoparticles functionalized with -COOH/DMOAP mixed monolayers. These results provide a basis for studies in applications for the detection of nano-sized species, for sensing applications that combine nanoparticles with LCs, and for the synthesis of anisotropic composite particles with complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Şengül
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, Çankaya 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihal Aydoğan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No:1, Çankaya 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Tsuei M, Sun H, Kim YK, Wang X, Gianneschi NC, Abbott NL. Interfacial Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes Regulate Escape of Microdroplets Elastically Trapped in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:332-342. [PMID: 34967209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes adsorbed at soft interfaces are used in contexts such as materials synthesis, stabilization of emulsions, and control of rheology. Here, we explore how polyelectrolyte adsorption to aqueous interfaces of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) influences surfactant-stabilized aqueous microdroplets that are elastically trapped within the LCs. We find that adsorption of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) to the interface of a nematic phase of 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) triggers the ejection of microdroplets decorated with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), consistent with an attractive electrical double layer interaction between the microdroplets and LC interface. The concentration of PDDA that triggers release of the microdroplets (millimolar), however, is three orders of magnitude higher than that which saturates the LC interfacial charge (micromolar). Observation of a transient reorientation of the LC during escape of microdroplets leads us to conclude that complexes of PDDA and SDS form at the LC interface and thereby regulate interfacial charge and microdroplet escape. Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) also triggers escape of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)-decorated aqueous microdroplets from 5CB with dynamics consistent with the formation of interfacial polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes. In contrast to PDDA-SDS, however, we do not observe a transient reorientation of the LC when using PSS-DTAB, reflecting weak association of DTAB and PSS and slow kinetics of formation of PSS-DTAB complexes. Our results reveal the central role of polyelectrolyte-surfactant dynamics in regulating the escape of the microdroplets and, more broadly, that LCs offer the basis of a novel probe of the structure and properties of polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes at interfaces. We demonstrate the utility of these new insights by triggering the ejection of microdroplets from LCs using peptide-polymer amphiphiles that switch their net charge upon being processed by enzymes. Overall, our results provide fresh insight into the formation of polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes at aqueous-LC interfaces and new principles for the design of responsive soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tsuei
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyengbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Xin Wang
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Fobian SF, Cheng Z, ten Hagen TLM. Smart Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Therapeutic Immune Induction against Cancers: Perspectives and Outlooks. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:26. [PMID: 35056922 PMCID: PMC8779430 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, a promising and widely applied mode of oncotherapy, makes use of immune stimulants and modulators to overcome the immune dysregulation present in cancer, and leverage the host's immune capacity to eliminate tumors. Although some success has been seen in this field, toxicity and weak immune induction remain challenges. Liposomal nanosystems, previously used as targeting agents, are increasingly functioning as immunotherapeutic vehicles, with potential for delivery of contents, immune induction, and synergistic drug packaging. These systems are tailorable, multifunctional, and smart. Liposomes may deliver various immune reagents including cytokines, specific T-cell receptors, antibody fragments, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and also present a promising platform upon which personalized medicine approaches can be built, especially with preclinical and clinical potentials of liposomes often being frustrated by inter- and intrapatient variation. In this review, we show the potential of liposomes in cancer immunotherapy, as well as the methods for synthesis and in vivo progression thereof. Both preclinical and clinical studies are included to comprehensively illuminate prospects and challenges for future research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timo L. M. ten Hagen
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology (LEO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.-F.F.); (Z.C.)
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15
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Yang X, Zhao X, Zhao H, Liu F, Zhang S, Zhang CX, Yang Z. Combination of liquid crystal and deep learning reveals distinct signatures of Parkinson's disease-related wild-type α-synuclein and six pathogenic mutants. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101251. [PMID: 34877798 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a central player in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Various point mutations in α-synuclein have been identified to alter the protein-phospholipid binding behavior and cause PD. Therefore, exploration of α-synuclein-phospholipid interaction is important for understanding the PD pathogenesis and helping the early diagnosis of PD. Herein, a phospholipid-decorated liquid crystal (LC)-aqueous interface is constructed to investigate the binding between α-synucleins (wild-type and six familial mutant A30P, E46K, H50Q, G51D, A53E and A53T) and phospholipid. The application of deep learning analyzes and reveals distinct LC signatures generated by the binding of α-synuclein and phospholipid. This system allows for the identification of single point mutant α-synucleins with an average accuracy of 98.3±1.3% in a fast and efficient manner. We propose that this analytical methodology provides a new platform to understand α-synuclein-lipid interactions, and can be potentially developed for easy identification of α-synuclein mutations in common clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Hansen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fengwei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Claire Xi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Zhongqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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16
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Applications of Microfluidics in Liquid Crystal-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100385. [PMID: 34677341 PMCID: PMC8534167 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs) with stimuli-responsive configuration transition and optical anisotropic properties have attracted enormous interest in the development of simple and label-free biosensors. The combination of microfluidics and the LCs offers great advantages over traditional LC-based biosensors including small sample consumption, fast analysis and low cost. Moreover, microfluidic techniques provide a promising tool to fabricate uniform and reproducible LC-based sensing platforms. In this review, we emphasize the recent development of microfluidics in the fabrication and integration of LC-based biosensors, including LC planar sensing platforms and LC droplets. Fabrication and integration of LC-based planar platforms with microfluidics for biosensing applications are first introduced. The generation and entrapment of monodisperse LC droplets with different microfluidic structures, as well as their applications in the detection of chemical and biological species, are then summarized. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of the development of LC-based microfluidic biosensors are proposed. This review will promote the understanding of microfluidic techniques in LC-based biosensors and facilitate the development of LC-based microfluidic biosensing devices with high performance.
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Pani I, K M FN, Sharma M, Pal SK. Probing Nanoscale Lipid-Protein Interactions at the Interface of Liquid Crystal Droplets. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4546-4553. [PMID: 34048245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous interfaces of liquid crystals (LCs) are widely explored in the design of functional interfaces to recapitulate the key aspects of biomolecular interactions in cellular milieu. Herein, using aqueous LC dispersions, we explore the interactions between mitochondrial cardiolipin and membrane-associated cytochrome c which play a pivotal role in the apoptotic signaling cascade. Conventional techniques used to decipher LC ordering at the droplet interface fail to give information about the interactions at a molecular level. Besides, owing to the complexity of LC systems and multiple determinants driving the LC reorientation, accurate analysis of the underlying mechanism responsible for the LC ordering transition remains challenging. Using a combination of atomistic simulations and microscopic and spectroscopic readouts, for the first time, we unveil the lipid-protein interactions that drive the reorientation at the LC droplet interface. The insights from our work are fundamental to the design of these interfaces for a spectrum of interfacial applications.
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18
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Shaban H, Yen SC, Lee MJ, Lee W. Signal Amplification in an Optical and Dielectric Biosensor Employing Liquid Crystal-Photopolymer Composite as the Sensing Medium. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11030081. [PMID: 33805735 PMCID: PMC7998463 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An optical and dielectric biosensor based on a liquid crystal (LC)-photopolymer composite was established in this study for the detection and quantitation of bovine serum albumin (BSA). When the nematic LC E7 was doped with 4-wt.% NOA65, a photo-curable prepolymer, and photopolymerized by UV irradiation at 20 mW/cm2 for 300 s, the limit of detection determined by image analysis of the LC optical texture and dielectric spectroscopic measurements was 3400 and 88 pg/mL for BSA, respectively, which were lower than those detected with E7 alone (10 μg/mL BSA). The photopolymerized NOA65, but not the prepolymer prior to UV exposure, contributed to the enhanced optical signal, and UV irradiation of pristine E7 in the absence of NOA65 had no effect on the optical texture. The effective tilt angle θ, calculated from the real-part dielectric constant ε', decreased with increasing BSA concentration, providing strong evidence for the correlation of photopolymerized NOA65 to the intensified disruption in the vertically oriented LC molecules to enhance the optical and dielectric signals of BSA. The optical and dielectric anisotropy of LCs and the photo-curable dopant facilitate novel quantitative and signal amplification approaches to potential development of LC-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassanein Shaban
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan; (H.S.); (S.-C.Y.)
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City 11837, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shih-Chun Yen
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan; (H.S.); (S.-C.Y.)
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Guiren District, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science Industries, Chang Jung Christian University, Guiren District, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Wei Lee
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan; (H.S.); (S.-C.Y.)
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Pani I, Madhu P, Najiya N, Aayush A, Mukhopadhyay S, Pal SK. Differentiating Conformationally Distinct Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Oligomers Using Liquid Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9012-9018. [PMID: 33040538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soluble oligomers of amyloidogenic proteins like an amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide are believed to exhibit toxic effects in neurodegenerative diseases. The structural classification of oligomers indicates two fundamentally distinct oligomers, namely, fibrillar and prefibrillar oligomers that are recognized by OC and A11 conformation-specific antibodies, respectively. Previous studies have indicated that the interaction of Aβ oligomers with the lipid membrane is one of the mechanisms by which these oligomers exert their toxic effects in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report that the orientational ordering of liquid crystals (LC) can be used to study the membrane-induced aggregation of Aβ oligomers at nanomolar concentrations. Our results demonstrate a faster fibrillation kinetics of OC-positive fibrillar Aβ oligomers with the lipid monolayer in comparison to that of the A11-positive prefibrillar Aβ oligomers. Our findings suggest a general strategy for distinguishing conformationally distinct soluble oligomers that are formed by a number of amyloidogenic proteins on lipid-decorated aqueous-LC interfaces.
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20
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Chen M, Sagis LM, Sun Q. Emulsification and dilatational surface rheology of ultrasonicated milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) materials. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Paterson DA, Bao P, Abou-Saleh RH, Peyman SA, Jones JC, Sandoe JAT, Evans SD, Gleeson HF, Bushby RJ. Control of Director Fields in Phospholipid-Coated Liquid Crystal Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6436-6446. [PMID: 32392071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In liquid crystal (LC) droplets, small changes in surface anchoring energy can produce large changes in the director field which result in readily detectable optical effects. This makes them attractive for use as biosensors. Coating LC droplets with a phospholipid monolayer provides a bridge between the hydrophobic world of LCs and the water-based world of biology and makes it possible to incorporate naturally occurring biosensor systems. However, phospholipids promote strong perpendicular (homeotropic) anchoring that can inhibit switching of the director field. We show that the tendency for phospholipid layers to promote perpendicular anchoring can be suppressed by using synthetic phospholipids in which the acyl chains are terminated with bulky tert-butyl or ferrocenyl groups; the larger these end-group(s), the less likely the system is to be perpendicular/radial. Additionally, the droplet director field is found to be dependent on the nature of the LC, particularly its intrinsic surface properties, but not (apparently) on the sign of the dielectric anisotropy, the proximity to the melting/isotropic phase transition, the surface tension (in air), or the values of the Frank elastic constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Paterson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Peng Bao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Radwa H Abou-Saleh
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sally A Peyman
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - J Cliff Jones
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jonathan A T Sandoe
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Stephen D Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Helen F Gleeson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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22
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Tsuei M, Shivrayan M, Kim YK, Thayumanavan S, Abbott NL. Optical “Blinking” Triggered by Collisions of Single Supramolecular Assemblies of Amphiphilic Molecules with Interfaces of Liquid Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6139-6148. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tsuei
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Manisha Shivrayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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23
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Abstract
Chymotrypsin is one of the most extensively known proteases participating in the pathogenesis of various diseases, which can be used in drug discovery and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Shi
- P. E. Department
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Jingjie Cui
- School of Automation
- Hangzhou Dianzi University
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Cheng
- School of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanwei Lin
- School of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Luo
- Institute of Geriatric Cardiovascular Disease
- Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
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24
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Chen M, Sagis LM. The influence of protein/phospholipid ratio on the physicochemical and interfacial properties of biomimetic milk fat globules. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Bao P, Paterson DA, Harrison PL, Miller K, Peyman S, Jones JC, Sandoe J, Evans SD, Bushby RJ, Gleeson HF. Lipid coated liquid crystal droplets for the on-chip detection of antimicrobial peptides. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1082-1089. [PMID: 30785139 PMCID: PMC6484679 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel biosensor based on phospholipid-coated nematic liquid crystal (LC) droplets and demonstrate the detection of Smp43, a model antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from the venom of North African scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus. Mono-disperse lipid-coated LC droplets of diameter 16.7 ± 0.2 μm were generated using PDMS microfluidic devices with a flow-focusing configuration and were the target for AMPs. The droplets were trapped in a bespoke microfluidic trap structure and were simultaneously treated with Smp43 at gradient concentrations in six different chambers. The disruption of the lipid monolayer by the Smp43 was detected (<6 μM) at concentrations well within its biologically active range, indicated by a dramatic change in the appearance of the droplets associated with the transition from a typical radial configuration to a bipolar configuration, which is readily observed by polarizing microscopy. This suggests the system has feasibility as a drug-discovery screening tool. Further, compared to previously reported LC droplet biosensors, this LC droplet biosensor with a lipid coating is more biologically relevant and its ease of use in detecting membrane-related biological processes and interactions has the potential for development as a reliable, low-cost and disposable point of care diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bao
- School of Physics and Astronomy
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, UK
.
;
;
| | - Daniel A. Paterson
- School of Physics and Astronomy
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, UK
.
;
;
| | | | - Keith Miller
- Biomolecular Research Centre
, Sheffield Hallam University
,
Sheffield
, UK
| | - Sally Peyman
- School of Physics and Astronomy
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, UK
.
;
;
| | - J. Cliff Jones
- School of Physics and Astronomy
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, UK
.
;
;
| | - Jonathan Sandoe
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, UK
| | - Stephen D. Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, UK
.
;
;
| | - Richard J. Bushby
- School of Physics and Astronomy
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, UK
.
;
;
| | - Helen F. Gleeson
- School of Physics and Astronomy
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, UK
.
;
;
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26
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Abstract
Proteases play a pivotal role in regulating important physiological processes from food digestion to blood clotting. They are also important biomarkers for many diseases such as cancers. The importance of proteases has led to extensive efforts in the screening of proteases and their inhibitors as potential drug molecules. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients have been treated with HIV-1 protease inhibitors to prolong the life expectancy of patients. Such a close relationship between diseases and proteases provides a strong motivation for developing sensitive, selective, and robust protease assays and sensors, which can be exploited to discover new proteases and inhibitors. In this aspect, protease assays based on levels of proteolytic activities are more relevant than protease affinity assays such as immunoassays. In this review, recent developments of protease activity assays based on different detection principles are discussed and compared. For homogenous assays, fluorescence-based techniques are the most popular due to their high sensitivity and quantitative results. However, homogeneous assays have limited multiplex sensing capabilities. In contrast, heterogeneous assays can be employed to detect multiple proteases simultaneously, given the microarray technology that is already available. Among them, electrochemical methods, surface spectroscopy techniques, and enzyme-linked peptide protease assays are commonly used. Finally, recent developments in liquid crystal (LC)-based protease assays and their applications for detecting proteases and their inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun-Lin Yang
- National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585.
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27
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Goda T, Miyahara Y. Specific binding of human C-reactive protein towards supported monolayers of binary and engineered phospholipids. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 161:662-669. [PMID: 29172154 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) recognizes altered plasma membranes and activates complements systems in the acute phase of inflammation and infection in human. We have shown previously the calcium-independent adsorption of CRP toward 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) on supported phospholipid monolayers. Here, we extended our study to other phospholipids and additives to elucidate the pattern recognition of CRP using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Surface density and lateral fluidity depended on the type of phospholipids in the monolayers as characterized by SPR and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements. CRP recognized 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (POPS) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (POPG) in the supported POPC monolayers without calcium at pH 7.4 and 5.5. As opposed to LPC, CRP did not recognize 3-sn-lysophosphatidylethanolamine in the POPC monolayers in calcium-free conditions. While, the addition of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) or sphingomyelin to supported POPC monolayers blocked CRP adsorption. Calcium-dependent CRP binding was observed only at pH 5.5 on supported monolayers of engineered phospholipids with inverted headgroups relative to POPC. The complement 1q (C1q) protein recognized the active form of CRP on the supported phospholipid monolayers. The discovery of CRP recognition with these phospholipids aids our understanding of the activation dynamics of CRP with phospholipid-based biomaterials when used during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Goda
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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28
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Popov P, Mann EK, Jákli A. Thermotropic liquid crystal films for biosensors and beyond. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:5061-5078. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00809k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent results on structural properties and possible bio-sensing applications of planar liquid crystal films are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Popov
- Department of Physics
- Kent State University
- Kent
- USA
- Liquid Crystal Institute
| | | | - Antal Jákli
- Liquid Crystal Institute
- Kent State University
- Kent
- USA
- Complex Fluid Group
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29
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Wang Y, Hu Q, Tian T, Gao Y, Yu L. A nonionic surfactant-decorated liquid crystal sensor for sensitive and selective detection of proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Zafiu C, Hussain Z, Küpcü S, Masutani A, Kilickiran P, Sinner EK. Liquid crystals as optical amplifiers for bacterial detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:161-170. [PMID: 26827146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of bacteria with target molecules (e.g. antibiotics) or other microorganisms are of growing interest. The first barrier for targeting gram-negative bacteria is layer of a Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Liquid crystal (LC) based sensors covered with LPS monolayers, as presented in this study, offer a simple model to study and make use of this type of interface for detection and screening. This work describes in detail the production and application of such sensors based on three different LPS that have been investigated regarding their potential to serve as sensing layer to detect bacteria. The LPS O127:B8 in combination with a LC based sensor was identified to be most useful as biomimetic sensing surface. This LPS/LC combination interacts with three different bacteria species, one gram-positive and two gram-negative species, allowing the detection of bacterial presence regardless from their viability. It could be shown that even very low bacterial cell numbers (minimum 500 cell ml(-1)) could be detected within minutes (maximum 15 min). The readout mechanism is the adsorption of bacterial entities on surface bond LPS molecules with the LC serving as an optical amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zafiu
- Laboratory for Synthetic Bio-architectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Z Hussain
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Küpcü
- Laboratory for Synthetic Bio-architectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Masutani
- Johnson Matthey Advanced Glass Technologies, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Kilickiran
- CAST Gründungszentrum GmbH, Wilhelm-Greil-Straße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E-K Sinner
- Laboratory for Synthetic Bio-architectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Macri KM, Noonan PS, Schwartz DK. Receptor-Mediated Liposome Fusion Kinetics at Aqueous/Liquid Crystal Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20400-20409. [PMID: 26317496 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion events are essential to cell biology, and a number of reductionist systems have been developed to mimic the behavior of these biological motifs. One such system monitors the DNA hybridization-mediated fusion of liposomes with the liquid crystal (LC) interface by observing changes in LC orientation using a simple optical detection scheme. We have systematically explored key parameters of this system to determine their effects on individual elementary steps of the complex fusion mechanism. The liposome composition, specifically the degree of lipid unsaturation and PE content, decreased the bilayer rigidity, thereby increasing the rate of vesicle rupture under the stress applied by DNA hybridization. In contrast, the presence of cholesterol had the opposite effect on the mechanical properties of the bilayer, and hence of the membrane fusion rates. The accessibility of receptor moieties (i.e., complementary DNA oligonucleotides) affected the fusion kinetics by modulating the rate of hybridization events. DNA accessibility was controlled by systematic variation of the length of the DNA receptor molecules and the thickness of the steric barrier comprised of adsorbed PEGylated lipids. These results provide design rules for understanding the trade-offs between response kinetics and other important system properties, such as nonspecific adsorption. Moreover, these findings improve our understanding of the biophysical properties of membrane fusion, an important process in both natural and model systems used for bioassay and bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Macri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Patrick S Noonan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
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32
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Imaging the oxidation effects of the Fenton reaction on phospholipids at the interface between aqueous phase and thermotropic liquid crystals. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A cationic surfactant-decorated liquid crystal sensing platform for simple and sensitive detection of acetylcholinesterase and its inhibitor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:25-30. [PMID: 25957073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, construction of the liquid crystal (LC)-based sensing platform for simple and sensitive detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and its inhibitor using a cationic surfactant-decorated LC interface was demonstrated. A change of the optical images of LCs from bright to dark appearance was observed when the cationic surfactant, myristoylcholine chloride (Myr), was transferred onto the aqueous/LC interface, due to the formation of a stable surfactant monolayer at the interface. A dark-to-bright change of the optical appearance was then observed when AChE was transferred onto the Myr-decorated LC interface. The sensitivity of this new type of LC-based sensor is 3 orders of magnitude higher in the serum albumin solution than that only in the buffer solution. Noteworthy is that the AChE LC sensor shows a very high sensitivity for the detection of the enzyme inhibitor, which is around 1 fM. The constructed low-cost LC-based sensor is quite simple and convenient, showing high promise for label-free detection of AChE and its inhibitors.
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Sidiq S, Verma I, Pal SK. pH-Driven Ordering Transitions in Liquid Crystal Induced by Conformational Changes of Cardiolipin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4741-4751. [PMID: 25856793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report an investigation of interfacial phenomena occurring at aqueous-liquid crystal (LC) interfaces that triggers an orientational ordering transition of the LC in the presence of cardiolipin (CL) by varying pH, salt concentration and valence. In particular, the effects of three different conformational isomeric forms of the CL are observed to cause the response of the LC ordering to vary significantly from one to another at those interfaces. An ordering transition of the LC was observed when the CL is mostly in undissociated (at pH 2) and/or in bicyclic (at pH 4) conformation in which LC shows changes in the optical appearance from bright to dark. By contrast, no change in the optical appearance of the LC was observed when the pH of the system increases to 8 or higher in which the CL mostly exists in the open conformation. Fluorescence microscopy measurements further suggest that pH-dependent conformational forms of the CL have different ability to self-assemble (thus different packing efficiency) at aqueous-LC interfaces leading to dissimilar orientational behavior of the LC. Specifically, we found that change in headgroup-headgroup repulsion of the central phosphatidyl groups of the CL plays a key role in tuning the lipid packing efficiency and thus responses to interfacial phenomena. Orientational ordering transition of the LC was also observed as a function of increasing the ionic strength (buffer capacity) and strongly influenced in the presence of mono and divalent cations. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) measurements provide further insight in modulation of the lipid packing efficiency and alkyl chain conformation of the CL at different pH and ionic conditions. Overall, the results presented in this paper establish that LCs offer a promising approach to differentiate different conformations (label free detection) of the CL through ordering transition of the LC at aqueous-LC interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumyra Sidiq
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
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Lewis AH, Garlea I, Alvarado J, Dammone OJ, Howell PD, Majumdar A, Mulder BM, Lettinga MP, Koenderink GH, Aarts DGAL. Colloidal liquid crystals in rectangular confinement: theory and experiment. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7865-7873. [PMID: 25154421 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically and experimentally study nematic liquid crystal equilibria within shallow rectangular wells. We model the wells within a two-dimensional Oseen-Frank framework, with strong tangent anchoring, and obtain explicit analytical expressions for the director fields and energies of the 'diagonal' and 'rotated' solutions reported in the literature. These expressions separate the leading-order defect energies from the bulk distortion energy for both families of solutions. The continuum Oseen-Frank study is complemented by a microscopic mean-field approach. We numerically minimize the mean-field functional, including the effects of weak anchoring, variable order and random initial conditions. In particular, these simulations suggest the existence of higher-energy metastable states with internal defects. We compare our theoretical results to experimental director profiles, obtained using two types of filamentous virus particles, wild-type fd-virus and a modified stiffer variant (Y21M), which display nematic ordering in rectangular chambers, as found by confocal scanning laser microscopy. We combine our analytical energy expressions with experimentally recorded frequencies of the different equilibrium states to obtain explicit estimates for the extrapolation length, defined to be the ratio of the nematic elastic constant to the anchoring coefficient, of the fd-virus.
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36
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Noonan PS, Mohan P, Goodwin AP, Schwartz DK. DNA Hybridization-Mediated Liposome Fusion at the Aqueous Liquid Crystal Interface. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2014; 24:3206-3212. [PMID: 25506314 PMCID: PMC4262931 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201303885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The prominence of receptor-mediated bilayer fusion in cellular biology motivates development of biomimetic strategies for studying fusogenic mechanisms. An approach is reported here for monitoring receptor-mediated fusion that exploits the unique physical and optical properties of liquid crystals (LC). PEG-functionalized lipids are used to create an interfacial environment capable of inhibiting spontaneous liposome fusion with an aqueous/LC interface. Then, DNA hybridization between oligonucleotides within bulk phase liposomes and a PEG-lipid monolayer at an aqueous/LC interface is exploited to induce receptor-mediated liposome fusion. These hybridization events induce strain within the liposome bilayer, promote lipid mixing with the LC interface, and consequently create an interfacial environment favoring re-orientation of the LC to a homeotropic (perpendicular) state. Furthermore, the bi-functionality of aptamers is exploited to modulate DNA hybridization-mediated liposome fusion by regulating the availability of the appropriate ligand (i.e., thrombin). Here, a LC-based approach for monitoring receptor (i.e., DNA hybridization)-mediated liposome fusion is demonstrated, liposome properties that dictate fusion dynamics are explored, and an example of how this approach may be used in a biosensing scheme is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Noonan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309–0424
| | - Praveena Mohan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309–0424
| | - Andrew P. Goodwin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309–0424
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309–0424
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Miller DS, Wang X, Abbott NL. Design of Functional Materials based on Liquid Crystalline Droplets. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014; 26:496-506. [PMID: 24882944 PMCID: PMC4036738 DOI: 10.1021/cm4025028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This brief perspective focuses on recent advances in the design of functional soft materials that are based on confinement of low molecular weight liquid crystals (LCs) within micrometer-sized droplets. While the ordering of LCs within micrometer-sized domains has been explored extensively in polymer-dispersed LC materials, recent studies performed with LC domains with precisely defined size and interfacial chemistry have unmasked observations of confinement-induced ordering of LCs that do not follow previously reported theoretical predictions. These new findings, which are enabled in part by advances in the preparation of LCs encapsulated in polymeric shells, are opening up new opportunities for the design of soft responsive materials based on surface-induced ordering transitions. These materials are also providing new insights into the self-assembly of biomolecular and colloidal species at defects formed by LCs confined to micrometer-sized domains. The studies presented in this perspective serve additionally to highlight gaps in knowledge regarding the ordering of LCs in confined systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Lee G, Carlton RJ, Araoka F, Abbott NL, Takezoe H. Amplification of the stereochemistry of biomolecular adsorbates by deracemization of chiral domains in bent-core liquid crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:245-249. [PMID: 23109049 PMCID: PMC3963425 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Assemblies of chiral phospholipids that form spontaneously at interfaces between aqueous phases and bent-core liquid crystals can deracemize mixtures of chiral domains that otherwise form in the liquid crystal phase. An enantiomeric excess of chiral domains is induced by adsorption of either L- or D-phospholipid with the same sense of optical rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guksik Lee
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-42, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552 (Japan)
| | - Rebecca J. Carlton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (USA)
| | - Fumito Araoka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-42, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552 (Japan)
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (USA)
| | - Hideo Takezoe
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-42, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552 (Japan)
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Carlton RJ, Hunter JT, Miller DS, Abbasi R, Mushenheim PC, Tan LN, Abbott NL. Chemical and biological sensing using liquid crystals. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2013; 1:29-51. [PMID: 24795857 PMCID: PMC4005293 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2013.769310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The liquid crystalline state of matter arises from orientation-dependent, non-covalent interaction between molecules within condensed phases. Because the balance of intermolecular forces that underlies formation of liquid crystals is delicate, this state of matter can, in general, be easily perturbed by external stimuli (such as an electric field in a display). In this review, we present an overview of recent efforts that have focused on exploiting the responsiveness of liquid crystals as the basis of chemical and biological sensors. In this application of liquid crystals, the challenge is to design liquid crystalline systems that undergo changes in organization when perturbed by targeted chemical and biological species of interest. The approaches described below revolve around the design of interfaces that selectively bind targeted species, thus leading to surface-driven changes in the organization of the liquid crystals. Because liquid crystals possess anisotropic optical and dielectric properties, a range of different methods can be used to read out the changes in organization of liquid crystals that are caused by targeted chemical and biological species. This review focuses on principles for liquid crystal-based sensors that provide an optical output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Carlton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jacob T Hunter
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Daniel S Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Reza Abbasi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Peter C Mushenheim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lie Na Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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40
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Jung YD, Park SY. Protein detection using aqueous/LC interfaces decorated with a novel poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) block liquid crystalline polymer. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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41
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Peddireddy K, Kumar P, Thutupalli S, Herminghaus S, Bahr C. Solubilization of thermotropic liquid crystal compounds in aqueous surfactant solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12426-31. [PMID: 22799600 DOI: 10.1021/la3015817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study the micellar solubilization of three thermotropic liquid crystal compounds by immersing single drops in aqueous solutions of the ionic surfactant tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. For both nematic and isotropic drops, we observe a linear decrease of the drop size with time as well as convective flows and self-propelled motions. The solubilization is accompanied by the appearance of small aqueous droplets within the nematic or isotropic drop. At low temperatures, nematic drops expell small nematic droplets into the aqueous environment. Smectic drops show the spontaneous formation of filament-like structures which resemble the myelin figures observed in lyotropic lamellar systems. In all cases, the liquid crystal drops become completely solubilized, provided the weight fraction of the liquid crystal in the system is not larger than a few percent. The solubilization of the liquid crystal drops is compared with earlier studies of the solubilization of alkanes in ionic surfactant solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Peddireddy
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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42
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Hernandez MR, Towns EN, Ng TC, Walsh BC, Osibanjo R, Parikh AN, Land DP. Use of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to monitor the development of lipid aggregate structures. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:2842-2846. [PMID: 22614584 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to monitor the adsorption of 100 nm 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) phospholipid vesicles to the surfaces of Ge, electrolessly deposited Au, and a well formed self-assembled monolayer of 1-octadecanethiol. The interaction of DPPC vesicles in solution with these different surfaces yields distinctly different surface structures: intact DPPC vesicles on Ge, a supported phospholipid bilayer on an electrolessly deposited Au surface, and a phospholipid monolayer onto the hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer. IR peak position, bandwidth, and intensity are used to confirm structure formation and quantitation of the amount of lipid that desorbs during film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo R Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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43
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Tan LN, Orler VJ, Abbott NL. Ordering transitions triggered by specific binding of vesicles to protein-decorated interfaces of thermotropic liquid crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6364-6376. [PMID: 22372743 PMCID: PMC3359374 DOI: 10.1021/la300108f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report that specific binding of ligand-functionalized (biotinylated) phospholipid vesicles (diameter = 120 ± 19 nm) to a monolayer of proteins (streptavidin or anti-biotin antibody) adsorbed at an interface between an aqueous phase and an immiscible film of a thermotropic liquid crystal (LC) [nematic 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB)] triggers a continuous orientational ordering transition (continuous change in the tilt) in the LC. Results presented in this paper indicate that, following the capture of the vesicles at the LC interface via the specific binding interaction, phospholipids are transferred from the vesicles onto the LC interface to form a monolayer, reorganizing and partially displacing proteins from the LC interface. The dynamics of this process are accelerated substantially by the specific binding event relative to a protein-decorated interface of a LC that does not bind the ligands presented by the vesicles. The observation of the continuous change in the ordering of the LC, when combined with other results presented in this paper, is significant, as it is consistent with the presence of suboptical domains of proteins and phospholipids on the LC interface. An additional significant hypothesis that emerges from the work reported in this paper is that the ordering transition of the LC is strongly influenced by the bound state of the protein adsorbed on the LC interface, as evidenced by the influence on the LC of (i) "crowding" of the protein within a monolayer formed at the LC interface and (ii) aging of the proteins on the LC interface. Overall, these results demonstrate that ordering transitions in LCs can be used to provide fundamental insights into the competitive adsorption of proteins and lipids at oil-water interfaces and that LC ordering transitions have the potential to be useful for reporting specific binding events involving vesicles and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 608-265-5278. Fax: 608-262-5434.
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44
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Lowe AM, Abbott NL. Liquid Crystalline Materials for Biological Applications. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:746-758. [PMID: 22563142 PMCID: PMC3339119 DOI: 10.1021/cm202632m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals have a long history of use as materials that respond to external stimuli (e.g., electrical and optical fields). More recently, a series of investigations have reported the design of liquid crystalline materials that undergo ordering transitions in response to a range of biological interactions, including interactions involving proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, bacteria and mammalian cells. A central challenge underlying the design of liquid crystalline materials for such applications is the tailoring of the interface of the materials so as to couple targeted biological interactions to ordering transitions. This review describes recent progress toward design of interfaces of liquid crystalline materials that are suitable for biological applications. Approaches addressed in this review include the use of lipid assemblies, polymeric membranes containing oligopeptides, cationic surfactant-DNA complexes, peptide-amphiphiles, interfacial protein assemblies and multi-layer polymeric films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Lowe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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45
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Hu QZ, Jang CH. Using liquid crystals for the label-free detection of catalase at aqueous–LC interfaces. J Biotechnol 2012; 157:223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Hu QZ, Jang CH. Imaging the Enzymatic Reaction of Urease Using Liquid Crystal-Based pH Sensor. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.12.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Humar M, Muševič I. Surfactant sensing based on whispering-gallery-mode lasing in liquid-crystal microdroplets. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:19836-19844. [PMID: 21996991 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.019836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lasing of whispering-gallery modes in nematic liquid-crystal microdroplets, floating in water, is demonstrated. It is shown that millimolar concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate in water effect the orientation of liquid-crystal molecules in the microdroplet, which changes the lasing spectrum. The presence of targeted molecules in water can be monitored by simply measuring and recognizing the spectrum of light, lasing from a small liquid-crystal droplet in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Humar
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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48
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Malone SM, Schwartz DK. Macroscopic liquid crystal response to isolated DNA helices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11767-11772. [PMID: 21894894 DOI: 10.1021/la202640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nematic liquid crystals (LC) were exposed to isolated DNA molecules extended on a surface that imparted a negligible influence on the LC orientation. Although single-stranded DNA aligned the LC in the extension direction, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) caused alignment at an oblique angle, providing a characteristic response to the chiral dsDNA helix that was readily observed optically. The intrinsic amplification due to LC orientational correlations enabled a macroscopic visible response to a single molecule of extended dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Malone
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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49
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Feng X, Bahr C. Surface order at surfactant-laden interfaces between isotropic liquid crystals and liquid phases with different polarity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:031701. [PMID: 22060384 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.031701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present an ellipsometry study of the interface between thermotropic liquid crystals and liquid phases consisting of various binary mixtures of water and glycerol. The liquid-crystal samples contain a small constant amount of a surfactant which induces a homeotropic anchoring at the interface. We determine the smectic or nematic order at the interface in the temperature range above the liquid-crystal-isotropic transition while the water to glycerol ratio is varied, corresponding to a systematic modification of the polarity of the liquid phase. The surface-induced order becomes less pronounced with increasing glycerol concentration in the liquid phase. The observed behavior is compared with previous studies in which the surfactant concentration in the liquid-crystal bulk phase was varied. The results indicate that in both cases the magnitude of the surfactant coverage at the interface is the key quantity which determines the liquid-crystal surface order at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunda Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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50
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Yang Z, Gupta JK, Kishimoto K, Shoji Y, Kato T, Abbott NL. Design of Biomolecular Interfaces using Liquid Crystals Containing Oligomeric Ethylene Glycol. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2010; 20:2098-2106. [PMID: 22199989 PMCID: PMC3245687 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report an investigation of nematic LCs formed from miscible mixtures of 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) and 2-(2-[2-{2-(2,3-difluoro-4-{4-(4-trans-pentylcyclohexyl)-phenyl-phenoxy)ethoxy}ethoxy]ethoxy)ethanol (EG4-LC), the latter being a mesogen with a tetra(ethylene glycol) tail. Quantitative characterization of the ordering of this LC mixture at biologically-relevant aqueous interfaces revealed that addition of EG4-LC (1-5% by weight) to 5CB causes a continuous transition in the ordering of the LC from a planar (pure 5CB) to a perpendicular (homeotropic) orientation. The homeotropic ordering is also seen in aqueous dispersions of micrometer-sized droplets of the LC mixture, which exhibit enhanced stability against coalescence. These observations and others, all of which suggest partitioning of the EG4-LC from the bulk of the LC to its aqueous interface, were complemented by measurements of the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the aqueous-LC interface. Whereas adsorption of BSA to the interface of a LC mixture containing 1% wt/wt of EG4-LC triggered an ordering transition, higher concentrations of EG4-LC (>2% wt/wt) prevented this ordering transition, consistent with a decrease in adsorption of BSA. This conclusion is supported by epifluorescence measurements using fluorescently labeled BSA and comparisons to LC interfaces at which EG4-containing lipids are adsorbed. Overall, these results demonstrate a general and facile approach to the design of LCs with interfaces that present biologically relevant chemical functional groups, assume well-defined orientations at aqueous interfaces, and lower non-specific protein adsorption. The bulk of the LC serves as a reservoir of EG4-LC, thus permitting easy preparation of these interfaces and the potential for spontaneous repair of the EG4-decorated interfaces during contact with biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenji Kishimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan)
| | - Yoshiko Shoji
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan)
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