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Zhang S, Xia F, Demoustier-Champagne S, Jonas AM. Layer-by-layer assembly in nanochannels: assembly mechanism and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7471-7497. [PMID: 33870383 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01113h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile technology to construct multifunctional nanomaterials using various supporting substrates, enabled by the large selection freedom of building materials and diversity of possible driving forces. The fine regulation over the film thickness and structure provides an elegant way to tune the physical/chemical properties by mild assembly conditions (e.g. pH, ion strength). In this review, we focus on LbL in nanochannels, which exhibit a different growth mechanism compared to "open", convex substrates. The assembly mechanism in nanochannels is discussed in detail, followed by the summary of applications of LbL assemblies liberated from nanochannel templates which can be used as nanoreactors, drug carriers and transporting channels across cell membranes. For fluidic applications, robust membrane substrates are required to keep in place nanotube arrays for membrane-based separation, purification, biosensing and energy harvesting, which are also discussed. The good compatibility of LbL with crossover technologies from other fields allows researchers to further extend this technology to a broader range of research fields, which is expected to result in an increased number of applications of LbL technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouwei Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Sophie Demoustier-Champagne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1/L7.04.02, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Alain M Jonas
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1/L7.04.02, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Kiryukhin MV, Lau HH, Lim SH, Salgado G, Fan C, Ng YZ, Leavesley DI, Upton Z. Arrays of Biocompatible and Mechanically Robust Microchambers Made of Protein-Polyphenol-Clay Multilayer Films. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5653-5661. [PMID: 33320583 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for biocompatible and mechanically robust arrays of microcompartments loaded with minute amounts of active substances for sensing or controlled release applications. Here we report on a novel biocompatible composite material, protein-polyphenol-clay (PPC) multilayer film. The material is shown to be strong enough to make robust microchambers retaining the shape and dimensions of truncated square pyramids. We study the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the PPC microchambers and compare them to those made of synthetic polyelectrolyte multilayer film, poly(styrenesulfonate)-poly(allylammonium) (PSS-PAH). The mechanical properties of the microchambers were characterized under uniaxial compression using nanoindentation with a flat-punch tip. The effective Young's modulus of PPC microchambers, 166 ± 53 MPa, is found to be lower than that of PSS-PAH microchambers, 245 ± 52 MPa. However, the capacity to elastically absorb the energy of the former, 2.4 ± 1.0 MPa, is marginally higher than of the latter, 2.0 ± 1.3 MPa. Arrays of microchambers were sealed onto a polyethylene film, loaded with a model oil-soluble drug, and their biocompatibility was tested using an ex vivo 3D human skin reconstruct model. We found no evidence for toxicity with the PPC microchambers; however, PSS-PAH microchambers stimulated reduced cell density in the epidermis and significantly affected epidermal-dermal attachment. Both materials do not alter skin cell proliferation but affect skin cell differentiation. We interpret that rather than affecting epidermal barrier function, these data suggest the applied plastic films with microchamber arrays affect transpiration, normoxia, and moisture exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Kiryukhin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Hooi Hong Lau
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Su Hui Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Giorgiana Salgado
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
| | - Chen Fan
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
| | - Yi Zhen Ng
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
| | - David I Leavesley
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
| | - Zee Upton
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01, Singapore 308232
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Kurochkin MA, Sindeeva OA, Brodovskaya EP, Gai M, Frueh J, Su L, Sapelkin A, Tuchin VV, Sukhorukov GB. Laser-triggered drug release from polymeric 3-D micro-structured films via optical fibers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gai M, Li W, Frueh J, Sukhorukov GB. Polylactic acid sealed polyelectrolyte complex microcontainers for controlled encapsulation and NIR-Laser based release of cargo. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 173:521-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Polyelectrolyte multilayer microchamber-arrays for in-situ cargo release: Low frequency vs . medical frequency range ultrasound. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kiryukhin MV, Lau HH, Goh SH, Teh C, Korzh V, Sadovoy A. A membrane film sensor with encapsulated fluorescent dyes towards express freshness monitoring of packaged food. Talanta 2018; 182:187-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Ermakov A, Lim SH, Gorelik S, Kauling AP, de Oliveira RVB, Castro Neto AH, Glukhovskoy E, Gorin DA, Sukhorukov GB, Kiryukhin MV. Polyelectrolyte-Graphene Oxide Multilayer Composites for Array of Microchambers which are Mechanically Robust and Responsive to NIR Light. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1700868. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ermakov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science,; Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University; 83 Astrakhanskaya Street Saratov 410012 Russia
| | - Su Hui Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science,; Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Sergey Gorelik
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science,; Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Alan P. Kauling
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials; National University of Singapore; 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Ricardo V. B. de Oliveira
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials; National University of Singapore; 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - A. H. Castro Neto
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials; National University of Singapore; 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore
| | - Evgeniy Glukhovskoy
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University; 83 Astrakhanskaya Street Saratov 410012 Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems; N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University; 83 Astrakhanskaya Street Saratov 410012 Russia
- Biophotonics Lab Center of Photonics & Quantum Materials; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; Nobel Str. 3 Moscow 143026 Russia
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Maxim V. Kiryukhin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science,; Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
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Percival SJ, Small LJ, Spoerke ED, Rempe SB. Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition on nanoporous supports for ion selective membranes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32992-32999. [PMID: 35547704 PMCID: PMC9086297 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05580g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates that the ionic selectivity and ionic conductivity of nanoporous membranes can be controlled independently via layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyelectrolytes and subsequent selective cross-linking of these polymer layers. LbL deposition offers a scalable, inexpensive method to tune the ion transport properties of nanoporous membranes by sequentially dip coating layers of cationic polyethyleneimine and anionic poly(acrylic acid) onto polycarbonate membranes. The cationic and anionic polymers are self-assembled through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions and are chemically crosslinked to both change the charge distribution and improve the intermolecular integrity of the deposited films. Both the thickness of the deposited coating and the use of chemical cross-linking agents influence charge transport properties significantly. Increased polyelectrolyte thickness increases the selectivity for cationic transport through the membranes while adding polyelectrolyte films decreases the ionic conductivity compared to an uncoated membrane. Once the nanopores are filled, no additional decrease in conductivity is observed with increasing film thickness and, upon cross-linking, a portion of the lost conductivity is recovered. The cross-linking agent also influences the ionic selectivity of the resulting polyelectrolyte membranes. Increased selectivity for cationic transport occurs when using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, as expected due to the selective cross-linking of primary amines that decreases the net positive charge. Together, these results inform deposition of chemically robust, highly conductive, ion-selective membranes onto inexpensive porous supports for applications ranging from energy storage to water purification. This work demonstrates that the ionic selectivity and ionic conductivity of nanoporous membranes can be controlled independently via layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyelectrolytes and subsequent selective cross-linking of these polymer layers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo J. Small
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Albuquerque
- USA 87185
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Saveleva MS, Lengert EV, Gorin DA, Parakhonskiy BV, Skirtach AG. Polymeric and Lipid Membranes-From Spheres to Flat Membranes and vice versa. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:E44. [PMID: 28809796 PMCID: PMC5618129 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are important components in a number of systems, where separation and control of the flow of molecules is desirable. Controllable membranes represent an even more coveted and desirable entity and their development is considered to be the next step of development. Typically, membranes are considered on flat surfaces, but spherical capsules possess a perfect "infinite" or fully suspended membranes. Similarities and transitions between spherical and flat membranes are discussed, while applications of membranes are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia S Saveleva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina V Lengert
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Bogdan V Parakhonskiy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Gai M, Frueh J, Kudryavtseva VL, Yashchenok AM, Sukhorukov GB. Polylactic Acid Sealed Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Microchambers for Entrapment of Salts and Small Hydrophilic Molecules Precipitates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16536-16545. [PMID: 28452456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficient depot systems for entrapment and storage of small water-soluble molecules are of high demand for wide variety of applications ranging from implant based drug delivery in medicine and catalysis in chemical processes to anticorrosive systems in industry where surface-mediated active component delivery is required on a time and site specific manner. This work reports the fabrication of individually sealed hollow-structured polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) microchamber arrays based on layer-by-layer self-assembly as scaffolds and microcontact printing. These PEM chambers are composed out of biocompatible polyelectrolytes and sealed by a monolayer of hydrophobic biocompatible and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA). Coating the chambers with hydrophobic PLA allows for entrapment of a microair-bubble in each chamber that seals and hence drastically reduces the PEM permeability. PLA@PEM microchambers are proven to enable prolonged subaqueous storage of small hydrophilic salts and molecules such as crystalline NaCl, doxicycline, and fluorescent dye rhodamine B. The presented microchambers are able to entrap air bubbles and demonstrate a novel strategy for entrapment, storage, and protection of micropackaged water-soluble substances in precipitated form. These chambers allow triggered release as demonstrated by ultrasound responsiveness of the chambers. Low-frequency ultrasound exposure is utilized for microchamber opening and payload release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Gai
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Frueh
- State Key laboratory of Micro/Nano Technology Research Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology , Yikuang Street 2, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Valeriya L Kudryavtseva
- RASA Center in Tomsk, Department of Experimental Physics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University , Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Alexey M Yashchenok
- Remote Controlled Theranostic Systems Lab, Educational Research Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystem, Saratov State University , 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End, Eng, 215, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Gai M, Kudryavtseva VL, Sukhorukov GB, Frueh J. Micro-Patterned Polystyrene Sheets as Templates for Interlinked 3D Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Microstructures. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Patel IF, Kiryukhin MV, Yakovlev NL, Gupta HS, Sukhorukov GB. Naturally inspired polyelectrolyte multilayer composite films synthesised through layer-by-layer assembly and chemically infiltrated with CaCO3. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4821-4830. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic chemical infiltration in polyelectrolyte multilayer films results in a considerable change in morphology and mechanical properties mimicking natural composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat F. Patel
- School of Engineering and Material Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- Mile End Road
- London
- UK
| | - Maxim V. Kiryukhin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
| | - Nikolai L. Yakovlev
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
| | - Himadri S. Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- Mile End Road
- London
- UK
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Material Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- Mile End Road
- London
- UK
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Kiryukhin MV, Gorelik SR, Man SM, Subramanian GS, Antipina MN, Low HY, Sukhorukov GB. Individually addressable patterned multilayer microchambers for site-specific release-on-demand. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 34:87-93. [PMID: 23129223 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Patterned arrays of light-responsive microchambers are suggested as candidates for site-specific release of chemicals in small and precisely defined quantities on demand. A composite film is made of poly(allylammonium)-poly(styrene sulfonate) multilayers and gold nanoparticles incorporated between subsequent stacks of polyelectrolytes. The film shaped as microchambers is loaded with colloid particles or oil-soluble molecules. The microchambers are sealed onto a glass slide precoated with an adhesive poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-poly(styrene sulfonate) multilayer film. A focused laser beam is used for remote addressing the individual microchambers and site-specific release of the loaded cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Kiryukhin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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Kiryukhin MV, Man SM, Tonoyan A, Low HY, Sukhorukov GB. Adhesion of polyelectrolyte multilayers: sealing and transfer of microchamber arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:5678-5686. [PMID: 22409640 DOI: 10.1021/la3003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films with array of responsive microchambers are promising candidates for site-specific release of chemicals in small and precisely defined quantities on demand. It requires effective sealing of the microchambers toward a support to prevent leakage of a cargo. In this paper, we study the pressure-induced adhesion of poly(allylammonium)-poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PAH-PSS) multilayers assembled on different templates toward the poly(4-styrenesulfonate)-poly(diallyldimethylammonium) multilayer. The tensile bond strength increases from 0.4 to 3.5 MPa upon the increase of PAH-PSS bilayers from 10 to 40, if assembled on a silicon template. Weaker tensile bond strength of 0.35 MPa between the PAH-PSS multilayer and a poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) template results in adhesive break at this interface and allows mechanical removal of the template. The successful PEM transfer is demonstrated for templates of various geometrical patterns, while the tensile break of a multilayer film happens for the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Kiryukhin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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Han L, Mao Z, Wuliyasu H, Wu J, Gong X, Yang Y, Gao C. Modulating the structure and properties of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) multilayers with concentrated salt solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:193-9. [PMID: 22118499 DOI: 10.1021/la2040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) multilayers were treated with 1-5 M NaCl solutions, resulting in continuous changes in the physicochemical properties of the multilayers. Significant mass loss was observed when the salt concentration was higher than 2 M and reached as high as 72% in a 5 M NaCl solution. The disassembly occurred initially in the superficial layers and then developed in the bulk multilayers. For the multilayers with PDADMAC as the outmost layer, the molar ratio of PSS/PDADMAC was increased and the surface chemistry was changed from PDADMAC domination below 2 M NaCl to PSS domination above 3 M NaCl. Owing to the higher concentrations of uncompensated for polyelectrolytes at both lower and higher salt concentrations, the swelling ratio of the multilayers was decreased until reaching 3 M NaCl and then was increased significantly again. The salt-treated PSS/PDADMAC thin films are expected to show different behaviors in terms of the physical adsorption of various functional substances, cell adhesion and proliferation, and chemical reaction activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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