1
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Yagasaki T, Matubayasi N. High Antifouling Performance of Weakly Hydrophilic Polymer Brushes: A Molecular Dynamics Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:15046-15058. [PMID: 39004900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The antifouling performance of polymer brushes usually improves with increasing hydrophilicity of the grafted polymer. However, in some cases, less hydrophilic polymers show comparable or better antifouling performance than do more hydrophilic polymers. We investigate the mechanism of this anomalous behavior using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of coarse-grained (CG) models of weakly and strongly hydrophilic polymers. The antifouling performance is evaluated from the potential of mean force of a model protein. The strongly hydrophilic polymer exhibits a better antifouling performance than the weakly hydrophilic polymer when the substrate of the polymer brush is repulsive. However, when the substrate is sufficiently attractive, the weakly hydrophilic polymer brush becomes more effective than the strongly hydrophilic brush in a certain range of grafting density. This is because the weakly hydrophilic polymer chains form a tightly packed layer that prevents the adsorbate molecule from contacting the substrate. We also perform all-atom (AA) MD simulations for several standard polymers to examine the correspondence with the CG polymer models. The weakly hydrophilic CG polymer is found to be similar to poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), both of which have a hydroxyl group in a monomer unit. The strongly hydrophilic CG polymer resembles zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate). A discussion referring to the adsorption free energies of proteins on surfaces calculated in previous AA MD studies suggests that the higher antifouling performance of less hydrophilic polymer brushes can be realized for various combinations of protein and surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yagasaki
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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2
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Kabil MF, Azzazy HMES, Nasr M. Recent progress on polySarcosine as an alternative to PEGylation: Synthesis and biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123871. [PMID: 38301810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutic PEGylation to prolong action of medications has gained popularity over the last decades. Various hydrophilic natural polymers have been developed to tackle the drawbacks of PEGylation, such as its accelerated blood clearance and non-biodegradability. Polypeptoides, such as polysarcosine (pSar), have been explored as hydrophilic substitutes for PEG. pSar has PEG-like physicochemical characteristics such as water solubility and no reported cytotoxicity and immunogenicity. This review discusses pSar derivatives, synthesis, characterization approaches, biomedical applications, in addition to the challenges and future perspectives of pSar based biomaterials as an alternative to PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fawzi Kabil
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Yagasaki T, Matubayasi N. Molecular Dynamics Study of the Antifouling Mechanism of Hydrophilic Polymer Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13158-13168. [PMID: 37672759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
We perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the adsorption of amino acid side-chain analogues on polymer brushes. The analogues examined are nonpolar isobutane, polar propionamide, negatively charged propionate ion, and positively charged butylammonium ion. The polymer brushes consist of a sheet of graphene and strongly hydrophilic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (PCBMA) or weakly hydrophilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA). The effective interactions between isobutane and polymer chains are repulsive for PCBMA and attractive for PHEMA. Gibbs energy decomposition analysis shows that this is due to the abundance of water in the PCBMA brush, which increases the steric repulsion and decreases the Lennard-Jones attraction. The affinity of the hydrophilic analogues is low for both PCBMA and PHEMA chains, but the balance between the components of the Gibbs energy is different for the two polymers. The simulations are performed at several θ, where θ is the degree of overlap of polymer chains. The antifouling performance against the neutral analogues is better for PCBMA than for PHEMA in the low and high θ regimes. However, in the middle θ regime, the antifouling performance of PHEMA is close to or better than that of PCBMA. This is attributed to the formation of a dense layer of PHEMA on the graphene surface that inhibits direct adsorption of analogue molecules on graphene. The charged analogues do not bind to either the PHEMA or PCBMA brush irrespective of θ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yagasaki
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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4
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Conrad JC, Robertson ML. Shaping the Structure and Response of Surface-Grafted Polymer Brushes via the Molecular Weight Distribution. JACS AU 2023; 3:333-343. [PMID: 36873679 PMCID: PMC9975839 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Breadth in the molecular weight distribution is an inherent feature of synthetic polymer systems. While in the past this was typically considered as an unavoidable consequence of polymer synthesis, multiple recent studies have shown that tailoring the molecular weight distribution can alter the properties of polymer brushes grafted to surfaces. In this Perspective, we describe recent advances in synthetic methods to control the molecular weight distribution of surface-grafted polymers and highlight studies that reveal how shaping this distribution can generate novel or enhanced functionality in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta C. Conrad
- William A. Brookshire Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- William A. Brookshire Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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5
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Qi HK, Yang X, Yang QH, Luo MB. Effect of grafting density on the adsorption of end-grafted polymer chains. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Yagasaki T, Matubayasi N. Molecular dynamics study of the interactions between a hydrophilic polymer brush on graphene and amino acid side chain analogues in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22877-22888. [PMID: 36124732 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brushes in aqueous solutions of isobutane, propionamide, and sodium propionate. These solutes are side chain analogues to leucine, glutamine, and glutamic acid, respectively. We compute the Gibbs energy profile of the solute's adsorption to the polymer brush and decompose it into the contributions from the steric repulsion, van der Waals interaction, and Coulomb interaction to reveal the energetic origin of repulsion or attraction of the solute by the polymer brush. The Henry adsorption constant is the amount of adsorption normalized by the concentration in aqueous solution. We examine the dependence of this quantity on the grafting density and chain length. Our results suggest that the concurrent primary and ternary adsorption mechanism may be more important than previously expected when the solute is hydrophobic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yagasaki
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan.
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7
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Gonzalez Solveyra E, Thompson DH, Szleifer I. Proteins Adsorbing onto Surface-Modified Nanoparticles: Effect of Surface Curvature, pH, and the Interplay of Polymers and Proteins Acid-Base Equilibrium. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:739. [PMID: 35215653 PMCID: PMC8878797 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein adsorption onto nanomaterials is a process of vital significance and it is commonly controlled by functionalizing their surface with polymers. The efficiency of this strategy depends on the design parameters of the nanoconstruct. Although significant amount of work has been carried out on planar surfaces modified with different types of polymers, studies investigating the role of surface curvature are not as abundant. Here, we present a comprehensive and systematic study of the protein adsorption process, analyzing the effect of curvature and morphology, the grafting of polymer mixtures, the type of monomer (neutral, acidic, basic), the proteins in solution, and the conditions of the solution. The theoretical approach we employed is based on a molecular theory that allows to explicitly consider the acid-base reactions of the amino acids in the proteins and the monomers on the surface. The calculations showed that surface curvature modulates the molecular organization in space, but key variables are the bulk pH and salt concentration (in the millimolar range). When grafting the NP with acidic or basic polymers, the surface coating could disfavor or promote adsorption, depending on the solution's conditions. When NPs are in contact with protein mixtures in solution, a nontrivial competitive adsorption process is observed. The calculations reflect the balance between molecular organization and chemical state of polymers and proteins, and how it is modulated by the curvature of the underlying surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Gonzalez Solveyra
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín-CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires B1650, Argentina;
| | - David H. Thompson
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Multi-Disciplinary Cancer Research Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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8
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Zhang D, Liu J, Chen Q, Jiang W, Wang Y, Xie J, Ma K, Shi C, Zhang H, Chen M, Wan J, Ma P, Zou J, Zhang W, Zhou F, Liu R. A sandcastle worm-inspired strategy to functionalize wet hydrogels. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6331. [PMID: 34732724 PMCID: PMC8566497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have been extensively used in many fields. Current synthesis of functional hydrogels requires incorporation of functional molecules either before or during gelation via the pre-organized reactive site along the polymer chains within hydrogels, which is tedious for polymer synthesis and not flexible for different types of hydrogels. Inspired by sandcastle worm, we develop a simple one-step strategy to functionalize wet hydrogels using molecules bearing an adhesive dibutylamine-DOPA-lysine-DOPA tripeptide. This tripeptide can be easily modified with various functional groups to initiate diverse types of polymerizations and provide functional polymers with a terminal adhesive tripeptide. Such functional molecules enable direct modification of wet hydrogels to acquire biological functions such as antimicrobial, cell adhesion and wound repair. The strategy has a tunable functionalization degree and a stable attachment of functional molecules, which provides a tool for direct and convenient modification of wet hydrogels to provide them with diverse functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weinan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiayang Xie
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kaiqian Ma
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Haodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Minzhang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jianglin Wan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jingcheng Zou
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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9
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Zhou P, Shen T, Ling J. Synthesis and properties of polypeptoid‐containing block copolymers: A review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Ting Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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10
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DeFlorio W, Liu S, White AR, Taylor TM, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Min Y, Scholar EMA. Recent developments in antimicrobial and antifouling coatings to reduce or prevent contamination and cross-contamination of food contact surfaces by bacteria. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3093-3134. [PMID: 33949079 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Illness as the result of ingesting bacterially contaminated foodstuffs represents a significant annual loss of human quality of life and economic impact globally. Significant research investment has recently been made in developing new materials that can be used to construct food contacting tools and surfaces that might minimize the risk of cross-contamination of bacteria from one food item to another. This is done to mitigate the spread of bacterial contamination and resultant foodborne illness. Internet-based literature search tools such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus were utilized to investigate publishing trends within the last 10 years related to the development of antimicrobial and antifouling surfaces with potential use in food processing applications. Technologies investigated were categorized into four major groups: antimicrobial agent-releasing coatings, contact-based antimicrobial coatings, superhydrophobic antifouling coatings, and repulsion-based antifouling coatings. The advantages for each group and technical challenges remaining before wide-scale implementation were compared. A diverse array of emerging antimicrobial and antifouling technologies were identified, designed to suit a wide range of food contact applications. Although each poses distinct and promising advantages, significant further research investment will likely be required to reliably produce effective materials economically and safely enough to equip large-scale operations such as farms, food processing facilities, and kitchens.
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Affiliation(s)
- William DeFlorio
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Shuhao Liu
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew R White
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Younjin Min
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ethan M A Scholar
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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11
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Surface modification by poly(ethylene glycol) with different end-grafted groups: Experimental and theoretical study. Biointerphases 2021; 16:021002. [PMID: 33726496 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is extensively reported to be a surface-independent anchor molecule in bioadhesive surface modification and antifouling biomaterial fabrication. However, the mechanisms of DOPA adsorption on versatile substrates and the comparison between experimental results and theoretical results are less addressed. We report the adsorption of DOPA anchored monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (DOPA-mPEG) on substrates and surface wettability as well as antifouling property in comparison with thiol and hydroxyl anchored mPEG (mPEG-SH and mPEG-OH). Gold and hydroxylated silicon were used as model substrates to study the adsorptions of mPEGs. The experimental results showed that the DOPA-mPEG showed higher affinity to both gold and silicon wafers, and the DOPA-mPEG modified surfaces had higher resistance to protein adsorption than those of mPEG-SH and mPEG-OH. It is revealed that the surface wettability is primary for surface fouling, while polymer flexibility is the secondary parameter. We present ab initio calculations of the adsorption of mEGs with different end-functionalities on Au and hydroxylated silicon wafer (Si-OH), where the binding energies are obtained. It is established that monomethoxy ethylene glycol (mEG) with DOPA terminal DOPA-mEG is clearly favored for the adsorption with both gold and Si-OH surfaces due to the bidentate Au-O interactions and the bidentate O-H bond interactions, in agreement with experimental evidence.
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12
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Pan F, Aaron Lau KH, Messersmith PB, Lu JR, Zhao X. Interfacial Assembly Inspired by Marine Mussels and Antifouling Effects of Polypeptoids: A Neutron Reflection Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12309-12318. [PMID: 32970448 PMCID: PMC7586401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptoid-coated surfaces and many surface-grafted hydrophilic polymer brushes have been proven efficient in antifouling-the prevention of nonspecific biomolecular adsorption and cell attachment. Protein adsorption, in particular, is known to mediate subsequent cell-surface interactions. However, the detailed antifouling mechanism of polypeptoid and other polymer brush coatings at the molecular level is not well understood. Moreover, most adsorption studies focus only on measuring a single adsorbed mass value, and few techniques are capable of characterizing the hydrated in situ layer structure of either the antifouling coating or adsorbed proteins. In this study, interfacial assembly of polypeptoid brushes with different chain lengths has been investigated in situ using neutron reflection (NR). Consistent with past simulation results, NR revealed a common two-step structure for grafted polypeptoids consisting of a dense inner region that included a mussel adhesive-inspired oligopeptide for grafting polypeptoid chains and a highly hydrated upper region with very low polymer density (molecular brush). Protein adsorption was studied with human serum albumin (HSA) and fibrinogen (FIB), two common serum proteins of different sizes but similar isoelectric points (IEPs). In contrast to controls, we observed higher resistance by grafted polypeptoid against adsorption of the larger FIB, especially for longer chain lengths. Changing the pH to close to the IEPs of the proteins, which generally promotes adsorption, also did not significantly affect the antifouling effect against FIB, which was corroborated by atomic force microscopy imaging. Moreover, NR enabled characterization of the in situ hydrated layer structures of the polypeptoids together with proteins adsorbed under selected conditions. While adsorption on bare SiO2 controls resulted in surface-induced protein denaturation, this was not observed on polypeptoids. Our current results therefore highlight the detailed in situ view that NR may provide for characterizing protein adsorption on polymer brushes as well as the excellent antifouling behavior of polypeptoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Pan
- School
of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- School
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - King Hang Aaron Lau
- Department
of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley California 94720, United States
| | - Jian R. Lu
- School
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- School
of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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13
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Paduszynska MA, Greber KE, Paduszynski W, Sawicki W, Kamysz W. Activity of Temporin A and Short Lipopeptides Combined with Gentamicin against Biofilm Formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E566. [PMID: 32887236 PMCID: PMC7560174 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of biofilms on biomaterials causes biofilm-associated infections. Available treatments often fail to fight the microorganisms in the biofilm, creating serious risks for patient well-being and life. Due to their significant antibiofilm activities, antimicrobial peptides are being intensively investigated in this regard. A promising approach is a combination therapy that aims to increase the efficacy and broaden the spectrum of antibiotics. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of temporin A and the short lipopeptides (C10)2-KKKK-NH2 and (C12)2-KKKK-NH2 in combination with gentamicin against biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Peptides were synthesized with solid-phase temperature-assisted synthesis methodology. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs), minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs), and the influence of combinations of compounds with gentamicin on bacterial biofilm were determined for reference strains of SA (ATCC 25923) and PA (ATCC 9027). The peptides exhibited significant potential to enhance the antibacterial activity of gentamicin against SA biofilm, but there was no synergy in activity against planktonic cells. The antibiotic applied alone demonstrated strong activity against planktonic cells and poor effectiveness against SA biofilm. Biofilm formed by PA was much more sensitive to gentamicin, but some positive influences of supplementation with peptides were noticed. The results of the performed experiments suggest that the potential application of peptides as adjuvant agents in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Anna Paduszynska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Ewa Greber
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.E.G.); (W.S.)
| | | | - Wieslaw Sawicki
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.E.G.); (W.S.)
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
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14
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Hasan A, Lee K, Tewari K, Pandey LM, Messersmith PB, Faulds K, Maclean M, Lau KHA. Surface Design for Immobilization of an Antimicrobial Peptide Mimic for Efficient Anti-Biofouling. Chemistry 2020; 26:5789-5793. [PMID: 32059067 PMCID: PMC7318250 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbial surface attachment negatively impacts a wide range of devices from water purification membranes to biomedical implants. Mimics of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constituted from poly(N-substituted glycine) "peptoids" are of great interest as they resist proteolysis and can inhibit a wide spectrum of microbes. We investigate how terminal modification of a peptoid AMP-mimic and its surface immobilization affect antimicrobial activity. We also demonstrate a convenient surface modification strategy for enabling alkyne-azide "click" coupling on amino-functionalized surfaces. Our results verified that the N- and C-terminal peptoid structures are not required for antimicrobial activity. Moreover, our peptoid immobilization density and choice of PEG tether resulted in a "volumetric" spatial separation between AMPs that, compared to past studies, enabled the highest AMP surface activity relative to bacterial attachment. Our analysis suggests the importance of spatial flexibility for membrane activity and that AMP separation may be a controlling parameter for optimizing surface anti-biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abshar Hasan
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering LabDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiAssam781039India
- Department of Pure & Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Kyueui Lee
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUSA
| | - Kunal Tewari
- Department of Pure & Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Lalit M. Pandey
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering LabDepartment of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiAssam781039India
| | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- 1. Department of Bioengineering2. Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUSA
- Materials Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSA
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department of Pure & Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- 1.Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering2.Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - King Hang Aaron Lau
- Department of Pure & Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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15
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Zhang D, Xu X, Long X, Cheng K, Li J. Advances in biomolecule inspired polymeric material decorated interfaces for biological applications. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:3984-3999. [PMID: 31429424 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
With the development of surface modification technology, interface properties have great effects on the interaction between biomedical materials and cells and biomolecules, which significantly affects the biocompatibility and functionality of materials. As an orderly and perfect system, biological organisms in nature effectively integrate all kinds of bio-interfaces with physiological functions, which shed light on the importance of biomolecules in organisms. It gives birth to a bio-inspiration strategy to design and fabricate smart materials with specific functionalities, e.g. osteogenic and chondrocytic induced materials inspired by bone sialoprotein and chondroitin sulfate. Through this mimicking approach, various functional materials were utilized to decorate the interfaces and further optimize the performance of biomedical materials, which would widely expand their applications. In this review, followed by a summary and brief introduction of surface modification methods, we highlight recent advances in the fabrication of functional polymeric materials inspired by a range of biomolecules for decorating interfaces. Then, the other applications of biomolecule inspired materials including tissue engineering, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and physiological function regulation are presented and the future outlook is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China.
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16
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Paduszynska MA, Maciejewska M, Neubauer D, Golacki K, Szymukowicz M, Bauer M, Kamysz W. Influence of Short Cationic Lipopeptides with Fatty Acids of Different Chain Lengths on Bacterial Biofilms Formed on Polystyrene and Hydrogel Surfaces. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E506. [PMID: 31581500 PMCID: PMC6835763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, biomaterials are applied in many different branches of medicine. They significantly improve the patients' comfort and quality of life, but also constitute a significant risk factor for biofilm-associated infections. Currently, intensive research on the development of novel materials resistant to microbial colonization as well as new compounds that are active against biofilms is being carried out. Within this research, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their analogues are being intensively investigated due to their promising antimicrobial activities. The main goal of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of short cationic lipopeptides that were designed to imitate the features of AMPs responsible for antimicrobial activities: positive net charge and amphipacity. The positive charge of the molecules results from the presence of basic amino acid residues: arginine and lysine. Amphipacity is provided by the introduction of decanoic, dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, and hexadecanoic acid chains to the molecules. Lipopeptides (C16-KR-NH2, C16-KKK-NH2, C16-KKC-NH2, C16-KGK-NH2, C14-KR-NH2, C14-KKC-NH2, C12-KR-NH2, C12-KKC-NH2, and (C10)2-KKKK-NH2) were synthesized using a novel solid-phase temperature-assisted methodology. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs), and minimum biofilm formation inhibitory concentrations (MBFICs) were determined for the following bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and Proteus mirabilis PCM 543. The biofilms were cultured on two types of surfaces: polystyrene plates (PS) and contact lenses (CL). The lipopeptides exhibited the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria in a liquid medium as well as on the PS and CL. The compounds also eliminated the bacterial biofilm from the surface of both materials. In general, the activity against gram-positive bacteria was stronger in comparison to that against gram-negative strains. There were certain discrepancies between the activity of compounds against the biofilm cultured on PS and CL. This was especially noticeable for staphylococci-the lipopeptides presented much higher activity against biofilm formed on the PS surface. It is worth noting that the obtained MBEC values for lipopeptides were usually only a few times higher than the MICs. The results of the performed experiments suggest that further studies on lipopeptides and their potential application in the treatment and prophylaxis of biofilm-associated infections should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Anna Paduszynska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Maciejewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory Avena Sp. z.o.o., 86-031 Osielsko, Poland.
| | - Damian Neubauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Golacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Szymukowicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marta Bauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
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17
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Cheung DL, Lau KHA. Atomistic Study of Zwitterionic Peptoid Antifouling Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1483-1494. [PMID: 30142978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we study the molecular behavior and hydration properties of a set of zwitterionic "peptoid" brushes, grafted on a rutile surface, that has been previously reported to exhibit excellent resistance against protein adsorption and cell attachment. Peptoids are novel poly( N-substituted glycine) peptide mimics with the side chains attached to amide nitrogens. They constitute a unique model polymer system because hundreds of side chains have been demonstrated, and the exact chain length and sequence order of the residues/monomers may be specified in experiments. In this report, we vary the brush grafting density as well as the side chain/polymer molecular volume. We include in our study polysarcosine as an uncharged comparison with a small polymer chain cross-section. Sarcosine is the simplest peptoid residue with only a nominally hydrophobic methyl group as side chain, but is also reported to exhibit high antifouling performance. Overall, we show in detail how molecular volume and hydration effects are intertwined in a zwitterionic polymer brush. For example, the zwitterionic design significantly promotes extended chain conformations and could actually lower the overall electrostatic potential. Some properties promoted by the balanced charges, such as chain flexibility and hydration, increase more prominently at "low" to "intermediate" chain densities. These and other observations should provide insight on the molecular behavior of peptoids and inform the design of zwitterionic antifouling polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Cheung
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - King Hang Aaron Lau
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL , United Kingdom
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18
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Milo S, Nzakizwanayo J, Hathaway HJ, Jones BV, Jenkins ATA. Emerging medical and engineering strategies for the prevention of long-term indwelling catheter blockage. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2018; 233:68-83. [PMID: 29807465 DOI: 10.1177/0954411918776691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Urinary catheters have been used on an intermittent or indwelling basis for centuries, in order to relieve urinary retention and incontinence. Nevertheless, the use of urinary catheters in the clinical setting is fraught with complication, the most common of which is the development of nosocomial urinary tract infections, known as catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Infections of this nature are not only significant owing to their high incidence rate and subsequent economic burden but also to the severe medical consecutions that result. A range of techniques have been employed in recent years, utilising various technologies in attempts to counteract the perilous medical cascade following catheter blockage. This review will focus on the current advancement (within the last 10 years) in prevention of encrustation and blockage of long-term indwelling catheters both from engineering and medical perspectives, with particular emphasis on the importance of stimuli-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlet Milo
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jonathan Nzakizwanayo
- 2 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Brian V Jones
- 4 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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19
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Weber B, Birke A, Fischer K, Schmidt M, Barz M. Solution Properties of Polysarcosine: From Absolute and Relative Molar Mass Determinations to Complement Activation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Birke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Fischer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob Welder Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob Welder Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Li Y, Liao M, Zhou J. Catechol-cation adhesion on silica surfaces: molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:29222-29231. [PMID: 29067370 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05284g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction mechanism between catechol-cation and inorganic surfaces is vital for controlling the interfacial adhesion behavior. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study the adhesion of siderophore analogues (Tren-Lys-Cam, Tren-Arg-Cam and Tren-His-Cam) on silica surfaces with different degrees of ionization and the effects of cationic amino acids and ionic strength on adhesion are discussed. Simulation results indicate that adhesion of catechol-cation onto the ionized silica surface is dominated by electrostatic interactions. At different degrees of ionization, the rank of the adhesions of three siderophore analogues on silica is different. Further analysis shows that the amino acid terminus has a large influence on the adhesion process, especially histidine adhesion on negatively charged surfaces. Tren-Lys-Cam (TLC) has a larger adhesion free energy than Tren-Arg-Cam (TAC) at a higher degree of ionization (18%); both the bulkier structure and delocalized charge of Arg decreased the cation's electrostatic interaction with the charged silica. In addition, the adhesion free energy on ionized silica surfaces decreased with increasing ionic strength of aqueous solutions. A linear correlation between the potential of mean force obtained from umbrella sampling and the rupture force via steered molecular dynamics simulations for siderophore analogue adhesion on silica surfaces is also found. This work may provide some guidance for developing the next generation underwater adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
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21
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Lu D, Li Y, Wang X, Li T, Zhang Y, Guo H, Sun S, Wang X, Zhang Y, Lei Z. All-in-one hyperbranched polypeptides for surgical adhesives and interventional embolization of tumors. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7511-7520. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of hyperbranched, thermo-responsive and mussel-inspired polypeptides were synthesized and used for surgical adhesion, hemostasis and interventional embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environment-related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Yunfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environment-related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Xiangya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environment-related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Ting’e Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environment-related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Yongyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environment-related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Hongyun Guo
- Institute of Gansu Medical Science Research
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Sun
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Institute of Gansu Medical Science Research
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yongdong Zhang
- Institute of Gansu Medical Science Research
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environment-related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
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22
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Kurzhals S, Pretzner B, Reimhult E, Zirbs R. Thermoresponsive Polypeptoid-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Surface-Initiated Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kurzhals
- Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials; Department of Nanobiotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 11 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Barbara Pretzner
- Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials; Department of Nanobiotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 11 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Erik Reimhult
- Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials; Department of Nanobiotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 11 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Ronald Zirbs
- Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials; Department of Nanobiotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 11 1190 Vienna Austria
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23
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Xuan S, Gupta S, Li X, Bleuel M, Schneider GJ, Zhang D. Synthesis and Characterization of Well-Defined PEGylated Polypeptoids as Protein-Resistant Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:951-964. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Markus Bleuel
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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24
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Hui N, Sun X, Niu S, Luo X. PEGylated Polyaniline Nanofibers: Antifouling and Conducting Biomaterial for Electrochemical DNA Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:2914-2923. [PMID: 28026927 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling arising from nonspecific adsorption is a substantial outstanding challenge in diagnostics and disease monitoring, and antifouling sensing interfaces capable of reducing the nonspecific adsorption of proteins from biological complex samples are highly desirable. We present herein the preparation of novel composite nanofibers through the grafting of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer onto polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers and their application in the development of antifouling electrochemical biosensors. The PEGylated PANI (PANI/PEG) nanofibers possessed large surface area and remained conductive and at the same time demonstrated excellent antifouling performances in single protein solutions as well as complex human serum samples. Sensitive and low fouling electrochemical biosensors for the breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA1) can be easily fabricated through the attachment of DNA probes to the PANI/PEG nanofibers. The biosensor showed a very high sensitivity to target BRCA1 with a linear range from 0.01 pM to 1 nM and was also efficient enough to detect DNA mismatches with satisfactory selectivity. Moreover, the DNA biosensor based on the PEGylated PANI nanofibers supported the quantification of BRCA1 in complex human serum, indicating great potential of this novel biomaterial for application in biosensors and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Hui
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaotian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
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25
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Qin G, Yam CM, Kumar A, Lopez-Romero JM, Li S, Huynh T, Li Y, Yang B, Contreras-Caceres R, Cai C. Preparation, characterization, and protein-resistance of films derived from a series of α-oligo(ethylene glycol)-ω-alkenes on H–Si(111) surfaces. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Films on Si(111) were prepared by photo-activated grafting of CH2CH(CH2)m(OCH2CH2)nOCH3 (m = 8, 9; n = 3–7) by using different vacuum conditions. High vacuum produced a higher thickness (40 Å) and <0.8% fibrinogen adsorption (C10EG7). Films were stable even after 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoting Qin
- College of Optometry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Chi Ming Yam
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Materials Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Materials Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - J. Manuel Lopez-Romero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Málaga
- 29071 Málaga
- Spain
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Materials Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Toan Huynh
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Materials Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Materials Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Materials Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | | | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Materials Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
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26
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Weber B, Seidl C, Schwiertz D, Scherer M, Bleher S, Süss R, Barz M. Polysarcosine-Based Lipids: From Lipopolypeptoid Micelles to Stealth-Like Lipids in Langmuir Blodgett Monolayers. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8120427. [PMID: 30974703 PMCID: PMC6432249 DOI: 10.3390/polym8120427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphiles and, in particular, PEGylated lipids or alkyl ethers represent an important class of non-ionic surfactants and have become key ingredients for long-circulating (“stealth”) liposomes. While poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can be considered the gold standard for stealth-like materials, it is known to be neither a bio-based nor biodegradable material. In contrast to PEG, polysarcosine (PSar) is based on the endogenous amino acid sarcosine (N-methylated glycine), but has also demonstrated stealth-like properties in vitro, as well as in vivo. In this respect, we report on the synthesis and characterization of polysarcosine based lipids with C14 and C18 hydrocarbon chains and their end group functionalization. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis reveals that lipopeptoids with a degree of polymerization between 10 and 100, dispersity indices around 1.1, and the absence of detectable side products are directly accessible by nucleophilic ring opening polymerization (ROP). The values for the critical micelle concentration for these lipopolymers are between 27 and 1181 mg/L for the ones with C18 hydrocarbon chain or even higher for the C14 counterparts. The lipopolypeptoid based micelles have hydrodynamic diameters between 10 and 25 nm, in which the size scales with the length of the PSar block. In addition, C18PSar50 can be incorporated in 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) monolayers up to a polymer content of 3%. Cyclic compression and expansion of the monolayer showed no significant loss of polymer, indicating a stable monolayer. Therefore, lipopolypeptoids can not only be synthesized under living conditions, but my also provide a platform to substitute PEG-based lipopolymers as excipients and/or in lipid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christine Seidl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - David Schwiertz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Martin Scherer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Bleher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Sonnenstraße 5, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Regine Süss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Sonnenstraße 5, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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27
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Calkins AL, Yin J, Rangel JL, Landry MR, Fuller AA, Stokes GY. A Thermodynamic Description of the Adsorption of Simple Water-Soluble Peptoids to Silica. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11690-11697. [PMID: 27756123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first report of a water-soluble peptoid adsorbed to silica monitored by second harmonic generation (SHG) at the liquid/solid interface is presented here. The molecular insights gained from these studies will inform the design and preparation of novel peptoid coatings. Simple 6- and 15-residue peptoids were dissolved in phosphate buffered saline and adsorbed to bare silica surfaces. Equilibrium binding constants and relative surface concentrations of adsorbed peptoids were determined from fits to the Langmuir model. Complementary fluorescence spectroscopy studies were used to quantify the maximum surface excess. Binding constants, determined here by SHG, were comparable to those previously reported for cationic proteins and small molecules. Enthalpies and free energies of adsorption were determined to elucidate thermodynamic driving forces. Circular dichroism spectra confirm that minimal conformational changes occur when peptoids are adsorbed to silica while pH studies indicate that electrostatic interactions impact adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Calkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Jennifer Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Jacenda L Rangel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Madeleine R Landry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Amelia A Fuller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Grace Y Stokes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
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28
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Krumm C, Tiller JC. Antimicrobial Polymers and Surfaces – Natural Mimics or Surpassing Nature? BIO-INSPIRED POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782626664-00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fighting pathogenic microbes is one of the great current challenges of mankind. Nature has developed several techniques to counteract microbial attacks. Science has also yielded several technologies, including antimicrobial polymers as biocides and polymers used for microbe killing and repelling surfaces. Recent scientific antimicrobial approaches are mimicking natural concepts. In this chapter, current developments in antimicrobial and antifouling polymers and surfaces are reviewed and discussed regarding the question whether they mimic nature or surpass it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Krumm
- Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund Emil-Figge-Str. 66 D-44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund Emil-Figge-Str. 66 D-44227 Dortmund Germany
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29
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Solveyra EG, Tagliazucchi M, Szleifer I. Anisotropic surface functionalization of Au nanorods driven by molecular architecture and curvature effects. Faraday Discuss 2016; 191:351-372. [PMID: 27419660 PMCID: PMC6314812 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00020g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work suggests a novel strategy to coat the caps and body of Au-nanorods (Au-NRs) with end-grafted polymer layers of different compositions by taking advantage of the different curvature of these two regions. A molecular theory was used to theoretically investigate the effect of local curvature and molecular architecture (intramolecular connectivity of the monomers) on the adsorption of polymer mixtures on cylindrical (Au-NR body) and spherical (Au-NR caps) surfaces. The adsorption process was systematically studied as a function of the backbone length, number and position of branches, quality of the solvent and total number of monomers of the polymer molecules in the mixture. The balance between repulsive forces and polymer-surface and polymer-polymer attractions governs the amount and composition of the adsorbed layer. This balance is in turn modulated by the architecture of the polymers, the curvature of the surface and the competition between the different polymers in the mixture for the available area. As a result, the equilibrium composition of the polymer layer on spheres and cylinders of the same radius differs, and in turn departs from that of the bulk solution. Curvature plays a major role: the available volume at a given distance from the surface is larger for spherical surfaces than for cylindrical ones, therefore the surface density of the bulkier (more branched) polymer in the mixture is larger on the Au-NR caps than on the Au-NR body. These results suggest that the combination of curvature at the nanoscale and tailored molecular architecture can confer anisotropic nanoparticles with spatially enriched domains and, therefore, lead to nanoconstructs with directional chemical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Gonzalez Solveyra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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30
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Chen D, Zhao L, Hu W. Protein immobilization and fluorescence quenching on polydopamine thin films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 477:123-30. [PMID: 27254254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mussel inspired polydopamine (PDA) film has attracted great interest as a versatile functional coating for biomolecule immobilization in various bio-related devices. However, the details regarding the interaction between a protein and PDA film remain unclear. Particularly, there is very limited knowledge regarding the protein immobilization on PDA film, even though it is of essential importance in various fields. The situation is even more complicated if considering the fact that quite a number of approaches (e.g., different oxidizing reagent, buffer pH, grown time, grown media, etc.) have been developed to grow PDA films. In this work, protein attachment on PDA film was systematically investigated by using the real-time and label-free surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. The kinetics of protein-PDA interaction was explored and the influence of buffer pH and deposition media on the protein attachment was studied. Fluorescent protein microarray was further printed on PDA-coated glass slides for quantitative investigations and together with SPR data, the interesting fluorescence quenching phenomenon of PDA film was revealed. This work may deepen our understanding on the PDA-protein interaction and offer a valuable guide for efficient protein attachment on PDA film in various bio-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqun Chen
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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31
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Solveyra EG, Szleifer I. What is the role of curvature on the properties of nanomaterials for biomedical applications? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:334-54. [PMID: 26310432 PMCID: PMC4769694 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials for drug delivery and theranostics applications is a promising paradigm in nanomedicine, as it brings together the best features of nanotechnolgy, molecular biology, and medicine. To fully exploit the synergistic potential of such interdisciplinary strategy, a comprehensive description of the interactions at the interface between nanomaterials and biological systems is not only crucial, but also mandatory. Routine strategies to engineer nanomaterial-based drugs comprise modifying their surface with biocompatible and targeting ligands, in many cases resorting to modular approaches that assume additive behavior. However, emergent behavior can be observed when combining confinement and curvature. The final properties of functionalized nanomaterials become dependent not only on the properties of their constituents but also on the geometry of the nano-bio interface, and on the local molecular environment. Modularity no longer holds, and the coupling between interactions, chemical equilibrium, and molecular organization has to be directly addressed in order to design smart nanomaterials with controlled spatial functionalization envisioning optimized biomedical applications. Nanoparticle's curvature becomes an integral part of the design strategy, enabling to control and engineer the chemical and surface properties with molecular precision. Understanding how nanoparticle size, morphology, and surface chemistry are interrelated will put us one step closer to engineering nanobiomaterials capable of mimicking biological structures and their behaviors, paving the way into applications and the possibility to elucidate the use of curvature by biological systems. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:334-354. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1365 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Gonzalez Solveyra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University
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32
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de Beer S, Mensink LIS, Kieviet BD. Geometry-Dependent Insertion Forces on Particles in Swollen Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology
of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liz I. S. Mensink
- Materials Science and Technology
of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard D. Kieviet
- Materials Science and Technology
of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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33
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Nir S, Reches M. Bio-inspired antifouling approaches: the quest towards non-toxic and non-biocidal materials. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 39:48-55. [PMID: 26773304 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling is an undesirable process in which organisms and their by-products encrust a surface. Antifouling solutions are of great importance since biofouling has negative effects on numerous species, ecosystems, and areas including water treatment facilities, health-care systems, and marine devices. Many useful solutions have been developed in the last few decades. However, with the emergence of environmental issues, the search for new promising non-toxic materials has expanded. One approach tries to mimic natural antifouling surfaces and relies on mechanisms of action derived from nature. Since these materials are based on natural systems, they are mostly biocompatible and more efficient against complex fouling. In this review, we cover the latest advances in the field of antifouling materials. We specifically focus on biomaterials that are based on the chemical and physical behavior of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Nir
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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34
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Gangloff N, Ulbricht J, Lorson T, Schlaad H, Luxenhofer R. Peptoids and Polypeptoids at the Frontier of Supra- and Macromolecular Engineering. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1753-802. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Gangloff
- Functional Polymer
Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Ulbricht
- Functional Polymer
Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorson
- Functional Polymer
Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer
Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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35
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Schneider M, Tang Z, Richter M, Marschelke C, Förster P, Wegener E, Amin I, Zimmermann H, Scharnweber D, Braun HG, Luxenhofer R, Jordan R. Patterned Polypeptoid Brushes. Macromol Biosci 2015; 16:75-81. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schneider
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; School of Science; TU Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Zian Tang
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; School of Science; TU Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Marcus Richter
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; School of Science; TU Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Claudia Marschelke
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; School of Science; TU Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Paul Förster
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; School of Science; TU Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Erik Wegener
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; School of Science; TU Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Ihsan Amin
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; School of Science; TU Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Heike Zimmermann
- Max-Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden; Budapester Str. 27 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Dieter Scharnweber
- Max-Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden; Budapester Str. 27 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Braun
- Max-Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden; Budapester Str. 27 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis; University Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; School of Science; TU Dresden Mommsenstr. 4 01069 Dresden Germany
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36
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Ren CL, Schlapak R, Hager R, Szleifer I, Howorka S. Molecular and Thermodynamic Factors Explain the Passivation Properties of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Coated Substrate Surfaces against Fluorophore-Labeled DNA Oligonucleotides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11491-11501. [PMID: 26439134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanofilms are used to avert the nonspecific binding of biomolecules on substrate surfaces in biomedicine and bioanalysis including modern fluorescence-based DNA sensing and sequencing chips. A fundamental and coherent understanding of the interactions between fluorophore-tagged DNA, PEG-films, and substrates in terms of molecular and energetic factors is, however, missing. Here we explore a large parameter space to elucidate how PEG layers passivate metal oxide surfaces against Cy3-labeled DNA probes. The driving force for probe adsorption is found to be the affinity of the fluorophore to the substrate, while the high-quality PEG films prevent adsorption to bare ITO surfaces. The amount of nonrepelled, surface-bound DNA strongly depends on oligonucleotide size, PEG chain length, and incubation temperature. To explain these observations, we develop an experimentally validated theory to provide a microscopic picture of the PEG layer and show that adsorbed DNA molecules reside within the film by end-tethering the fluorophore to the ITO surface. To compensate for the local accumulation of negatively charged DNA, counterions condense on the adsorbed probes within the layer. The model furthermore explains that surface passivation is governed by the interdependence of molecular size, conformation, charge, ion condensation, and environmental conditions. We finally report for the first time on the detailed thermodynamic values that show how adsorption results from a balance between large opposing energetic factors. The insight of our study can be applied to rationally engineer PEG nanolayers for improved functional performance in DNA analysis schemes and may be expanded to other polymeric thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-lai Ren
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | - Roland Hager
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH, Linz, Austria
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stefan Howorka
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH, Linz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London , London, United Kingdom
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37
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Knight AS, Zhou EY, Francis MB, Zuckermann RN. Sequence Programmable Peptoid Polymers for Diverse Materials Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5665-5691. [PMID: 25855478 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymer sequence programmability is required for the diverse structures and complex properties that are achieved by native biological polymers, but efforts towards controlling the sequence of synthetic polymers are, by comparison, still in their infancy. Traditional polymers provide robust and chemically diverse materials, but synthetic control over their monomer sequences is limited. The modular and step-wise synthesis of peptoid polymers, on the other hand, allows for precise control over the monomer sequences, affording opportunities for these chains to fold into well-defined nanostructures. Hundreds of different side chains have been incorporated into peptoid polymers using efficient reaction chemistry, allowing for a seemingly infinite variety of possible synthetically accessible polymer sequences. Combinatorial discovery techniques have allowed the identification of functional polymers within large libraries of peptoids, and newly developed theoretical modeling tools specifically adapted for peptoids enable the future design of polymers with desired functions. Work towards controlling the three-dimensional structure of peptoids, from the conformation of the amide bond to the formation of protein-like tertiary structure, has and will continue to enable the construction of tunable and innovative nanomaterials that bridge the gap between natural and synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Knight
- UC Berkeley Chemistry Department, Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Effie Y Zhou
- UC Berkeley Chemistry Department, Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Matthew B Francis
- UC Berkeley Chemistry Department, Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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38
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Klinker K, Barz M. Polypept(o)ides: Hybrid Systems Based on Polypeptides and Polypeptoids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1943-57. [PMID: 26398770 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polypept(o)ides combine the multifunctionality and intrinsic stimuli-responsiveness of synthetic polypeptides with the "stealth"-like properties of the polypeptoid polysarcosine (poly(N-methyl glycine)). This class of block copolymers can be synthesized by sequential ring opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxy-anhydrides (NCAs) and correspondingly of the N-substituted glycine N-carboxyanhydride (NNCA). The resulting block copolymers are characterized by Poisson-like molecular weight distributions, full end group integrity, and dispersities below 1.2. While polysarcosine may be able to tackle the currently arising issues regarding the gold standard PEG, including storage diseases in vivo and immune responses, the polypeptidic block provides the functionalities for a specific task. Additionally, polypeptides are able to form secondary structure motives, e.g., α-helix or β-sheets, which can be used to direct self-assembly in solution. In this feature article, we review the relatively new field of polypept(o)ides with respect to synthesis, characterization, and first data on the application of block copolypept(o)ides in nanomedicine. The summarized data already indicates the great potential of polypept(o)ides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Klinker
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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39
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Basconi JE, Carta G, Shirts MR. Effects of polymer graft properties on protein adsorption and transport in ion exchange chromatography: a multiscale modeling study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4176-4187. [PMID: 25785668 DOI: 10.1021/la504768g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiscale simulation is used to study the adsorption of lysozyme onto ion exchangers obtained by grafting charged polymers into a porous matrix, in systems with various polymer properties and strengths of electrostatic interaction. Molecular dynamics simulations show that protein partitioning into the polymer-filled pore space increases with the overall charge content of the polymers, while the diffusivity in the pore space decreases. However, the combination of greatly increased partitioning and modestly decreased diffusion results in macroscopic transport rates that increase as a function of charge content, as the large concentration driving force due to enhanced pore space partitioning outweighs the reduction in the pore space diffusivity. Matrices having greater charge associated with the grafted polymers also exhibit more diffuse intraparticle concentration profiles during transient adsorption. In systems with a high charge content per polymer and a low protein loading, the polymers preferentially partition toward the surface due to favorable interactions with the surface-bound protein. These results demonstrate the potential of multiscale modeling to illuminate qualitative trends between molecular properties and the adsorption equilibria and kinetic properties observable on macroscopic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Basconi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Giorgio Carta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Michael R Shirts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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40
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Secker C, Brosnan SM, Luxenhofer R, Schlaad H. Poly(α-Peptoid)s Revisited: Synthesis, Properties, and Use as Biomaterial. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:881-91. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Secker
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Research Campus Golm 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Sarah M. Brosnan
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Research Campus Golm 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis; University of Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
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41
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Lau KHA, Sileika TS, Park SH, Sousa AML, Burch P, Szleifer I, Messersmith PB. Molecular Design of Antifouling Polymer Brushes Using Sequence-Specific Peptoids. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2015; 2:1400225. [PMID: 26167449 PMCID: PMC4497591 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201400225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Material systems that can be used to flexibly and precisely define the chemical nature and molecular arrangement of a surface would be invaluable for the control of complex biointerfacial interactions. For example, progress in antifouling polymer biointerfaces that prevent non-specific protein adsorption and cell attachment, which can significantly improve the performance of an array of biomedical and industrial applications, is hampered by a lack of chemical models to identify the molecular features conferring their properties. Poly(N-substituted glycine) "peptoids" are peptidomimetic polymers that can be conveniently synthesized with specific monomer sequences and chain lengths, and are presented as a versatile platform for investigating the molecular design of antifouling polymer brushes. Zwitterionic antifouling polymer brushes have captured significant recent attention, and a targeted library of zwitterionic peptoid brushes with a different charge densities, hydration, separations between charged groups, chain lengths, and grafted chain densities, is quantitatively evaluated for their antifouling properties through a range of protein adsorption and cell attachment assays. Specific zwitterionic brush designs were found to give rise to distinct but subtle differences in properties. The results also point to the dominant roles of the grafted chain density and chain length in determining the performance of antifouling polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- King Hang Aaron Lau
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Tadas S Sileika
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Sung Hyun Park
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Ana ML Sousa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of StrathclydeGlasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Patrick Burch
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biological, Engineering and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Phillip B Messersmith
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
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42
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Lowe S, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Connal LA. Antibiofouling polymer interfaces: poly(ethylene glycol) and other promising candidates. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01356e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights antibiofouling polymer interfaces with emphasis on the latest developments using poly(ethylene glycol) and the design new polymeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lowe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
- Australia 3010
| | | | - Luke A. Connal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
- Australia 3010
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43
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Krishnamoorthy M, Hakobyan S, Ramstedt M, Gautrot JE. Surface-initiated polymer brushes in the biomedical field: applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10976-1026. [PMID: 25353708 DOI: 10.1021/cr500252u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahentha Krishnamoorthy
- Institute of Bioengineering and ‡School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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44
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Ulbricht J, Jordan R, Luxenhofer R. On the biodegradability of polyethylene glycol, polypeptoids and poly(2-oxazoline)s. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4848-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Reports of peptoid structures and interfaces highlighting their potential as synthetically convenient, multifunctional, modular and precisely tunable biomaterials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- King Hang Aaron Lau
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow, UK
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46
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Ham HO, Park SH, Kurutz JW, Szleifer IG, Messersmith PB. Antifouling glycocalyx-mimetic peptoids. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13015-22. [PMID: 23919653 DOI: 10.1021/ja404681x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx of the cell is composed of highly hydrated saccharidic groups conjugated to protein and lipid cores. Although components of the glycocalyx are important in cell-cell interactions and other specific biological recognition events, a fundamental role of the glycocalyx is the inhibition of nonspecific interactions at the cell surface. Inspired by glycoproteins present in the glycocalyx, we describe a new class of synthetic antifouling polymer composed of saccharide containing N-substituted polypeptide (glycopeptoid). Grafting of glycopeptoids to a solid surface resulted in a biomimetic shielding layer that dramatically reduced nonspecific protein, fibroblast, and bacterial cell attachment. All-atom molecular dynamics simulation of grafted glycopeptoids revealed an aqueous interface enriched in highly hydrated saccharide residues. In comparison to saccharide-free peptoids, the interfacial saccharide residues of glycopeptoids formed a higher number of hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Moreover, these hydrogen bonds displayed a longer persistence time, which we believe contributed to fouling resistance by impeding interactions with biomolecules. Our findings suggest that the fouling resistance of glycopeptoids can be explained by the presence of both a 'water barrier' effect associated with the hydrated saccharide residues as well as steric hindrance from the polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ok Ham
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Schneider M, Fetsch C, Amin I, Jordan R, Luxenhofer R. Polypeptoid brushes by surface-initiated polymerization of N-substituted glycine N-carboxyanhydrides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6983-8. [PMID: 23663172 PMCID: PMC3932499 DOI: 10.1021/la4009174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptoid brushes were synthesized by surface-initiated polymerization of N-substituted glycine N-carboxyanhydrides on self-assembled amine monolayers. Using the presented grafting-from approach, polypeptoid brush thicknesses of approximately 40 nm could be obtained as compared to previously reported brush thicknesses of 4 nm. Moreover, hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic polymer brushes were realized which are expected to have valuable applications as nonfouling surfaces and as model or references systems for surface grafted polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schneider
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Department Chemie, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Fetsch
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Department Chemie, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ihsan Amin
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Department Chemie, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Department Chemie, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Department Chemie, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Luxenhofer R, Fetsch C, Grossmann A. Polypeptoids: A perfect match for molecular definition and macromolecular engineering? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials; Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilian, University of Würzburg; 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Corinna Fetsch
- Functional Polymer Materials; Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilian, University of Würzburg; 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Arlett Grossmann
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie; Department Chemie; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
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de la Rosa VR, Bouten PJM, Hoogenboom R. First Symposium on Poly(2-oxazoline)s and Related Pseudo-Polypeptide Structures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Lee N, Hummer DR, Sverjensky DA, Rajh T, Hazen RM, Steele A, Cody GD. Speciation of L-DOPA on nanorutile as a function of pH and surface coverage using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:17322-17330. [PMID: 23163294 DOI: 10.1021/la303607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption configuration of organic molecules on mineral surfaces is of great interest because it can provide fundamental information for both engineered and natural systems. Here we have conducted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements to probe the attachment configurations of DOPA on nanorutile particles under different pH and surface coverage conditions. The Raman signal enhancement arises when a charge transfer (CT) complex forms between the nanoparticles and adsorbed DOPA. This Raman signal is exclusively from the surface-bound complexes with great sensitivity to the binding and orientation of the DOPA attached to the TiO(2) surface. Our SERS spectra show peaks that progressively change with pH and surface coverage, indicating changing surface speciation. At low pH and surface coverage, DOPA adsorbs on the surface lying down, with probably three points of attachment, whereas at higher pH and surface coverage DOPA stands up on the surface as a species involving two attachment points via the two phenolic oxygens. Our results demonstrate experimentally the varying proportions of the two surface species as a function of environmental conditions consistent with published surface complexation modeling. This observation opens up the possibility to manipulate organic molecule attachment in engineered systems such as biodetection devices. Furthermore, it provides a perspective on the possible role of mineral surfaces in the chemical evolution of biomolecules on the early Earth. Adsorbed biomolecules on mineral surface in certain configurations may have had an advantage for subsequent condensation reactions, facilitating the formation of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhey Lee
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.
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