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Wilson I, Padamati SK, Bobitan AD, Porter MJ, Holt KB. Room-Temperature One-Pot Synthesis of pH-Responsive Pyridine-Functionalized Carbon Surfaces. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10796-10805. [PMID: 37008109 PMCID: PMC10061597 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon surfaces (glassy carbon, graphite, and boron-doped diamond) were functionalized with layers composed of linked pyridinium and pyridine moieties using simple electrochemical reduction of trifluoroacetylpyridinium. The pyridinium species was generated in situ in solution by the reaction of trifluoroacetic anhydride and pyridine precursors and underwent electrochemical reduction at -1.97 V vs Fc/Fc+, as determined by cyclic voltammetry. The pyridine/pyridinium films were electrodeposited at room temperature, on a timescale of minutes, and were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-prepared films have a net positive charge in aqueous solution at pH 9 and below due to the pyridinium content, confirmed by the electrochemical response of differently charged redox molecules at the functionalized surfaces. The positive charge can be enhanced further through protonation of the neutral pyridine component by controlling the solution pH. Moreover, the nitrogen-acetyl bond can be cleaved through base treatment to purposefully increase the neutral pyridine proportion of the film. This results in a surface that can be "switched" from functionally near neutral to a positive charge by treatment in basic and acidic solutions, respectively, through manipulation of the protonation state of the pyridine. The functionalization process demonstrated here is readily achievable at a fast timescale at room temperature and hence can allow for rapid screening of surface properties. Such functionalized surfaces present a means to test in isolation the specific catalytic performance of pyridinic groups toward key processes such as oxygen and CO2 reduction.
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2
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Hetemi D, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Podvorica FI. Direct vs Indirect Grafting of Alkyl and Aryl Halides. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1844-1849. [PMID: 34125990 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The direct and indirect electrochemical grafting of alkyl and aryl halides (RX, ArX) on carbon, metal and polymer surfaces is examined. Their electrochemical reduction occurs at highly negative potential in organic solvents and very often produces carbanions because the reduction potentials of RX and ArX are more negative than those of their corresponding radicals. Therefore, direct electrografting of alkyl and aryl radicals generated from RX and ArX is not easy to perform. This obstacle is overcome using aryl radicals derived from the 2,6-dimethylbenzenediazonium salt (2,6-DMBD), which do not react on the electrode surface due to their steric hindrance but react in solution by abstracting an iodine or bromine atom from RX (X=I, Br) or ArI to give alkyl or aryl radicals. As a consequence, alkyl and aryl radicals are generated at very low driving force by diverting the reactivity of aryl radicals derived from an aryl diazonium salt; they attack the electrode surface and form strongly attached organic layers. This strategy applies to the chemical modification of polymers (polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate) by alkyl halides under heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Rr. "Dëshmorët e Kombit" p.n., 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Fetah I Podvorica
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical-Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosova, Rr. "Agim Ramadani" nr 305, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo.,NanoAlb-Unit of Albanian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 1000, Tirana, Albania
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Deschanels M, Favier F, Fontaine O, Vot SL. Electrochemical evidence of the modification of carbon materials with anthraquinone moiety by a Diels Alder process. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Covalent Grafting of Triazole Layer onto the Gold Surface. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132927. [PMID: 32629874 PMCID: PMC7372340 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Finding novel strategies for surface modification is of great interest in electrochemistry and material sciences. In this study, we present a strategy for modification of a gold electrode through covalent attachment of triazole (TA) groups. Triazole groups were electrochemically grafted at the surface of the electrode by a reduction of in situ generated triazolediazonium cations. The resulting grafted surface was characterized before and after the functionalization process by different electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) confirming the presence of the grafted layer. The grafting of TA on the electrode surface was confirmed using analysis of surface morphology (by atomic force microscopy), the thickness of the grafted layer (by ellipsometry) and its composition (by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations imply that the grafted triazole offers a stronger platform than the grafted aryl layers.
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Troian-Gautier L, Mattiuzzi A, Reinaud O, Lagrost C, Jabin I. Use of calixarenes bearing diazonium groups for the development of robust monolayers with unique tailored properties. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3624-3637. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Calixarene-based diazonium salts can be easily synthesized in a few steps. This review surveys recent examples that illustrate the key advantages of these highly reactive molecular platforms for surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Mattiuzzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- X4C
| | - Olivia Reinaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université de Paris
- 75006 Paris
- France
| | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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6
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Delaporte N, Belanger RL, Lajoie G, Trudeau M, Zaghib K. Multi-carbonyl molecules immobilized on high surface area carbon by diazonium chemistry for energy storage applications. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Pinson J, Podvorica FI. Indirect electrografting of aryl iodides. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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8
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Via GG, Shugart CL, Melnyk SL, Hupman SR, Cline KK. One-step Solvent-free Synthesis and Grafting of Diazonium Ions at Glassy Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrhett G. Via
- Department of Chemistry; Wittenberg University; Springfield OH 45501 USA
| | - Chelsea L. Shugart
- Department of Chemistry; Wittenberg University; Springfield OH 45501 USA
| | - Sophia L. Melnyk
- Department of Chemistry; Wittenberg University; Springfield OH 45501 USA
| | | | - Kristin K. Cline
- Department of Chemistry; Wittenberg University; Springfield OH 45501 USA
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Smida H, Lebègue E, Bergamini JF, Barrière F, Lagrost C. Reductive electrografting of in situ produced diazopyridinium cations: Tailoring the interface between carbon electrodes and electroactive bacterial films. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 120:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Lebègue E, Agullo J, Bélanger D. Electrochemical Behavior of Pyridinium and N-Methyl Pyridinium Cations in Aqueous Electrolytes for CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:219-228. [PMID: 29024548 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of aqueous pyridinium and N-methyl pyridinium ions is investigated in the absence and presence of CO2 and electrolysis reaction products on glassy carbon, Au, and Pt electrodes are studied. Unlike pyridinium, N-methyl pyridinium is not electroactive at the Pt electrode. The electrochemical reduction of the two pyridine derivatives was found to be irreversible on glassy carbon. These results confirmed the essential role of the N-H bond of the pyridinium cation. In contrast, the electrochemical response of N-methyl pyridinium ion at the glassy carbon electrode suggests that a specific interaction occurs between the glassy carbon surface and the aromatic ring of the pyridinium derivative. For all electrodes, an enhancement of current was observed in the presence of CO2 . However, NMR spectroscopy of the solutions following electrolysis showed no formation of methanol or other possible byproducts of the reduction of CO2 in the presence of either pyridinium derivative ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Lebègue
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Julia Agullo
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Daniel Bélanger
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
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11
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Electrochemical grafting of heterocyclic molecules on glassy carbon and platinum using heteroaromatic iodonium salts or iodo-substituted heteroaromatics. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Delaporte N, Zaghib K, Bélanger D. In situ formation of bromobenzene diazonium ions and their spontaneous reaction with carbon-coated LiFePO4 in organic media. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the diazotization of bromoaniline in the presence of carbon-coated LiFePO4 and the grafting of bromobenzene moieties are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delaporte
- Département de Chimie
- Université du Québec à Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Karim Zaghib
- Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ)
- Varennes
- Canada J3X 1S1
| | - Daniel Bélanger
- Département de Chimie
- Université du Québec à Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada H3C 3P8
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Zeb G, Tri PN, Palacin S, Le XT. Pulse potential deposition of thick polyvinylpyridine-like film on the surface of titanium nitride. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14487j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We achieved covalent attachment of a thick polyvinylpyridine-like polymeric film on a 200 mm diameter titanium nitride wafer (MEMS industry standard) using a simple electrochemical setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Zeb
- Centre de Collaboration MiQro Innovation (C2MI)
- Bromont
- Canada
| | | | - Serge Palacin
- Laboratory of Innovation in Chemistry of Surfaces and Nanosciences
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Xuan Tuan Le
- Centre de Collaboration MiQro Innovation (C2MI)
- Bromont
- Canada
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Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Delaporte N, Perea A, Lebègue E, Ladouceur S, Zaghib K, Bélanger D. Increasing the Affinity Between Carbon-Coated LiFePO4/C Electrodes and Conventional Organic Electrolyte by Spontaneous Grafting of a Benzene-Trifluoromethylsulfonimide Moiety. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18519-18529. [PMID: 26186016 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The grafting of benzene-trifluoromethylsulfonimide groups on LiFePO4/C was achieved by spontaneous reduction of in situ generated diazonium ions of the corresponding 4-amino-benzene-trifluoromethylsulfonimide. The diazotization of 4-amino-benzene-trifluoromethylsulfonimide was a slow process that required a high concentration of precursors to promote the spontaneous grafting reaction. Contact angle measurements showed a hydrophilic surface was produced after the reaction that is consistent with grafting of benzene-trifluoromethylsulfonimide groups. Elemental analysis data revealed a 2.1 wt % loading of grafted molecules on the LiFePO4/C powder. Chemical oxidation of the cathode material during the grafting reaction was detected by X-ray diffraction and quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Surface modification improves the wettability of the cathode material, and better discharge capacities were obtained for modified electrodes at high C-rate. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed the resistance of the modified cathode was lower than that of the bare LiFePO4/C film electrode. Moreover, the modified cathode displayed superior capacity retention after 200 cycles of charge/discharge at 1 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delaporte
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal , Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Alexis Perea
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal , Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Estelle Lebègue
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal , Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Sébastien Ladouceur
- Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ) , 1800 Boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S1
| | - Karim Zaghib
- Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ) , 1800 Boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S1
| | - Daniel Bélanger
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal , Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
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16
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Shul G, Weissmann M, Bélanger D. Electrochemical characterization of glassy carbon electrode modified with 1,10-phenanthroline groups by two pathways: reduction of the corresponding diazonium ions and reduction of phenanthroline. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Nowicka AM, Fau M, Kowalczyk A, Strawski M, Stojek Z. Electrografting of carboxyphenyl thin layer onto gold for DNA and enzyme immobilization. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Benjamin OD, Weissmann M, Bélanger D. Electrochemical modification of carbon electrode with benzylphosphonic groups. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Electrochemical functionalization of glassy carbon electrode by reduction of diazonium cations in protic ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Shul G, Parent R, Mosqueda HA, Bélanger D. Localized in situ generation of diazonium cations by electrocatalytic formation of a diazotization reagent. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1468-1473. [PMID: 23350670 DOI: 10.1021/am302971q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new one-step electrochemical approach for the localized generation of diazonium cations in the diffusion layer of an electrode by taking advantage of the electrocatalytic properties of the electrode for the formation of the diazotization agent (nitrite) is proposed. Once nitrite anions are formed by electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate, they immediately react with an arylamine to produce the corresponding diazonium cations, which can be electrochemically readily reduced at the electrode surface. By this method, spontaneous modification of the electrode surface can be avoided. Furthermore, because the potential of the electrochemical nitrate reduction depends strongly on the nature of the electrode material, we also demonstrate that selective grafting can be achieved on a surface, which consists of two different materials: copper-gold or copper-glassy carbon substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galyna Shul
- Département Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
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Kowalczyk A, Fau M, Nowicka AM, Stojek Z. Formation of Intermediate Layers for Immobilization of Biomacromolecules by Self-Assembling and Reduction of Phenyldiazonium Salts. A Comparative Study. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Pognon G, Cougnon C, Mayilukila D, Bélanger D. Catechol-modified activated carbon prepared by the diazonium chemistry for application as active electrode material in electrochemical capacitor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:3788-3796. [PMID: 22803766 DOI: 10.1021/am301284n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon (Black Pearls 2000) modified with electroactive catechol groups was evaluated for charge storage application as active composite electrode material in an aqueous electrochemical capacitor. High surface area Black Pearls 2000 carbon was functionalized by introduction of catechol groups by spontaneous reduction of catechol diazonium ions in situ prepared in aqueous solution from the corresponding amine. Change in the specific surface area and pore texture of the carbon following grafting was monitored by nitrogen gas adsorption measurements. The electrochemical properties and the chemical composition of the catechol-modified carbon electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Such carbon-modified electrode combines well the faradaic capacitance, originating from the redox activity of the surface immobilized catechol groups, to the electrochemical double layer capacitance of the high surface area Black Pearls carbon. Due to the faradaic contribution, the catechol-modified electrode exhibits a higher specific capacitance (250 F/g) than pristine carbon (150 F/g) over a potential range of -0.4 to 0.75 V in 1 M H(2)SO(4). The stability of the modified electrode evaluated by long-time charge/discharge cycling revealed a low decrease of the capacitance of the catechol-modified carbon due to the loss of the catechol redox activity. Nonetheless, it was demonstrated that the benefit of redox groups persists for 10, 000 constant current charge/discharge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Pognon
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
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23
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Murphy DM, Cullen RJ, Jayasundara DR, Scanlan EM, Colavita PE. Study of the spontaneous attachment of polycyclic aryldiazonium salts onto amorphous carbon substrates. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20292a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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