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Effenberg C, Gaitzsch J. Stretched or wrinkled? Looking into the polymer conformation within polymersome membranes. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4127-4135. [PMID: 38726767 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic block-copolymers into polymersomes is a well-established concept. In this membrane, the hydrophilic part is considered to be loosely assembled towards the solvent, and the hydrophobic part on the inside of the membrane is considered to be more densely packed. Within the membrane, this hydrophobic part could now have a stretched conformation or be a random coil, depending on the available space and also on the chemical nature of the polymer. We now analysed the literature for works on polymersomes that determined the membrane thickness via cryo-TEM and analysed the hydrophobic part of their polymers for their conformation. Over all available block-copolymers, a variety of trends became obvious: the longer a hydrophobic block, the more coiled the conformation and the bulkier the side chains, the more stretched the polymer became. Polymers with less conformational freedom like semi-crystalline ones were present in a more stretched conformation. Both trends could be exemplified on various occasions in this cross-literature meta-study. This overview hence provides additional insight into the physical chemistry of block-copolymer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Germany.
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2
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Xu Q, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Zhu Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Ding M. Polymersomes in Drug Delivery─From Experiment to Computational Modeling. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2114-2135. [PMID: 38011222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes, composed of amphiphilic block copolymers, are self-assembled vesicles that have gained attention as potential drug delivery systems due to their good biocompatibility, stability, and versatility. Various experimental techniques have been employed to characterize the self-assembly behaviors and properties of polymersomes. However, they have limitations in revealing molecular details and underlying mechanisms. Computational modeling techniques have emerged as powerful tools to complement experimental studies and enabled researchers to examine drug delivery mechanisms at molecular resolution. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of polymersome-based drug delivery systems, with an emphasis on insights gained from both experimental and computational studies. Specifically, we focus on polymersome morphologies, self-assembly kinetics, fusion and fission, behaviors in flow, as well as drug encapsulation and release mechanisms. Furthermore, we also identify existing challenges and limitations in this rapidly evolving field and suggest possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zifen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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3
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Grillo DA, Albano JMR, Valladares T. RE, Mocskos EE, Facelli JC, Pickholz M, Ferraro MB. Molecular dynamics study of the mechanical properties of drug loaded model systems: A comparison of a polymersome with a bilayer. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174908. [PMID: 37929867 PMCID: PMC10629967 DOI: 10.1063/5.0165478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we implement a new methodology to study structural and mechanical properties of systems having spherical and planar symmetries throughout Molecular Dynamics simulations. This methodology is applied here to a drug delivery system based in polymersomes, as an example. The chosen model drug was the local anesthetic prilocaine due to previous parameterization within the used coarse grain scheme. In our approach, mass density profiles (MDPs) are used to obtain key structural parameters of the systems, and pressure profiles are used to estimate the curvature elastic parameters. The calculation of pressure profiles and radial MPDs required the development of specific methods, which were implemented in an in-house built version of the GROMACS 2018 code. The methodology presented in this work is applied to characterize poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butadiene) polymersomes and bilayers loaded with the model drug prilocaine. Our results show that structural properties of the polymersome membrane could be obtained from bilayer simulations, with significantly lower computational cost compared to whole polymersome simulations, but the bilayer simulations are insufficient to get insights on their mechanical aspects, since the elastic parameters are canceled out for the complete bilayer (as consequence of the symmetry). The simulations of entire polymersomes, although more complex, offer a complementary approach to get insights on the mechanical behavior of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan M. R. Albano
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rufino E. Valladares T.
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Julio C. Facelli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 140, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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4
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Maffeis V, Hürlimann D, Krywko-Cendrowska A, Schoenenberger CA, Housecroft CE, Palivan CG. A DNA-Micropatterned Surface for Propagating Biomolecular Signals by Positional on-off Assembly of Catalytic Nanocompartments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2202818. [PMID: 35869606 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction is pivotal for the transfer of information between and within living cells. The composition and spatial organization of specified compartments are key to propagating soluble signals. Here, a high-throughput platform mimicking multistep signal transduction which is based on a geometrically defined array of immobilized catalytic nanocompartments (CNCs) that consist of distinct polymeric nanoassemblies encapsulating enzymes and DNA or enzymes alone is presented. The dual role of single entities or tandem CNCs in providing confined but communicating spaces for complex metabolic reactions and in protecting encapsulated compounds from denaturation is explored. To support a controlled spatial organization of CNCs, CNCs are patterned by means of DNA hybridization to a microprinted glass surface. Specifically, CNC-functionalized DNA microarrays are produced where individual reaction compartments are kept in close proximity by a distinct geometrical arrangement to promote effective communication. Besides a remarkable versatility and robustness, the most prominent feature of this platform is the reversibility of DNA-mediated CNC-anchoring which renders it reusable. Micropatterns of polymer-based nanocompartment assemblies offer an ideal scaffold for the development of the next generation responsive and communicative soft-matter analytical devices for applications in catalysis and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Maffeis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Hürlimann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Agata Krywko-Cendrowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Cora-Ann Schoenenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
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5
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Singh A, Agarwal A, Chakraborty A, Bhardwaj R, Sutradhar S, Kumar Mittal A, Kumar Rajput S, Gupta M, Ray D, Mukherjee M. Click chemistry tailored benzimidazole functionalized triazole block-co-polymer for emergence of exotic chimaeric nano-crystalsomes. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Chen J, Lin Y, Wu M, Li C, Cen K, Liu F, Liao Y, Zhou X, Xu J, Cheng Y. Glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes mediated by mannosylated ligand: Preparation, physicochemical characterization, environmental stability and bioactivity evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112781. [PMID: 36007313 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid is a bioactive compound extracted from licorice that exhibits inhibition effect on various cancers. However, its hydrophobicity results in low bioavailability that limits application. We aim to overcome this barrier, the present research was performed to prepare glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes mediated mannosylated ligand (mannose-diester lauric diacid-cholesterol, MDC) and to evaluate its physicochemical characterizations, environmental stability and bioactivity. In preliminary optimization studies of glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes mediated MDC (MDC-GA-PL), four optimum operating parameters, cryoprotectant of glucose and mannitol, the mixed cryoprotectant ratio (glucose/mannitol) of 1:1, a cryoprotectant/egg phosphatidylcholine mass ratio of 10/1, and -60 ℃ pre-freezing temperature, were obtained after investigation. Under the optimum lyophilization conditions, MDC-GA-PL was freeze-dried and reconstituted proliposomes were characterized. These proliposomes showed that MDC-GA-PL were well-dispersible spherical particles with an average particle size of 120.80 nm, a polydispersity index about 0.095, a zeta potential of -33.15 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 85.9% and drug loading of 6.38%. In vitro drug release study showed that glycyrrhetinic acid release of MDC-GA-PL conforms to the Higuchi release model. In addition, these proliposomes were stable during six months at 4 ℃. Moreover, acute toxicity assay revealed no substantial safety concern for MDC-GA-PL. Finally, in vitro bioactivity of proliposomes was evaluated. Cytotoxicity effect and apoptosis efficiency of MDC-GA-PL by HepG2 cells was significantly higher than that of glycyrrhetinic acid proliposomes without MDC, demonstrating that MDC has a desirable effect on liver target. Overall, we have reason to believe that MDC-GA-PL would be a promising target delivery to improve therapeutic against hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China.
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Chuangnan Li
- Neurosurgery Department, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital of Jinan University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Kaijie Cen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Fujin Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Yazhi Liao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Jucai Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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7
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Di Leone S, Kyropoulou M, Köchlin J, Wehr R, Meier WP, Palivan CG. Tailoring a Solvent-Assisted Method for Solid-Supported Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6561-6570. [PMID: 35580858 PMCID: PMC9161443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combining amphiphilic block copolymers and phospholipids opens new opportunities for the preparation of artificial membranes. The chemical versatility and mechanical robustness of polymers together with the fluidity and biocompatibility of lipids afford hybrid membranes with unique properties that are of great interest in the field of bioengineering. Owing to its straightforwardness, the solvent-assisted method (SA) is particularly attractive for obtaining solid-supported membranes. While the SA method was first developed for lipids and very recently extended to amphiphilic block copolymers, its potential to develop hybrid membranes has not yet been explored. Here, we tailor the SA method to prepare solid-supported polymer-lipid hybrid membranes by combining a small library of amphiphilic diblock copolymers poly(dimethyl siloxane)-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(butylene oxide)-block-poly(glycidol) with phospholipids commonly found in cell membranes including 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(glutaryl). The optimization of the conditions under which the SA method was applied allowed for the formation of hybrid polymer-lipid solid-supported membranes. The real-time formation and morphology of these hybrid membranes were evaluated using a combination of quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy. Depending on the type of polymer-lipid combination, significant differences in membrane coverage, formation of domains, and quality of membranes were obtained. The use of the SA method for a rapid and controlled formation of solid-supported hybrid membranes provides the basis for developing customized artificial hybrid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Leone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- School
of Life Sciences, Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland
(FHNW), Grundenstrasse
40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Myrto Kyropoulou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research Molecular Systems Engineering (NCCR
MSE), BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse
24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Köchlin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Wehr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang P. Meier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research Molecular Systems Engineering (NCCR
MSE), BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse
24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- National
Centre of Competence in Research Molecular Systems Engineering (NCCR
MSE), BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse
24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Hernández Becerra E, Quinchia J, Castro C, Orozco J. Light-Triggered Polymersome-Based Anticancer Therapeutics Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050836. [PMID: 35269324 PMCID: PMC8912464 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are biomimetic cell membrane-like model structures that are self-assembled stepwise from amphiphilic copolymers. These polymeric (nano)carriers have gained the scientific community’s attention due to their biocompatibility, versatility, and higher stability than liposomes. Their tunable properties, such as composition, size, shape, and surface functional groups, extend encapsulation possibilities to either hydrophilic or hydrophobic cargoes (or both) and their site-specific delivery. Besides, polymersomes can disassemble in response to different stimuli, including light, for controlling the “on-demand” release of cargo that may also respond to light as photosensitizers and plasmonic nanostructures. Thus, polymersomes can be spatiotemporally stimulated by light of a wide wavelength range, whose exogenous response may activate light-stimulable moieties, enhance the drug efficacy, decrease side effects, and, thus, be broadly employed in photoinduced therapy. This review describes current light-responsive polymersomes evaluated for anticancer therapy. It includes light-activable moieties’ features and polymersomes’ composition and release behavior, focusing on recent advances and applications in cancer therapy, current trends, and photosensitive polymersomes’ perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Hernández Becerra
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (E.H.B.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jennifer Quinchia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (E.H.B.); (J.Q.)
| | - Cristina Castro
- Engineering School, Pontificia Bolivariana University, Bloque 11, Cq. 1 No. 70-01, Medellín 050004, Colombia;
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (E.H.B.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Park C, Lim JW, Park G, Kim HO, Lee S, Kwon YH, Kim SE, Yeom M, Na W, Song D, Kim E, Haam S. Kinetic stability modulation of polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced detection of influenza virus via penetration of viral fusion peptides. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9658-9669. [PMID: 34647566 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01847g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Specific interactions between viruses and host cells provide essential insights into material science-based strategies to combat emerging viral diseases. pH-triggered viral fusion is ubiquitous to multiple viral families and is important for understanding the viral infection cycle. Inspired by this process, virus detection has been achieved using nanomaterials with host-mimetic membranes, enabling interactions with amphiphilic hemagglutinin fusion peptides of viruses. Most research has been on designing functional nanoparticles with fusogenic capability for virus detection, and there has been little exploitation of the kinetic stability to alter the ability of nanoparticles to interact with viral membranes and improve their sensing performance. In this study, a homogeneous fluorescent assay using self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) with tunable responsiveness to external stimuli is developed for rapid and straightforward detection of an activated influenza A virus. Dissociation of PNPs induced by virus insertion can be readily controlled by varying the fraction of hydrophilic segments in copolymers constituting PNPs, giving rise to fluorescence signals within 30 min and detection of various influenza viruses, including H9N2, CA04(H1N1), H4N6, and H6N8. Therefore, the designs demonstrated in this study propose underlying approaches for utilizing engineered PNPs through modulation of their kinetic stability for direct and sensitive identification of infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geunseon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ouk Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering College of Art, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yuri H Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.,Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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11
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Ikkene D, Arteni AA, Ouldali M, Francius G, Brûlet A, Six JL, Ferji K. Direct Access to Polysaccharide-Based Vesicles with a Tunable Membrane Thickness in a Large Concentration Window via Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3128-3137. [PMID: 34137600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymersomes are multicompartmental vesicular nano-objects obtained by self-assembly of amphiphilic copolymers. When prepared in the aqueous phase, they are composed of a hydrophobic bilayer enclosing water. Although such fascinating polymeric nano-objects have been widely reported with synthetic block copolymers, their formation from polysaccharide-based copolymers remains a significant challenge. In the present study, the powerful platform technology known as polymerization-induced self-assembly was used to prepare in situ pure vesicles from a polysaccharide-grafted copolymer: dextran-g-poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (Dex-g-PHPMA). The growth of the PHPMA grafts was performed with a dextran-based macromolecular chain transfer agent in water at 20 °C using photomediated reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization at 405 nm. Transmission electron microscopy, cryogenic electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering revealed that amphiphilic Dex-g-PHPMAX = 100-300 (X is the targeted average degree of polymerization, Xn̅, of each graft at full conversion) exhibit remarkable self-assembly behavior. On the one hand, vesicles were obtained over a wide range of solid concentrations (from 2.5% to 13.5% w/w), which can facilitate posterior targeting of such rare morphology. On the other hand, the extension of Xn̅ induces an increase in the vesicle membrane thickness, rather than a morphological evolution (spherical micelles to cylinders to vesicles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Djallal Ikkene
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Ana Andreea Arteni
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cryo-electron Microscopy Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, CRYOEM-Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Malika Ouldali
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cryo-electron Microscopy Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, CRYOEM-Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gregory Francius
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (UMR12 CEA, CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay Bât., 563 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Six
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Khalid Ferji
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France
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12
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Di Leone S, Vallapurackal J, Yorulmaz Avsar S, Kyropolou M, Ward TR, Palivan CG, Meier W. Expanding the Potential of the Solvent-Assisted Method to Create Bio-Interfaces from Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3005-3016. [PMID: 34105950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Artificial membranes, as materials with biomimetic properties, can be applied in various fields, such as drug screening or bio-sensing. The solvent-assisted method (SA) represents a straightforward method to prepare lipid solid-supported membranes. It overcomes the main limitations of established membrane preparation methods, such as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) or vesicle fusion. However, it has not yet been applied to create artificial membranes based on amphiphilic block copolymers, despite their enhanced mechanical stability compared to lipid-based membranes and bio-compatible properties. Here, we applied the SA method on different amphiphilic di- and triblock poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PDMS-b-PMOXA) copolymers and optimized the conditions to prepare artificial membranes on a solid support. The real-time membrane formation, the morphology, and the mechanical properties have been evaluated by a combination of atomic force microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance. Then, selected biomolecules including complementary DNA strands and an artificial deallylase metalloenzyme (ADAse) were incorporated into these membranes relying on the biotin-streptavidin technology. DNA strands served to establish the capability of these synthetic membranes to interact with biomolecules by preserving their correct conformation. The catalytic activity of the ADAse following its membrane anchoring induced the functionality of the biomimetic platform. Polymer membranes on solid support as prepared by the SA method open new opportunities for the creation of artificial membranes with tailored biomimetic properties and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Leone
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), Grundenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Jaicy Vallapurackal
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saziye Yorulmaz Avsar
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myrto Kyropolou
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Kyropoulou M, Yorulmaz Avsar S, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG, Meier WP. From spherical compartments to polymer films: exploiting vesicle fusion to generate solid supported thin polymer membranes. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6944-6952. [PMID: 33885496 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01122g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid supported polymer membranes as scaffold for the insertion of functional biomolecules provide the basis for mimicking natural membranes. They also provide the means for unraveling biomolecule-membrane interactions and engineering platforms for biosensing. Vesicle fusion is an established procedure to obtain solid supported lipid bilayers but the more robust polymer vesicles tend to resist fusion and planar membranes rarely form. Here, we build on vesicle fusion to develop a refined and efficient way to produce solid supported membranes based on poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOXA-b-PDMS-b-PMOXA) amphiphilic triblock copolymers. We first create thiol-bearing polymer vesicles (polymersomes) and anchor them on a gold substrate. An osmotic shock then provokes polymersome rupture and drives planar film formation. Prerequisite for a uniform amphiphilic planar membrane is the proper combination of immobilized polymersomes and osmotic shock conditions. Thus, we explored the impact of the hydrophobic PDMS block length of the polymersome on the formation and the characteristics of the resulting solid supported polymer assemblies by quarz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). When the PDMS block is short enough, attached polymersomes restructure in response to osmotic shock, resulting in a uniform planar membrane. Our approach to rapidly form planar polymer membranes by vesicle fusion brings many advantages to the development of synthetic planar membranes for bio-sensing and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Kyropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Seo H, Lee H. Recent developments in microfluidic synthesis of artificial cell-like polymersomes and liposomes for functional bioreactors. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:021301. [PMID: 33833845 PMCID: PMC8012066 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in droplet microfluidics have led to the fabrication of versatile vesicles with a structure that mimics the cellular membrane. These artificial cell-like vesicles including polymersomes and liposomes effectively enclose an aqueous core with well-defined size and composition from the surrounding environment to implement various biological reactions, serving as a diverse functional reactor. The advantage of realizing various biological phenomena within a compartment separated by a membrane that resembles a natural cell membrane is actively explored in the fields of synthetic biology as well as biomedical applications including drug delivery, biosensors, and bioreactors, to name a few. In this Perspective, we first summarize various methods utilized in producing these polymersomes and liposomes. Moreover, we will highlight some of the recent advances in the design of these artificial cell-like vesicles for functional bioreactors and discuss the current issues and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
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15
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Laskar P, Somani S, Mullin M, Tate RJ, Warzecha M, Bowering D, Keating P, Irving C, Leung HY, Dufès C. Octadecyl chain-bearing PEGylated poly(propyleneimine)-based dendrimersomes: physicochemical studies, redox-responsiveness, DNA condensation, cytotoxicity and gene delivery to cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1431-1448. [PMID: 33404026 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers have become increasingly important for nucleic acid and drug delivery in cancer therapy. Here, we report the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of disulphide-linked, octadecyl (C18 alkyl) chain-bearing PEGylated generation 3-diaminobutyric polypropylenimine dendrimer-based vesicles (or dendrimersomes) for gene delivery. The lipid-bearing PEGylated dendrimer was successfully synthesized through in situ two-step reaction. It was able to spontaneously self-assemble into stable, cationic, nanosized vesicles, with low critical aggregation concentration value, and also showed redox-responsiveness in presence of a glutathione concentration similar to that of the cytosolic reducing environment. In addition, it was able to condense more than 70% of DNA at dendrimer: DNA weight ratios of 5 : 1 and higher. This dendriplex resulted in an enhanced cellular uptake of DNA at dendrimer: DNA weight ratios of 10 : 1 and 20 : 1, by up to 16-fold and by up to 28-fold compared with naked DNA in PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines respectively. At a dendrimer: DNA weight ratio of 20 : 1, it led to an increase in gene expression in PC-3 and DU145 cells, compared with DAB dendriplex. These octadecyl chain-bearing, PEGylated dendrimer-based vesicles are therefore promising redox-sensitive drug and gene delivery systems for potential applications in combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Laskar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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16
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Koch AHR, Morsbach S, Bereau T, Lévêque G, Butt HJ, Deserno M, Landfester K, Fytas G. Probing Nanoparticle/Membrane Interactions by Combining Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer Assembly and Plasmonics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:742-750. [PMID: 31951417 PMCID: PMC7008459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Understanding the interactions between
nanoparticles (NPs) and boundaries of cells is crucial both for their
toxicity and therapeutic applications. Besides specific receptor-mediated
endocytosis of surface-functionalized NPs, passive internalization
is prompted by relatively unspecific parameters, such as particle
size and charge. Based on theoretical treatments, adhesion to and
bending of the cell membrane can induce NP wrapping. Experimentally,
powerful tools are needed to selectively probe possible membrane-NP
motifs at very dilute conditions and avoid dye labeling. In this work,
we employ surface resonance-enhanced dynamic light scattering, surface
plasmon resonance, electron microscopy, and simulations for sensing
interactions between plasmonic AuNPs and polymersomes. We distinguish
three different interaction scenarios at nanomolar concentrations
by tuning the surface charge of AuNPs and rationalize these events
by balancing vesicle bending and electrostatic/van der Waals AuNP
and vesicle adhesion. The clarification of the physical conditions
under which nanoparticles passively translocate across membranes can
aid in the rational design of drugs that cannot exploit specific modes
of cellular uptake and also elucidates physical properties that render
nanoparticles in the environment particularly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie H R Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Tristan Bereau
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Gaëtan Lévêque
- Institut d'Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), UMR-CNRS 8520, Faculté de Sciences et Technologies , Université de Lille , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Markus Deserno
- Department of Physics , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,IESL-FORTH , P.O. Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion , Greece
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17
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Wu D, Rigo S, Di Leone S, Belluati A, Constable EC, Housecroft CE, Palivan CG. Brushing the surface: cascade reactions between immobilized nanoreactors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1551-1562. [PMID: 31859312 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08502e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of hard or soft surfaces with, for example, ligands, enzymes or proteins, is an effective and practical methodology for the development of new applications. We report the assembly of two types of nanoreactors based upon poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PDMS-b-PMOXA) diblock copolymers as scaffold, uricase and lactoperoxidase as bio-catalysts located within the nanoreactors, and melittin as the biopores inserted into the hydrophobic shell. The nanoreactors were immobilized on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride) (PHEMA-co-P(2-AEMA·HCl) brushes-grafted wafer surfaces by utilizing the strong supramolecular interactions between biotin and streptavidin. The (PHEMA-co-P(2-AEMA·HCl) brushes on silicon surfaces were prepared by a surface initiating atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) "graft-from" technique. Cascade reactions between different surface-anchored nanoreactors were demonstrated by converting Amplex® Red to the fluorescent probe resorufin by using the H2O2 produced from uric acid and H2O. The detailed properties of the nanoreactors on the functionalized surface including the binding behaviours and cascade reactions were investigated using emission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light scattering (LS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D). The results are proof-of-principle for the preparation of catalytically functional engineered surface materials and lay the foundation for applying this advanced functional surface material in biosensing, implanting and antimicrobial materials preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Meyer CE, Abram SL, Craciun I, Palivan CG. Biomolecule–polymer hybrid compartments: combining the best of both worlds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11197-11218. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in bio/polymer hybrid compartments in the quest to obtain artificial cells, biosensors and catalytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioana Craciun
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- Basel
- Switzerland
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19
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Chountoulesi M, Pippa N, Chrysostomou V, Pispas S, Chrysina ED, Forys A, Otulakowski L, Trzebicka B, Demetzos C. Stimuli-Responsive Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Nanosystems with Incorporated Poly(2-Dimethylamino Ethyl Methacrylate)-b-Poly(Lauryl Methacrylate) Amphiphilic Block Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091400. [PMID: 31454966 PMCID: PMC6780812 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an emerging need to evolve the conventional lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles to advanced stimuli-responsive, therapeutic nanosystems with upgraded functionality. Towards this effort, typically used stabilizers, such as Pluronics®, can be combined or replaced by smart, stimuli-responsive block copolymers. The aim of this study is to incorporate the stimuli-responsive amphiphilic block copolymer poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(lauryl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA-b-PLMA) as a stabilizer in lipidic liquid crystalline nanoparticles, in order to provide steric stabilization and simultaneous stimuli-responsiveness. The physicochemical and morphological characteristics of the prepared nanosystems were investigated by light scattering techniques, cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The PDMAEMA-b-PLMA, either individually or combined with Poloxamer 407, exhibited different modes of stabilization depending on the lipid used. Due to the protonation ability of PDMAEMA blocks in acidic pH, the nanoparticles exhibited high positive charge, as well as pH-responsive charge conversion, which can be exploited towards pharmaceutical applications. The ionic strength, temperature and serum proteins influenced the physicochemical behavior of the nanoparticles, while the polymer concentration differentiated their morphology; their micropolarity and microfluidity were also evaluated. The proposed liquid crystalline nanosystems can be considered as novel and attractive pH-responsive drug and gene delivery nanocarriers due to their polycationic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chountoulesi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Chrysostomou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia D Chrysina
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksander Forys
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Lukasz Otulakowski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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20
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Polymer membranes as templates for bio-applications ranging from artificial cells to active surfaces. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Martin L, Gurnani P, Zhang J, Hartlieb M, Cameron NR, Eissa AM, Perrier S. Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Giant Glycosylated Polymersomes with Tunable Bacterial Affinity. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1297-1307. [PMID: 30694656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic cell mimic in the form of giant glycosylated polymersomes (GGPs) comprised of a novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer is reported. A synthetic approach involving a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) macro-chain transfer agent (macroCTA) and postpolymerization modification was used to marry the hydrophobic and highly flexible properties of PDMS with the biological activity of glycopolymers. 2-Bromoethyl acrylate (BEA) was first polymerized using a PDMS macroCTA ( Mn,th ≈ 4900 g·mol-1, Đ = 1.1) to prepare well-defined PDMS- b-pBEA diblock copolymers ( Đ = 1.1) that were then substituted with 1-thio-β-d-glucose or 1-thio-β-d-galactose under facile conditions to yield PDMS- b-glycopolymers. Compositions possessing ≈25% of the glycopolymer block (by mass) were able to adopt a vesicular morphology in aqueous solution (≈210 nm in diameter), as indicated by TEM and light scattering techniques. The resulting carbohydrate-decorated polymersomes exhibited selective binding with the lectin concanavalin A (Con A), as demonstrated by turbidimetric experiments. Self-assembly of the same diblock copolymer compositions using an electroformation method yielded GGPs (ranging from 2-20 μm in diameter). Interaction of these cell-sized polymersomes with fimH positive E. coli was then studied via confocal microscopy. The glucose-decorated GGPs were found to cluster upon addition of the bacteria, while galactose-decorated GGPs could successfully interact with (and possibly immobilize) the bacteria without the onset of clustering. This demonstrates an opportunity to modulate the response of these synthetic cell mimics (protocells) toward biological entities through exploitation of selective ligand-receptor interactions, which may be readily tuned through a considered choice of carbohydrate functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neil R Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
| | - Ahmed M Eissa
- Department of Polymers, Chemical Industries Research Division , National Research Centre (NRC) , El-Bohouth Street , Dokki , 12622 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3052 , Australia
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22
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Yorulmaz Avsar S, Kyropoulou M, Di Leone S, Schoenenberger CA, Meier WP, Palivan CG. Biomolecules Turn Self-Assembling Amphiphilic Block Co-polymer Platforms Into Biomimetic Interfaces. Front Chem 2019; 6:645. [PMID: 30671429 PMCID: PMC6331732 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes constitute an interface between cells and their surroundings and form distinct compartments within the cell. They also host a variety of biomolecules that carry out vital functions including selective transport, signal transduction and cell-cell communication. Due to the vast complexity and versatility of the different membranes, there is a critical need for simplified and specific model membrane platforms to explore the behaviors of individual biomolecules while preserving their intrinsic function. Information obtained from model membrane platforms should make invaluable contributions to current and emerging technologies in biotechnology, nanotechnology and medicine. Amphiphilic block co-polymers are ideal building blocks to create model membrane platforms with enhanced stability and robustness. They form various supramolecular assemblies, ranging from three-dimensional structures (e.g., micelles, nanoparticles, or vesicles) in aqueous solution to planar polymer membranes on solid supports (e.g., polymer cushioned/tethered membranes,) and membrane-like polymer brushes. Furthermore, polymer micelles and polymersomes can also be immobilized on solid supports to take advantage of a wide range of surface sensitive analytical tools. In this review article, we focus on self-assembled amphiphilic block copolymer platforms that are hosting biomolecules. We present different strategies for harnessing polymer platforms with biomolecules either by integrating proteins or peptides into assemblies or by attaching proteins or DNA to their surface. We will discuss how to obtain synthetic structures on solid supports and their characterization using different surface sensitive analytical tools. Finally, we highlight present and future perspectives of polymer micelles and polymersomes for biomedical applications and those of solid-supported polymer membranes for biosensing.
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23
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Wong CK, Stenzel MH, Thordarson P. Non-spherical polymersomes: formation and characterization. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4019-4035. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00856f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review summarizes recent efforts over the past decade to study the morphological transformation of conventionally spherical polymersomes into non-spherical polymersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Ken Wong
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
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24
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Iyisan B, Landfester K. Polymeric Nanocarriers. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO NANOSCALE PARTICLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Laskar P, Somani S, Altwaijry N, Mullin M, Bowering D, Warzecha M, Keating P, Tate RJ, Leung HY, Dufès C. Redox-sensitive, cholesterol-bearing PEGylated poly(propylene imine)-based dendrimersomes for drug and gene delivery to cancer cells. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22830-22847. [PMID: 30488937 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08141g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers have attracted increased attention as materials that can facilitate drug and gene delivery in cancer therapy. The present study reports the development of redox-sensitive dendrimersomes comprising disulfide-linked cholesterol-bearing PEGylated dendrimers, which can be used as drug and gene delivery systems. Two disulfide-linked cholesterol-bearing PEGylated generation 3 diaminobutyric polypropylenimine dendrimers have been successfully synthesized via an in situ two-step reaction. They were able to spontaneously self-assemble into stable, cationic, nanosized vesicles (or dendrimersomes) with lower critical aggregation concentration values for high-cholesterol-bearing vesicles. These dendrimersomes were able to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic dyes, and they also showed a redox-responsive sustained release of the entrapped guests in the presence of a glutathione concentration similar to that of a cytosolic reducing environment. The high-cholesterol-bearing dendrimersomes were found to have a higher melting enthalpy, increased adsorption tendency on mica surface, entrapping ability for a larger amount of hydrophobic drugs, and increased resistance to redox-responsive environments in comparison with their low-cholesterol counterpart. In addition, both dendrimersomes were able to condense more than 85% of the DNA at all the tested ratios for the low-cholesterol vesicles, and at dendrimer : DNA weight ratios of 1 : 1 and higher for the high-cholesterol vesicles. These vesicles resulted in an enhanced cellular uptake of DNA, by up to 15-fold when compared with naked DNA with low-cholesterol vesicles. As a result, they increased the gene transfection on the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line, with the highest transfection being obtained with low-cholesterol vesicle complexes at a dendrimer : DNA weight ratio of 5 : 1 and high-cholesterol vesicle complexes at a dendrimer : DNA weight ratio of 10 : 1. These transfection levels were about 5-fold higher than those observed when treated with naked DNA. These cholesterol-bearing PEGylated dendrimer-based vesicles are, therefore, promising as redox-sensitive drugs and gene delivery systems for potential applications in combination cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Laskar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Sukrut Somani
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Margaret Mullin
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Deborah Bowering
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK. and CMAC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Monika Warzecha
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK. and CMAC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Patricia Keating
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Rothwelle J Tate
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Christine Dufès
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Pippa N, Perinelli DR, Pispas S, Bonacucina G, Demetzos C, Forys A, Trzebicka B. Studying the colloidal behavior of chimeric liposomes by cryo-TEM, micro-differential scanning calorimetry and high-resolution ultrasound spectroscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chountoulesi M, Pippa N, Pispas S, Chrysina ED, Forys A, Trzebicka B, Demetzos C. Cubic lyotropic liquid crystals as drug delivery carriers: Physicochemical and morphological studies. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:57-70. [PMID: 30121331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly process of amphiphilic molecules into solvents results in different mesophases, such as inverse cubic and hexagonal that both belong to the wider category of lyotropic liquid crystals. The above mesophases can be further exploited upon the formation of liquid crystalline nanoparticles, cubosomes and hexosomes respectively, which may be utilized as drug delivery nanosystems, exhibiting major advantages. In the present study, liquid crystalline nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated in terms of morphology and physicochemical behavior. The goal of this study is to examine the effect of the different formulation parameters, as well as the effect of the different microenvironmental factors (temperature, ionic strength, pH, serum proteins presence) on their behavior. The physicochemical behavior and the morphology of the systems were investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), cryogenic-Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryo-TEM), fluorescence spectroscopy and a gamut of light scattering techniques. The formulation process was proved to influence strictly the physicochemical behavior of the prepared nanosystems. They presented colloidal stability over time and upon ionic strength increase, but they were affected by the presence of proteins and presented reversible structure alterations upon temperature increase. Their morphological structure and internal microenvironment, reflected by micropolarity and microfluidity, were also influenced by the formulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chountoulesi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia D Chrysina
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksander Forys
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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28
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Block copolymer crystalsomes with an ultrathin shell to extend blood circulation time. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3005. [PMID: 30068976 PMCID: PMC6070537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In water, amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs) can self-assemble into various micelle structures depicting curved liquid/liquid interface. Crystallization, which is incommensurate with this curved space, often leads to defect accumulation and renders the structures leaky, undermining their potential biomedical applications. Herein we report using an emulsion-solution crystallization method to control the crystallization of an amphiphilic BCP, poly (l-lactide acid)-b-poly (ethylene glycol) (PLLA-b-PEG), at curved liquid/liquid interface. The resultant BCP crystalsomes (BCCs) structurally mimic the classical polymersomes and liposomes yet mechanically are more robust thanks to the single crystal-like crystalline PLLA shell. In blood circulation and biodistribution experiments, fluorophore-loaded BCCs show a 24 h circulation half-life and a 8% particle retention in the blood even at 96 h post injection. We further demonstrate that this good performance can be attributed to controlled polymer crystallization and the unique BCC nanostructure. In block copolymer vesicles, crystallization often leads to defects and renders the structures leaky that undermines their potential biomedical application. Here the authors use an emulsion solution method to control the crystallization of an amphiphilic block copolymer at the curved liquid/liquid interface to improve the blood circulation time.
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Liot O, Socol M, Garcia L, Thiéry J, Figarol A, Mingotaud AF, Joseph P. Transport of nano-objects in narrow channels: influence of Brownian diffusion, confinement and particle nature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:234001. [PMID: 29701609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aac0af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents experimental results about transport of dilute suspensions of nano-objects in silicon-glass micrometric and sub-micrometric channels. Two kinds of objects are used: solid, rigid latex beads and spherical capsule-shaped, soft polymersomes. They are tracked using fluorescence microscopy. Three aspects are studied: confinement (ratio between particle diameter and channel depth), Brownian diffusion and particle nature. The aim of this work is to understand how these different aspects affect the transport of suspensions in narrow channels and to understand the different mechanisms at play. Concerning the solid beads we observe the appearance of two regimes, one where the experimental mean velocity is close to the expected one and another where this velocity is lower. This is directly related to a competition between confinement, Brownian diffusion and advection. These two regimes are shown to be linked to the inhomogeneity of particles distribution in the channel depth, which we experimentally deduce from velocity distributions. This inhomogeneity appears during the entrance process into the sub-micrometric channels, as for hydrodynamic separation or deterministic lateral displacement. Concerning the nature of the particles we observed a shift of transition towards the second regime likely due to the relationships between shear stress and polymersomes mechanical properties which could reduce the inhomogeneity imposed by the geometry of our device.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Liot
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, Toulouse, France. Fédération FERMaT, INPT, Toulouse, France
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30
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Grillo DA, Albano JMR, Mocskos EE, Facelli JC, Pickholz M, Ferraro MB. Diblock copolymer bilayers as model for polymersomes: A coarse grain approach. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:244904. [PMID: 28668049 DOI: 10.1063/1.4986642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a new model for polymersomes developed using a poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butadiene) diblock copolymer bilayer. The model is based on a coarse-grained approach using the MARTINI force field. Since no MARTINI parameters exist for poly(butadiene), we have refined these parameters using quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The model has been validated using extensive molecular dynamics simulations in systems with several hundred polymer units and reaching up to 6 μs. These simulations show that the copolymer coarse grain model self-assemble into bilayers and that NPT and NPNγT ensemble runs reproduce key structural and mechanical experimental properties for different copolymer length chains with a similar hydrophilic weight fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián A Grillo
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M R Albano
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban E Mocskos
- Departamento de Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio C Facelli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 140, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Mónica Pickholz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta B Ferraro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Grillo DA, Albano JMR, Mocskos EE, Facelli JC, Pickholz M, Ferraro MB. Mechanical properties of drug loaded diblock copolymer bilayers: A molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:214901. [PMID: 29884038 DOI: 10.1063/1.5028377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present results of coarse-grained simulations to study the encapsulation of prilocaine (PLC), both neutral and protonated, on copolymer bilayers through molecular dynamics simulations. Using a previously validated membrane model, we have simulated loaded bilayers at different drug concentrations and at low (protonated PLC) and high (neutral PLC) pH levels. We have characterized key structural parameters of the loaded bilayers in order to understand the effects of encapsulation of PLC on the bilayer structure and mechanical properties. Neutral PLC was encapsulated in the hydrophobic region leading to a thickness increase, while the protonated species partitioned between the water phase and the poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butadiene) (PBD) interface, relaxing the PBD region and leading to a decrease in the thickness. The tangential pressures of the studied systems were calculated, and their components were decomposed in order to gain insights on their compensation. In all cases, it is observed that the loading of the membrane does not significantly decrease the stability of the bilayer, indicating that the system could be used for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián A Grillo
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M R Albano
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban E Mocskos
- Departamento de Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julio C Facelli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Suite 140, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Mónica Pickholz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta B Ferraro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gimsa J, Wysotzki P, Perutkova Š, Weihe T, Elter P, Marszałek P, Kralj-Iglič V, Müller T, Iglič A. Spermidine-Induced Attraction of Like-Charged Surfaces Is Correlated with the pH-Dependent Spermidine Charge: Force Spectroscopy Characterization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2725-2733. [PMID: 29382192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous molecule spermidine is known for its pivotal roles in the contact mediation, fusion, and reorganization of biological membranes and DNA. In our model system, borosilicate beads were attached to atomic force microscopy cantilevers and used to probe mica surfaces to study the details of the spermidine-induced attractions. The negative surface charges of both materials were largely constant over the measured pH range of pH 7.8 to 12. The repulsion observed between the surfaces turned into attraction after the addition of spermidine. The attractive force was correlated with the degree of spermidine protonation, which changed from +3 to +1 over the measured pH range. The force was maximal at pH 7.8. To explain the observed pH and spermidine concentration dependence, two different theoretical approaches were used: a chemical model of the charge equilibrium of spermidine and Monte-Carlo simulations of the orientation of the rodlike spermidine molecules in the gap between the borosilicate and mica surfaces. Monte-Carlo simulations of the orientational ordering of the rodlike spermidine molecules suggested the induction of attractive interactions between the surfaces if the gap was bridged by the molecules. For larger gaps, the orientational distribution function of the spermidine molecules predicted a considerable degree of parallel attachment of the molecules to the surfaces, resulting in reduced effective surface charge densities of both surfaces, which reduced their electrostatic repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gimsa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Rostock , 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Wysotzki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Rostock , 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Šarka Perutkova
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Weihe
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology , 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick Elter
- Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen , 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Piotr Marszałek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, and Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Torsten Müller
- R&D Department, JPK Instruments AG , 12099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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34
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Craciun I, Denes AS, Gunkel-Grabole G, Belluati A, Palivan CG. Surfaces Decorated with Polymeric Nanocompartments for pH Reporting. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Craciun
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alexandru S. Denes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Gesine Gunkel-Grabole
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Andrea Belluati
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
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35
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Rideau E, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Giant polymersomes from non-assisted film hydration of phosphate-based block copolymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00992a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polybutadiene-block-poly(ethyl ethylene phosphate) can reproducibly self-assemble in large number into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) by non-assisted film hydration, representing a stepping stone for better liposomes – substitutes towards the generation of artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Rideau
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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36
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Wang W, Staub MC, Zhou T, Smith DM, Qi H, Laird ED, Cheng S, Li CY. Polyethylene nano crystalsomes formed at a curved liquid/liquid interface. NANOSCALE 2017; 10:268-276. [PMID: 29210419 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization is incommensurate with nanoscale curved space due to the lack of three dimensional translational symmetry of the latter. Herein, we report the formation of single-crystal-like, nanosized polyethylene (PE) capsules using a miniemulsion solution crystallization method. The miniemulsion was formed at elevated temperatures using PE organic solution as the oil phase and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant. Subsequently, cooling the system stepwisely for controlled crystallization led to the formation of hollow, nanosized PE crystalline capsules, which are named as crystalsomes since they mimic the classical self-assembled structures such as liposome, polymersome and colloidosome. We show that the formation of the nanosized PE crystalsomes is driven by controlled crystallization at the curved liquid/liquid interface of the miniemulson droplet. The morphology, structure and mechanical properties of the PE crystalsomes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force spectroscopy. Electron diffraction showed the single-crystal-like nature of the crystalsomes. The incommensurateness between the nanocurved interface and the crystalline packing led to reduced crystallinity and crystallite size of the PE crystalsome, as observed from the X-ray diffraction measurements. Moreover, directly quenching the emulsion below the spinodal line led to the formation of hierarchical porous PE crystalsomes due to the coupling of the PE crystallization and liquid/liquid phase separation. We anticipate that this unique crystalsome represents a new type of nanostructure that might be used as nanodrug carriers and ultrasound contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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37
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Bartenstein JE, Liu X, Lange K, Claesson PM, Briscoe WH. Polymersomes at the solid-liquid interface: Dynamic morphological transformation and lubrication. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 512:260-271. [PMID: 29073467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymersomes are hollow spheres self-assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers of certain molecular architecture. Whilst they have been widely studied for biomedical applications, relatively few studies have reported their interfacial properties. In particular, lubrication by polymersomes has not been previously reported. Here, interfacial properties of polymersomes self-assembled from poly(butadiene)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PBD-PEO; molecular weight 10,400 g mol-1) have been studied at both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Their morphology at silica and mica surfaces was imaged with quantitative nanomechanical property mapping atomic force microscopy (QNM AFM), and friction and surface forces they mediate under confinement between two surfaces were studied using colloidal probe AFM (CP-AFM). We find that the polymersomes remained intact but adopted flattened conformation once adsorbed to mica, with a relatively low coverage. However, on silica these polymersomes were unstable, rupturing to form donut shaped residues or patchy bilayers. On a silica surface hydrophobized with a 19 nm polystyrene (PS) film, the polymer vesicles formed a more stable layer with a higher surface coverage as compared to the hydrophilic surface, and the interfacial structure also evolved over time. Moreover, friction was greatly reduced on hydrophobized silica surfaces in the presence of polymersomes, suggesting their potential as effective aqueous lubricants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Bartenstein
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas Väg 51, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathrin Lange
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Per M Claesson
- Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas Väg 51, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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Gaitzsch J, Messager L, Morecroft E, Meier W. Vesicles in Multiple Shapes: Fine-Tuning Polymersomes' Shape and Stability by Setting Membrane Hydrophobicity. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E483. [PMID: 30965785 PMCID: PMC6418632 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic block-copolymers are known to self-assemble into micelles and vesicles. In this paper, we discuss the multiple options between and beyond these boundaries using amphiphilic AB diblock and ABC triblock copolymers. We adjust the final structure reached by the composition of the mixture, by the preparation temperature, and by varying the time-scale of formation. This leads to the formation of vesicles and micelles, but also internal micelles in larger sheets, lamellar vesicles, and closed tubes, thus broadening the amount of self-assembly structures available and deepening our understanding of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Gaitzsch
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Lea Messager
- LAGEP-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Bâtiment CPE-308G, M69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Eloise Morecroft
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kim CJ, Ueda M, Imai T, Sugiyama J, Kimura S. Tuning the Viscoelasticity of Peptide Vesicles by Adjusting Hydrophobic Helical Blocks Comprising Amphiphilic Polypeptides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5423-5429. [PMID: 28493724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block polypeptides of poly(sarcosine)-b-(l-Val-Aib)6 and poly(sarcosine)-b-(l-Leu-Aib)6 and their stereoisomers were self-assembled in water. Three kinds of binary systems of poly(sarcosine)-b-(l-Leu-Aib)6 with poly(sarcosine)-b-poly(d-Leu-Aib)6, poly(sarcosine)-b-poly(l-Val-Aib)6, or poly(sarcosine)-b-(d-Val-Aib)6 generated vesicles of ca. 200 nm diameter. The viscoelasticity of the vesicle membranes was evaluated by the nanoindentation method using AFM in water. The elasticity of the poly(sarcosine)-b-(l-Leu-Aib)6/poly(sarcosine)-b-poly(d-Leu-Aib)6 vesicle was 11-fold higher than that of the egg yolk liposome but decreased in combinations of the Leu- and Val-based amphiphilic polypeptides. The membrane elasticity is found to be adjustable by a suitable combination of helical blocks in terms of stereocomplex formation and the interdigitation of side chains among helices in the molecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Joo Kim
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Motoki Ueda
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoya Imai
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Junji Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto-Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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40
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Zschoche S, Rueda JC, Binner M, Komber H, Janke A, Appelhans D, Voit B. Temperature- and pH-dependent aggregation behavior of hydrophilic dual-sensitive poly(2-oxazoline)s block copolymers as latent amphiphilic macromolecules. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Jing B, Wang X, Wang H, Qiu J, Shi Y, Gao H, Zhu Y. Shape and Mechanical Control of Poly(ethylene oxide) Based Polymersome with Polyoxometalates via Hydrogen Bond. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1723-1730. [PMID: 28122183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymersomes are self-assembled vesicles of amphiphilic block copolymers and have been explored for wide applications from drug delivery to micro/nanoreactors. As polymersomes are soft and highly deformable, their shape instability due to osmolarity difference across polymer membranes and low elasticity could conversely limit their practical use. Instead of selecting particular polymer chemical reactions to enhance the mechanical properties, we have employed inorganic polyoxometalate (POM) clusters as simple physical cross-linkers to control the shape and mechanical stability of polymersomes in aqueous suspensions. Robust spherical shape with enhanced elastic and bending moduli of POM-dressed poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based polymersomes is achieved. We have accounted for the hydrogen bonding between POM and PEO blocks for the adsorption and stabilization of POMS on polymersomes, whose interaction strength could also be tuned by mixing solvents of hydrogen bond donors or receptors with water. The stimuli-responsive properties of POMs are introduced in POM-dressed polymersomes upon the interaction of POMs with PEO blocks in aqueous media. As POM can be used as nanomedicines, catalysts, and other functional nanomaterials, POM-dressed polymersomes with significant shape and mechanical reinforcement could broaden the applications of PEO-based polymersomes and other PEO-tethered nanocolloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxin Jing
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yingxi Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Rigaux G, Gheran CV, Callewaert M, Cadiou C, Voicu SN, Dinischiotu A, Andry MC, Vander Elst L, Laurent S, Muller RN, Berquand A, Molinari M, Huclier-Markai S, Chuburu F. Characterization of Gd loaded chitosan-TPP nanohydrogels by a multi-technique approach combining dynamic light scattering (DLS), asymetrical flow-field-flow-fractionation (AF4) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and design of positive contrast agents for molecular resonance imaging (MRI). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:055705. [PMID: 28029111 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan CS-tripolyphosphate TPP/hyaluronic acid HA nanohydrogels loaded with gadolinium chelates (GdDOTA ⊂ CS-TPP/HA NGs) synthesized by ionic gelation were designed for lymph node (LN) MRI. In order to be efficiently drained to LNs, nanogels (NGs) needed to exhibit a diameter ϕ < 100 nm. For that, formulation parameters were tuned, using (i) CS of two different molecular weights (51 and 37 kDa) and (ii) variable CS/TPP ratio (2 < CS/TPP < 8). Characterization of NG size distribution by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and asymetrical flow-field-flow-fractionation (AF4) showed discrepancies since DLS diameters were consistently above 200 nm while AF4 showed individual nano-objects with ϕ < 100 nm. Such a difference could be correlated to the presence of aggregates inherent to ionic gelation. This point was clarified by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in liquid mode which highlighted the main presence of individual nano-objects in nanosuspensions. Thus, combination of DLS, AF4 and AFM provided a more precise characterization of GdDOTA ⊂ CS-TPP/HA nanohydrogels which, in turn, allowed to select formulations leading to NGs of suitable mean sizes showing good MRI efficiency and negligible toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rigaux
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, F-51685 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Garni M, Thamboo S, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG. Biopores/membrane proteins in synthetic polymer membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:619-638. [PMID: 27984019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mimicking cell membranes by simple models based on the reconstitution of membrane proteins in lipid bilayers represents a straightforward approach to understand biological function of these proteins. This biomimetic strategy has been extended to synthetic membranes that have advantages in terms of chemical and mechanical stability, thus providing more robust hybrid membranes. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW We present here how membrane proteins and biopores have been inserted both in the membrane of nanosized and microsized compartments, and in planar membranes under various conditions. Such bio-hybrid membranes have new properties (as for example, permeability to ions/molecules), and functionality depending on the specificity of the inserted biomolecules. Interestingly, membrane proteins can be functionally inserted in synthetic membranes provided these have appropriate properties to overcome the high hydrophobic mismatch between the size of the biomolecule and the membrane thickness. MAJOR CONCLUSION Functional insertion of membrane proteins and biopores in synthetic membranes of compartments or in planar membranes is possible by an appropriate selection of the amphiphilic copolymers, and conditions of the self-assembly process. These hybrid membranes have new properties and functionality based on the specificity of the biomolecules and the nature of the synthetic membranes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Bio-hybrid membranes represent new solutions for the development of nanoreactors, artificial organelles or active surfaces/membranes that, by further gaining in complexity and functionality, will promote translational applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid order/lipid defects and lipid-control of protein activity edited by Dirk Schneider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Garni
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Switzerland
| | - Sagana Thamboo
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Switzerland
| | | | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Switzerland.
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Bartenstein JE, Robertson J, Battaglia G, Briscoe WH. Stability of polymersomes prepared by size exclusion chromatography and extrusion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Figueiredo P, Balasubramanian V, Shahbazi MA, Correia A, Wu D, Palivan CG, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA. Angiopep2-functionalized polymersomes for targeted doxorubicin delivery to glioblastoma cells. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:794-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Iyisan B, Janke A, Reichenbach P, Eng LM, Appelhans D, Voit B. Immobilized Multifunctional Polymersomes on Solid Surfaces: Infrared Light-Induced Selective Photochemical Reactions, pH Responsive Behavior, and Probing Mechanical Properties under Liquid Phase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15788-15801. [PMID: 27269188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fixing polymersomes onto surfaces is in high demand not only for the characterization with advanced microscopy techniques but also for designing specific compartments in microsystem devices in the scope of nanobiotechnology. For this purpose, this study reports the immobilization of multifunctional, responsive, and photo-cross-linked polymersomes on solid substrates by utilizing strong adamantane-β-cyclodextrin host-guest interactions. To reduce nonspecific binding and retain better spherical shape, the level of attractive forces acting on the immobilized polymersomes was tuned through poly(ethylene glycol) passivation as well as decreased β-cyclodextrin content on the corresponding substrates. One significant feature of this system is the pH responsivity of the polymersomes which has been demonstrated by swelling of the immobilized vesicles at acidic condition through in situ AFM measurements. Also, light responsivity has been provided by introducing nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) protected amine molecules as photocleavable groups to the polymersome surface before immobilization. The subsequent low-energy femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation resulted in the cleavage of NVOC groups on immobilized polymersomes which in turn led to free amino groups as an additional functionality. The freed amines were further conjugated with a fluorescent dye having an activated ester that illustrates the concept of bio/chemo recognition for a potential binding of biological compounds. In addition to the responsive nature, the mechanical stability of the analyzed polymersomes was supported by computing Young's modulus and bending modulus of the membrane through force curves obtained by atomic force microscopy measurements. Overall, polymersomes with a robust and pH-swellable membrane combined with effective light responsive behavior are promising tools to design smart and stable compartments on surfaces for the development of microsystem devices such as chemo/biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Iyisan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- International Helmholtz Research School for Nanoelectronic Networks, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Janke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Lukas M Eng
- Center for Advancing Electronic Devices Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden , Würzburger Straße 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- International Helmholtz Research School for Nanoelectronic Networks, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronic Devices Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden , Würzburger Straße 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Rein C, Nissen S, Grzelakowski M, Meldal M. Click-chemistry of polymersomes on nanoporous polymeric surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rein
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
| | - Steen Nissen
- Applied Biomimetic A/S; Nordborgvej 81 Building E14-S15 Nordborg DK-6430 Denmark
| | - Mariusz Grzelakowski
- Applied Biomimetic A/S; Nordborgvej 81 Building E14-S15 Nordborg DK-6430 Denmark
| | - Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
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Wang W, Qi H, Zhou T, Mei S, Han L, Higuchi T, Jinnai H, Li CY. Highly robust crystalsome via directed polymer crystallization at curved liquid/liquid interface. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10599. [PMID: 26837260 PMCID: PMC4742919 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids and amphiphilic block copolymers spontaneously self-assemble in water to form a plethora of micelles and vesicles. They are typically fluidic in nature and often mechanically weak for applications such as drug delivery and gene therapeutics. Mechanical properties of polymeric materials could be improved by forming crystalline structures. However, most of the self-assembled micelles and vesicles have curved surfaces and precisely tuning crystallization within a nanoscale curved space is challenging, as the curved geometry is incommensurate with crystals having three-dimensional translational symmetry. Herein, we report using a miniemulsion crystallization method to grow nanosized, polymer single-crystal-like capsules. We coin the name crystalsome to describe this unique structure, because they are formed by polymer lamellar crystals and their structure mimics liposomes and polymersomes. Using poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) as the model polymer, we show that curved water/p-xylene interface formed by the miniemulsion process can guide the growth of PLLA single crystals. Crystalsomes with the size ranging from ∼148 nm to over 1 μm have been formed. Atomic force microscopy measurement demonstrate a two to three orders of magnitude increase in bending modulus compared with conventional polymersomes. We envisage that this novel structure could shed light on investigating spherical crystallography and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Hao Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shan Mei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Christopher Y. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Henderson IM, Collins AM, Quintana HA, Montaño GA, Martinez JA, Paxton WF. Lights on: Dye dequenching reveals polymersome fusion with polymer, lipid and stealth lipid vesicles. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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