1
|
Zeng L, Han L, Nan W, Song W, Luo S, Wu YF, Su JJ, Zhan D. Regulation of heterogeneous electron transfer reactivity by defect engineering through electrochemically induced brominating addition. Chem Sci 2023; 15:95-101. [PMID: 38131067 PMCID: PMC10731907 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the electrochemical activity of graphene holds great significance for expanding its applications in various electrochemistry fields. In this study, we have demonstrated a facile and quantitative approach for modulating the defect density of single-layer graphene (SLG) via an electrochemically induced bromination process facilitated by cyclic voltammetry. This controlled defect engineering directly impacts the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rate of SLG. By utilizing Raman spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), we have established a correlation between the HET kinetics and both the defect density (nD) and mean distance between defects (LD) of SLG. The variation of the HET rate (k0) with the defect density manifested a distinctive three-stage behavior. Initially, k0 increased slightly with the increasing nD, and then it experienced a rapid increase as nD further increased. However, once the defect density surpassed a critical value of about 1.8 × 1012 cm-2 (LD < 4.2 nm), k0 decreased rapidly. Notably, the results revealed a remarkable 35-fold enhancement of k0 under the optimal defect density conditions compared to pristine SLG. This research paves the way for controllable defect engineering as a powerful strategy to enhance the electrochemical activity of graphene, opening up new possibilities for its utilization in a wide range of electrochemical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory) Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lianhuan Han
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenjing Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Weiying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shiyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yuan-Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jian-Jia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gossage ZT, Ito N, Hosaka T, Tatara R, Komaba S. In situ Observation of Evolving H 2 and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Development at Potassium Insertion Materials within Highly Concentrated Aqueous Electrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307446. [PMID: 37593892 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is key to stable, high voltage lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as a protective barrier that prevents electrolyte decomposition. The SEI is thought to play a similar role in highly concentrated water-in-salt electrolytes (WISEs) for emerging aqueous batteries, but its properties remain unknown. In this work, we utilized advanced scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and operando electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS) techniques to gain deeper insight into the SEI that occurs within highly concentrated WISEs. As a model, we focus on a 55 mol/kg K(FSA)0.6 (OTf)0.4 electrolyte and a 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide negative electrode. For the first time, our work showed distinctly passivating structures with slow apparent electron transfer rates alike to the SEI found in LIBs. In situ analyses indicated stable passivating structures when PTCDI was stepped to low potentials (≈-1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl). However, the observed SEI was discontinuous at the surface and H2 evolution occurred as the electrode reached more extreme potentials. OEMS measurements further confirmed a shift in the evolution of detectable H2 from -0.9 V to <-1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl when changing from dilute to concentrated electrolytes. In all, our work shows a combined approach of traditional battery measurements with in situ analyses for improving characterization of other unknown SEI structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Gossage
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Nanako Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tomooki Hosaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Tatara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichi Komaba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gaddam R, Sarbapalli D, Howard J, Curtiss LA, Assary RS, Rodríguez-López J. An SECM-Based Spot Analysis for Redoxmer-Electrode Kinetics: Identifying Redox Asymmetries on Model Graphitic Carbon Interfaces. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201120. [PMID: 36482038 PMCID: PMC10107689 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental process in non-aqueous redox flow battery (NRFB) operation revolves around electron transfer (ET) between a current collector electrode and redox-active organic molecules (redoxmers) in solution. Here, we present an approach utilizing scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to evaluate interfacial ET kinetics between redoxmers and various electrode materials of interest at desired locations. This spot-analysis method relies on the measurement of heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (kf or kb ) as a function of applied potential (E-E0 '). As demonstrated by COMSOL simulations, this method enables the quantification of Butler-Volmer kinetic parameters, the standard heterogeneous rate constant, k0 , and the transfer coefficient, α. Our method enabled the identification of inherent asymmetries in the ET kinetics arising during the reduction of ferrocene-based redoxmers, compared to their oxidation which displayed faster rate constants. Similar behavior was observed on a wide variety of carbon electrodes such as multi-layer graphene, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, glassy carbon, and chemical vapor deposition-grown graphite films. However, aqueous systems and Pt do not exhibit such kinetic effects. Our analysis suggests that differential adsorption of the redoxmers is insufficient to account for our observations. Displaying a greater versatility than conventional electroanalytical methods, we demonstrate the operation of our spot analysis at concentrations up to 100 mM of redoxmer over graphite films. Looking forward, our method can be used to assess non-idealities in a variety of redoxmer/electrode/solvent systems with quantitative evaluation of kinetics for applications in redox-flow battery research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Gaddam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dipobrato Sarbapalli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jason Howard
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA
| | - Larry A Curtiss
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ren L, Zong B, Zhao R, Sun Y, Meng F, Wang R. Insights into the mechanism underlying remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated aquifer using nanoscale zero-valent iron@reduced graphene oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113973. [PMID: 36029841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is an urgent need to develop functional nanomaterials for highly effective environmental remediation. However, the long-term effect of remedial materials upon their injection into contaminated aquifer has frequently been overlooked. Here, the remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated aquifer by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI@rGO) was investigated from a long-term perspective. The performances of nZVI@rGO samples with different rGO loadings in the removal of aqueous Cr(VI) were evaluated in batch experiments. The electron transfer properties different nZVI@rGO samples were investigated by measuring their corrosive potentials using the steady-state Tafel polarization curves. The results show that the electron transfer efficiency between Cr(VI) and nZVI@rGO is enhanced owing to the large reactive conjugated structure of rGO. Besides, the surface passivation of nZVI is effectively retarded due to the uniform accommodation of Cr(III) precipitates on rGO. The structure and composition of nZVI@rGO before and after Cr(VI) removal were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization results revealed that most Cr(VI) ions (∼90%) will be reduced to Cr(III) precipitates on nZVI@rGO as the passivation product. Accordingly, Cr(VI) ions tend to react more readily at less blocked regions on the surface of rGO, and a layer-by-layer passivation model on nZVI@rGO surface is proposed. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the long-term remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated aquifer using nZVI@rGO, which helps design new materials and approaches for practical in-situ remediation engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Ren
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
| | - Baoning Zong
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Fanbin Meng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pavlov S, Kozhevnikova E, Kislenko S. Effect of the number of graphene layers on the electron transfer kinetics at metal/graphene heterostructures. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
6
|
Pavlov SV, Kislenko VA, Kislenko SA. Effect of a Graphene Vacancy on the Kinetics of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143922050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Inozemtseva AI, Sergeev AV, Napolskii KS, Kushnir SE, Belov V, Itkis DM, Usachov DY, Yashina LV. Graphene electrochemistry: ‘Adiabaticity’ of electron transfer. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
Zeng Y, Gossage ZT, Sarbapalli D, Hui J, Rodríguez‐López J. Tracking Passivation and Cation Flux at Incipient Solid‐Electrolyte Interphases on Multi‐Layer Graphene using High Resolution Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- College of Materials and Chemistry Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials China Jiliang University No 258 Xueyuan St. Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Zachary T. Gossage
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Dipobrato Sarbapalli
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Jingshu Hui
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS) Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province Soochow University Suzhou 215006 P. R. China
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez‐López
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song P, Li Y, Yin S. Mechanistic insights into homogeneous electrocatalytic reaction for energy storage using finite element simulation. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
10
|
Grosser T, Wehrhold M, Neubert TJ, Balasubramanian K. Graphene‐Mercury‐Graphene Sandwich Electrode for Electroanalysis. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Grosser
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Michel Wehrhold
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Tilmann J. Neubert
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6 10117 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kislenko SA, Pavlov SV, Nazmutdinov RR, Kislenko VA, Chekushkin PM. Effect of a Au underlayer on outer-sphere electron transfer across a Au/graphene/electrolyte interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22984-22991. [PMID: 34611675 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a gold underlayer on the outer-sphere non-adiabatic electron transfer on a graphene surface is investigated theoretically using both periodic and cluster DFT calculations. We propose a model that describes the alignment of energy levels and charge redistribution at the metal/graphene/redox electrolyte interface. Model calculations were performed for the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- and [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox couples. It is shown that the gold support increases the rate constant of electron transfer. Gold electronic states hybridize with graphene wave functions, which provides an effective overlap with reactant orbitals outside the graphene layer and favors an increasing reaction rate. Although the Fermi level shift relative to the Dirac point in graphene depends significantly on the redox couple, this weakly affects the electron transfer kinetics at the Au(111)/graphene/electrolyte interface due to a small contribution of graphene states to the rate constant as compared to gold ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Kislenko
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey V Pavlov
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str. 3, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation.,Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Renat R Nazmutdinov
- Kazan National Research Technological University, R. Marx Str. 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaliy A Kislenko
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str. 3, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation.,Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| | - Petr M Chekushkin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya 13/2, Moscow, 125412, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar S, Satpati AK. Investigation of interfacial charge transfer kinetics of photocharged Co-Bi modified BiVO4 using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Neubert TJ, Wehrhold M, Kaya NS, Balasubramanian K. Faradaic effects in electrochemically gated graphene sensors in the presence of redox active molecules. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:405201. [PMID: 32485689 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab98bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on graphene are promising devices for the direct sensing of a range of analytes in solution. We show here that the presence of redox active molecules in the analyte solution leads to the occurrence of heterogeneous electron transfer with graphene generating a Faradaic current (electron transfer) in a FET configuration resulting in shifts of the Dirac point. Such a shift occurs if the Faradaic current is significantly high, e.g. due to a large graphene area. Furthermore, the redox shift based on the Faradaic current, reminiscent of a doping-like effect, is found to be non-Nernstian and dependent on parameters known from electrode kinetics in potentiodynamic methods, such as the electrode area, the standard potential of the redox probes and the scan rate of the gate voltage modulation. This behavior clearly differentiates this effect from other transduction mechanisms based on electrostatic interactions or molecular charge transfer doping effects, which are usually behind a shift of the Dirac point. These observations suggest that large-area unmodified/pristine graphene in field-effect sensors behaves as a non-polarized electrode in liquid. Strategies for ensuring a polarized interface are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann J Neubert
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof and Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schorr NB, Counihan MJ, Bhargava R, Rodríguez-López J. Impact of Plasmonic Photothermal Effects on the Reactivity of Au Nanoparticle Modified Graphene Electrodes Visualized Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3666-3673. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Gossage ZT, Hui J, Zeng Y, Flores-Zuleta H, Rodríguez-López J. Probing the reversibility and kinetics of Li + during SEI formation and (de)intercalation on edge plane graphite using ion-sensitive scanning electrochemical microscopy. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10749-10754. [PMID: 32055381 PMCID: PMC6993605 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions at battery interfaces participate in both the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and the subsequent energy storage mechanism. However, few in situ methods can directly track interfacial Li+ dynamics. Herein, we report on scanning electrochemical microscopy with Li+ sensitive probes for its in situ, localized tracking during SEI formation and intercalation. We followed the potential-dependent reactivity of edge plane graphite influenced by the interfacial consumption of Li+ by competing processes. Cycling in the SEI formation region revealed reversible ionic processes ascribed to surface redox, as well as irreversible SEI formation. Cycling at more negative potentials activated reversible (de)intercalation. Modeling the ion-sensitive probe response yielded Li+ intercalation rate constants between 10-4 to 10-5 cm s-1. Our studies allow decoupling of charge-transfer steps at complex battery interfaces and create opportunities for interrogating reactivity at individual sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Gossage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| | - Jingshu Hui
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| | - Yunxiong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| | - Heriberto Flores-Zuleta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-300-7354
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wehrhold M, Neubert TJ, Yadav A, Vondráček M, Iost RM, Honolka J, Balasubramanian K. pH sensitivity of interfacial electron transfer at a supported graphene monolayer. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14742-14756. [PMID: 31348480 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical devices based on a single graphene monolayer are often realized on a solid support such as silicon oxide, glassy carbon or a metal film. Here, we show that, with graphene on insulating substrates, the kinetics of the electron transfer at graphene with various redox active molecules is dictated by solution pH for electrode reactions that are not proton dependent. We attribute the origin of this unusual phenomenon mainly to electrostatic effects between dissolved/dissociated redox species and the interfacial charge due to trace amounts of ionizable groups at the supported graphene-liquid interface. Cationic redox species show higher electron transfer rates at basic pH, while anionic species undergo faster electron transfer at acidic pH. Although this behavior is observed on graphene on three different insulating substrates, the strength of this effect appears to differ depending on the surface charge density of the underlying substrate. This finding has important implications for the design of electrochemical sensors and electrocatalysts based on graphene monolayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wehrhold
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof & Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar S, Ahirwar S, Satpati AK. Insight into the PEC and interfacial charge transfer kinetics at the Mo doped BiVO4 photoanodes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41368-41382. [PMID: 35540070 PMCID: PMC9076381 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08743e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BiVO4 is a promising photoanode material for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxidation of water; however, its poor charge transfer, transport, and slow surface catalytic activity limit the expected theoretical efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kumar
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | | | - Ashis Kumar Satpati
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ritzert NL, Szalai VA, Moffat TP. Mapping Electron Transfer at MoS 2 Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13864-13870. [PMID: 30372618 PMCID: PMC6501596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of macroscopic and atomic defects in the interfacial electron transfer properties of layered transition metal dichalcogenides is important in optimizing their performance in energy conversion and electronic devices. Means of determining the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, k, have relied on the deliberate exposure of specific electrode regions or additional surface characterization to correlate proposed active sites to voltammetric features. Few studies have investigated the electrochemical activity of surface features of layered dichalcogenides under the same experimental conditions. Herein, MoS2 flakes with well-defined features were mapped using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). At visually flat areas of MoS2, k of hexacyanoferrate(III) ([Fe(CN)6]3-) and hexacyanoferrate(II) ([Fe(CN)6]4-) was typically smaller and spanned a larger range than that of hexaammineruthenium(III) ([Ru(NH3)6]3+), congruent with the current literature. However, in contrast to previous studies, the reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3- and the oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4- exhibited similar rate constants, attributed to the dominance of charge transfer through surface states. The comparison of SECM with optical and atomic force microscopy images revealed that while most of the flake was electroactive, edge sites associated with freshly exposed areas that include macrosteps consisting of several monolayers as well as recessed areas exhibited the highest reactivity, consistent with the reported results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Ritzert
- Theiss Research , P.O. Box 127, La Jolla , California 92038 , United States
- Maryland NanoCenter , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Macedo LJA, Iost RM, Hassan A, Balasubramanian K, Crespilho FN. Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucyano J. A. Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Iost
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Frank N. Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schorr NB, Jiang AG, Rodríguez-López J. Probing Graphene Interfacial Reactivity via Simultaneous and Colocalized Raman–Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Imaging and Interrogation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7848-7854. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah B. Schorr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Annie G. Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yamada H, Narayanan R, Bandaru PR. Electron tunneling in nanoscale electrodes for battery applications. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Izquierdo J, Knittel P, Kranz C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: an analytical perspective. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:307-324. [PMID: 29214533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has evolved from an electrochemical specialist tool to a broadly used electroanalytical surface technique, which has experienced exciting developments for nanoscale electrochemical studies in recent years. Several companies now offer commercial instruments, and SECM has been used in a broad range of applications. SECM research is frequently interdisciplinary, bridging areas ranging from electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and materials science to biomedical research. Although SECM is considered a modern electroanalytical technique, it appears that less attention is paid to so-called analytical figures of merit, which are essential also in electroanalytical chemistry. Besides instrumental developments, this review focuses on aspects such as reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of SECM data. The review is intended to spark discussion within the community on this topic, but also to raise awareness of the challenges faced during the evaluation of quantitative SECM data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastraße 72, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Park J, Kumar V, Wang X, Lee PS, Kim W. Investigation of Charge Transfer Kinetics at Carbon/Hydroquinone Interfaces for Redox-Active-Electrolyte Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:33728-33734. [PMID: 28895724 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The redox-active electrolyte supercapacitor (RAES) is a relatively new type of energy storage device. Simple addition of selected redox species in the electrolyte can greatly enhance the energy density of supercapacitors relative to traditional electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) owing to redox reactions. Studies on the kinetics at the interface of the electrode and redox mediator are important when developing RAESs. In this work, we employ highly accurate scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to extract the kinetic constants at carbon/hydroquinone interfaces. The charge transfer rate constants are 1.2 × 10-2 and 1.3 × 10-2 cm s-1 for the carbon nanotube/hydroquinone and reduced graphene oxide/hydroquinone interfaces, respectively. These values are higher than those obtained by the conventional cyclic voltammetry method, approximately by an order of magnitude. The evaluation of heterogeneous rate constants with SECM would be the cornerstone for understanding and developing high performance RAESs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun T, Levin BDA, Guzman JJL, Enders A, Muller DA, Angenent LT, Lehmann J. Rapid electron transfer by the carbon matrix in natural pyrogenic carbon. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14873. [PMID: 28361882 PMCID: PMC5380966 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface functional groups constitute major electroactive components in pyrogenic carbon. However, the electrochemical properties of pyrogenic carbon matrices and the kinetic preference of functional groups or carbon matrices for electron transfer remain unknown. Here we show that environmentally relevant pyrogenic carbon with average H/C and O/C ratios of less than 0.35 and 0.09 can directly transfer electrons more than three times faster than the charging and discharging cycles of surface functional groups and have a 1.5 V potential range for biogeochemical reactions that invoke electron transfer processes. Surface functional groups contribute to the overall electron flux of pyrogenic carbon to a lesser extent with greater pyrolysis temperature due to lower charging and discharging capacities, although the charging and discharging kinetics remain unchanged. This study could spur the development of a new generation of biogeochemical electron flux models that focus on the bacteria–carbon–mineral conductive network. Electron transfer reactions govern most biogeochemical processes, yet we have a limited knowledge of the electrochemistry of pyrogenic carbon, a major component of organic matter. Here, the authors quantify electron transfers between pyrogenic carbon and mineral phases under different pyrolysis temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianran Sun
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Barnaby D A Levin
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Juan J L Guzman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Akio Enders
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Kavli Institute for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Largus T Angenent
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14583, USA.,Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14583, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fu W, Jiang L, van Geest EP, Lima LMC, Schneider GF. Sensing at the Surface of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603610. [PMID: 27896865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent research trends now offer new opportunities for developing the next generations of label-free biochemical sensors using graphene and other two-dimensional materials. While the physics of graphene transistors operated in electrolyte is well grounded, important chemical challenges still remain to be addressed, namely the impact of the chemical functionalizations of graphene on the key electrical parameters and the sensing performances. In fact, graphene - at least ideal graphene - is highly chemically inert. The functionalizations and chemical alterations of the graphene surface - both covalently and non-covalently - are crucial steps that define the sensitivity of graphene. The presence, reactivity, adsorption of gas and ions, proteins, DNA, cells and tissues on graphene have been successfully monitored with graphene. This review aims to unify most of the work done so far on biochemical sensing at the surface of a (chemically functionalized) graphene field-effect transistor and the challenges that lie ahead. The authors are convinced that graphene biochemical sensors hold great promise to meet the ever-increasing demand for sensitivity, especially looking at the recent progresses suggesting that the obstacle of Debye screening can be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Fu
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P van Geest
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lia M C Lima
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kozbial A, Trouba C, Liu H, Li L. Characterization of the Intrinsic Water Wettability of Graphite Using Contact Angle Measurements: Effect of Defects on Static and Dynamic Contact Angles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:959-967. [PMID: 28071919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the intrinsic water wettability of the graphitic surface has increasingly attracted research interests, triggered by the recent finding that the well-established hydrophobicity of graphitic surfaces actually results from airborne hydrocarbon contamination. Currently, static water contact angle (WCA) is often used to characterize the intrinsic water wettability of graphitic surfaces. In the current paper, we show that because of the existence of defects, static WCA does not necessarily characterize the intrinsic water wettability. Freshly exfoliated graphite of varying qualities, characterized using atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, was studied using static, advancing, and receding WCA measurements. The results showed that graphite of different qualities (i.e., defect density) always has a similar advancing WCA, but it could have very different static and receding WCAs. This finding indicates that defects play an important role in contact angle measurements, and the static contact angle does not always represent the intrinsic water wettability of pristine graphite. On the basis of the experimental results, a qualitative model is proposed to explain the effect of defects on static, advancing, and receding contact angles. The model suggests that the advancing WCA reflects the intrinsic water wettability of pristine (defect-free) graphite. Our results showed that the advancing WCA for pristine graphite is 68.6°, which indicates that graphitic carbon is intrinsically mildly hydrophilic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kozbial
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Charlie Trouba
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaplan A, Yuan Z, Benck JD, Govind Rajan A, Chu XS, Wang QH, Strano MS. Current and future directions in electron transfer chemistry of graphene. Chem Soc Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The participation of graphene in electron transfer chemistry, where an electron is transferred between graphene and other species, encompasses many important processes that have shown versatility and potential for use in important applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kaplan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jesse D. Benck
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Ananth Govind Rajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Ximo S. Chu
- Materials Science and Engineering
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
| | - Qing Hua Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13234-13278. [PMID: 27736057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Amemiya S, Chen R, Nioradze N, Kim J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Carbon Nanomaterials and Graphite. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2007-14. [PMID: 27602588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials are tremendously important as electrode materials in both fundamental and applied electrochemistry. Recently, significant attention has been given not only to traditional carbon materials, but also to carbon nanomaterials for various electrochemical applications in energy conversion and storage as well as sensing. Importantly, many of these applications require fast electron-transfer (ET) reactions between a carbon surface and a redox-active molecule in solution. It, however, has not been well understood how heterogeneous ET kinetics at a carbon/solution interface is affected by the electronic structure, defect, and contamination of the carbon surface. Problematically, it is highly challenging to measure the intrinsic electrochemical reactivity of a carbon surface, which is readily passivated by adventitious organic contaminants. This Account summarizes our recent studies of carbon nanomaterials and graphite by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) not only to reveal the fast ET kinetics of simple ferrocene derivatives at their graphitic surfaces, but also to obtain mechanistic insights into their extraordinary electrochemical reactivity. Specifically, we implemented new principles and technologies to reliably and reproducibly enable nanoscale SECM measurements. We took advantage of a new SECM imaging principle to resolve the high reactivity of the sidewall of individual single walled carbon nanotubes. In addition, we developed SECM-based nanogap voltammetry to find that monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition yields an unprecedentedly high standard ET rate constant, k(0), of ≥25 cm/s, which was >1000 times higher than that reported in the literature. Remarkably, the nonideal asymmetry of paired nanogap voltammograms revealed that the high reactivity of graphitic surfaces is compromised by their contamination with airborne hydrocarbons. Most recently, we protected the clean surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite from the airborne contaminants during its exfoliation and handling by forming a water adlayer to obtain a reliable k(0) value of ≥12 cm/s from symmetric pairs of nanogap voltammograms. We envision that SECM of clean graphitic surfaces will enable us to reliably address not only effects of their electronic structures on their electrochemical reactivity, but also the activity of carbon-based or carbon-supported electrocatalysts for fuel cells and batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Nikoloz Nioradze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hui J, Zhou X, Bhargava R, Chinderle A, Zhang J, Rodríguez-López J. Kinetic Modulation of Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer Reactions on Graphene Electrode with a Sub-surface Metal Substrate. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
31
|
Cuharuc AS, Zhang G, Unwin PR. Electrochemistry of ferrocene derivatives on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG): quantification and impacts of surface adsorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4966-77. [PMID: 26812483 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry of three ferrocene derivatives - (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium (FcTMA(+)), ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FcCOOH), and ferrocenemethanol (FcCH2OH) - in aqueous solutions shows that the reduced form of the first two redox species weakly adsorbs onto freshly cleaved surfaces of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), with the fractional surface coverage being in excess of 10% of a monolayer at a bulk concentration level of 0.25 mM for both compounds. FcCH2OH was found to exhibit greater and stronger adsorption (up to a monolayer) for the same bulk concentration. The adsorption of FcTMA(+) on freshly cleaved surfaces of high quality (low step edge density) and low quality (high step edge density) HOPG is the same within experimental error, suggesting that the amount of step edges has no influence on the adsorption process. The amount of adsorption of FcTMA(+) is the same (within error) for low quality HOPG, irrespective of whether the surface is freshly cleaved or left in air for up to 12 hours, while - with aging - high quality HOPG adsorbs notably more FcTMA(+). The formation of an airborne contaminating film is proposed to be responsible for the enhanced entrapment of FcTMA(+) on aged high quality HOPG surfaces, while low quality surfaces appear less prone to the accumulation of such films. The impact of the adsorption of ferrocene derivatives on graphite for voltammetric studies is discussed. Adsorption is quantified by developing a theory and methodology to process cyclic voltammetry data from peak current measurements. The accuracy and applicability, as well as limits of the approach, are demonstrated for various adsorption isotherms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Aratani Y, Oyama K, Suenobu T, Yamada Y, Fukuzumi S. Photocatalytic Hydroxylation of Benzene by Dioxygen to Phenol with a Cyano-Bridged Complex Containing FeII and RuII Incorporated in Mesoporous Silica–Alumina. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5780-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Aratani
- Department
of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohei Oyama
- Department
of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Suenobu
- Department
of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamada
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department
of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Nagoya, Aichi 468-0073, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dey S, Schönleber A, Mondal S, Prathapa SJ, van Smaalen S, Larsen FK. The Z' = 12 superstructure of Λ-cobalt(III) sepulchrate trinitrate governed by C-H...O hydrogen bonds. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2016; 72:372-80. [PMID: 27240768 PMCID: PMC4886617 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520616005503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Λ-Cobalt(III) sepulchrate trinitrate crystallizes in P6322 with Z = 2 (Z' = 1/6) at room temperature. Slabs perpendicular to the hexagonal axis comprise molecules Co(sepulchrate) alternating with nitrate groups A and B. Coordinated by six sepulchrate molecules, highly disordered nitrate groups C are accommodated between the slabs. Here we report the fully ordered, low-temperature crystal structure of Co(sep)(NO3)3. It is found to be a high-Z' structure with Z' = 12 of the 12-fold 6a_{h}\times\sqrt{3}b_{h}\times c_{h} superstructure with monoclinic symmetry P21 (c unique). Correlations between structural parameters are effectively removed by refinements within the superspace approach. Superstructure formation is governed by a densification of the packing in conjunction with ordering of nitrate group C, the latter assuming different orientations for each of the Z' = 12 independent copies in the superstructure. The Co(sep) moiety exhibits small structural variations over its 12 independent copies, while orientations of nitrate groups A and B vary less than the orientations of the nitrate group C do. Molecular packing in the superstructure is found to be determined by short C-H...H-C contacts, with H...H distances of 2.2-2.3 Å, and by short C-H...O contacts, with H...O distances down to 2.2 Å. These contacts presumably represent weak C-H...O hydrogen bonds, but in any case they prevent further densification of the structure and strengthening of weak N-H...O hydrogen bonds with observed H...O distances of 2.4-2.6 Å.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Dey
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönleber
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Swastik Mondal
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Sander van Smaalen
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
A ω-mercaptoundecylphosphonic acid chemically modified gold electrode for uranium determination in waters in presence of organic matter. Talanta 2016; 151:119-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
36
|
Hui J, Burgess M, Zhang J, Rodríguez-López J. Layer Number Dependence of Li(+) Intercalation on Few-Layer Graphene and Electrochemical Imaging of Its Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Evolution. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4248-4257. [PMID: 26943950 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question facing electrodes made out of few layers of graphene (FLG) is if they display chemical properties that are different to their bulk graphite counterpart. Here, we show evidence that suggests that lithium ion intercalation on FLG, as measured via stationary voltammetry, shows a strong dependence on the number of layers of graphene that compose the electrode. Despite its extreme thinness and turbostratic structure, Li ion intercalation into FLG still proceeds through a staging process, albeit with different signatures than bulk graphite or multilayer graphene. Single-layer graphene does not show any evidence of ion intercalation, while FLG with four graphene layers displays limited staging peaks, which broaden and increase in number as the layer number increases to six. Despite these mechanistic differences on ion intercalation, the formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) was observed on all electrodes. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the feedback mode was used to demonstrate changes in the surface conductivity of FLG during SEI evolution. Observation of ion intercalation on large area FLG was conditioned to the fabrication of "ionic channels" on the electrode. SECM measurements using a recently developed Li-ion sensitive imaging technique evidenced the role of these channels in enabling Li-ion intercalation through localized flux measurements. This work highlights the impact of nanostructure and microstructure on macroscopic electrochemical behavior and provides guidance to the mechanistic control of ion intercalation using graphene, an atomically thin interface where surface and bulk reactivity converge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang B, Zhang X, Xiao X, Shen Y. Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting System--A Study of Interfacial Charge Transfer with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1606-1614. [PMID: 26720831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fast charge transfer kinetics at the photoelectrode/electrolyte interface is critical for efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting system. Thus, far, a measurement of kinetics constants for such processes is limited. In this study, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is employed to investigate the charge transfer kinetics at the photoelectrode/electrolyte interface in the feedback mode in order to simulate the oxygen evolution process in PEC system. The popular photocatalysts BiVO4 and Mo doped BiVO4 (labeled as Mo:BiVO4) are selected as photoanodes and the common redox couple [Fe(CN)6](3-)/[Fe(CN)6](4-) as molecular probe. SECM characterization can directly reveal the surface catalytic reaction kinetics constant of 9.30 × 10(7) mol(-1) cm(3) s(-1) for the BiVO4. Furthermore, we find that after excitation, the ratio of rate constant for photogenerated hole to electron via Mo:BiVO4 reacting with mediator at the electrode/electrolyte interface is about 30 times larger than that of BiVO4. This suggests that introduction of Mo(6+) ion into BiVO4 can possibly facilitate solar to oxygen evolution (hole involved process) and suppress the interfacial back reaction (electron involved process) at photoanode/electrolyte interface. Therefore, the SECM measurement allows us to make a comprehensive analysis of interfacial charge transfer kinetics in PEC system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fortgang P, Tite T, Barnier V, Zehani N, Maddi C, Lagarde F, Loir AS, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Donnet C, Garrelie F, Chaix C. Robust Electrografting on Self-Organized 3D Graphene Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1424-1433. [PMID: 26710829 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Improving graphene-based electrode fabrication processes and developing robust methods for its functionalization are two key research routes to develop new high-performance electrodes for electrochemical applications. Here, a self-organized three-dimensional (3D) graphene electrode processed by pulsed laser deposition with thermal annealing is reported. This substrate shows great performance in electron transfer kinetics regarding ferrocene redox probes in solution. A robust electrografting strategy for covalently attaching a redox probe onto these graphene electrodes is also reported. The modification protocol consists of a combination of diazonium salt electrografting and click chemistry. An alkyne-terminated phenyl ring is first electrografted onto the self-organized 3D graphene electrode by in situ electrochemical reduction of 4-ethynylphenyl diazonium. Then the ethynylphenyl-modified surface efficiently reacts with the redox probe bearing a terminal azide moiety (2-azidoethyl ferrocene) by means of Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Our modification strategy applied to 3D graphene electrodes was analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For XPS chemical surface analysis, special attention was paid to the distribution and chemical state of iron and nitrogen in order to highlight the functionalization of the graphene-based substrate by electrochemically grafting a ferrocene derivative. Dense grafting was observed, offering 4.9 × 10(-10) mol cm(-2) surface coverage and showing a stable signal over 22 days. The electrografting was performed in the form of multilayers, which offers higher ferrocene loading than a dense monolayer on a flat surface. This work opens highly promising perspectives for the development of self-organized 3D graphene electrodes with various sensing functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Fortgang
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1 , 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Teddy Tite
- Université de Lyon , F-69003, Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Étienne , Laboratoire Hubert Curien (UMR 5516 CNRS), 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Vincent Barnier
- Laboratoire Georges Friedel, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines , 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nedjla Zehani
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1 , 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chiranjeevi Maddi
- Université de Lyon , F-69003, Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Étienne , Laboratoire Hubert Curien (UMR 5516 CNRS), 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Florence Lagarde
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1 , 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Loir
- Université de Lyon , F-69003, Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Étienne , Laboratoire Hubert Curien (UMR 5516 CNRS), 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1 , 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Donnet
- Université de Lyon , F-69003, Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Étienne , Laboratoire Hubert Curien (UMR 5516 CNRS), 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Florence Garrelie
- Université de Lyon , F-69003, Lyon, France
- Université de Saint-Étienne , Laboratoire Hubert Curien (UMR 5516 CNRS), 42000 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Carole Chaix
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1 , 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bosch-Navarro C, Rourke JP, Wilson NR. Controlled electrochemical and electroless deposition of noble metal nanoparticles on graphene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14836k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrodeposition is a powerful tool for forming functional composites with graphene. Indeed, noble metal nanoparticles can be directly electrodeposited onto graphene, and their size and number density can be easily controlled.
Collapse
|
40
|
Godet-Bar T, Leprêtre JC, Le Bacq O, Sanchez JY, Deronzier A, Pasturel A. Electrochemical and ab initio investigations to design a new phenothiazine based organic redox polymeric material for metal-ion battery cathodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25283-96. [PMID: 26355417 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01495f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different N-substituted phenothiazines have been synthesized and their electrochemical behavior has been investigated in CH3CN in order to design the best polyphenothiazine based cathodic material candidate for lithium batteries. These compounds exhibit two successive reversible one-electron oxidation processes. Ab initio calculations demonstrate that the potential of the first process is a result of both the hybridization effects between the substituent and the phenothiazine unit as well as the change of conformation of the phenothiazine heterocycle during the oxidation process. More specifically, we show that an asymmetric molecular orbital spreading throughout an external cycle of the phenothiazine unit and the alkyl fragment is formed only if the alkyl fragment is long enough (from the methyl moiety onwards) and is at the origin of the bent conformation for N-substituted phenothiazines during oxidation. Electrochemical investigations supported by ab initio calculations allow the selection of a phenothiazinyl unit which is then polymerized by a Suzuki coupling strategy to avoid the common solubilization issue in carbonate-based liquid electrolytes of lithium cells. The first electrochemical measurements performed show that phenothiazine derivatives pave the way for a promising family of redox polymers intended to be used as organic positives for lithium batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Godet-Bar
- LEPMI, UMR 5279 CNRS-Grenoble INP-UdS-UJF, 1130 rue de la Piscine, BP 75, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen R, Nioradze N, Santhosh P, Li Z, Surwade SP, Shenoy GJ, Parobek DG, Kim MA, Liu H, Amemiya S. Ultrafast Electron Transfer Kinetics of Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Chen R, Nioradze N, Santhosh P, Li Z, Surwade SP, Shenoy GJ, Parobek DG, Kim MA, Liu H, Amemiya S. Ultrafast Electron Transfer Kinetics of Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15134-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
43
|
Gearba RI, Mueller KM, Veneman PA, Holliday BJ, Chan CK, Stevenson KJ. Atom-scale covalent electrochemical modification of single-layer graphene on SiC substrates by diaryliodonium salts. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Liu Y, Chen S. Electronic structure related electric-double-layer effects on heterogeneous ET kinetics on graphene electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
45
|
Lounasvuori MM, Rosillo-Lopez M, Salzmann CG, Caruana DJ, Holt KB. The influence of acidic edge groups on the electrochemical performance of graphene nanoflakes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Komarova NS, Krivenko AG, Stenina EV, Sviridova LN, Mironovich KV, Shulga YM, Krivchenko VA. Enhancement of the Carbon Nanowall Film Capacitance. Electron Transfer Kinetics on Functionalized Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7129-7137. [PMID: 26043143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of electrochemical oxidation and surfactant adsorption on behavior of vertically oriented carbon-nanowall (CNW)-based electrodes are studied. Electrochemical oxidation is carried out by the electrode polarization in aqueous solutions at high anodic potentials corresponding to water electrolysis, whereas the modification of surface by surfactants is accomplished by the adsorption of molecules characterized by the cage-like structure. Using the methods of cyclic voltammetry and impedancemetry, it is shown that a substantial increase in the capacitance of CNW-based electrodes is observed in both cases (30-50-fold and 3-5-fold, respectively). The as-grown and modified electrodes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A substantial increase in a number of oxygen-containing functional groups is observed on the CNW surface after the electrode polarization at high anodic potentials. The kinetics of redox reactions on the CNW film surface is studied by comparing the behavior of systems [Ru(NH3)6](2+/3+), [Fe(CN)6](4-/3-), Fe(2+/3+), and VO3(-)/VO(2+). It is demonstrated that oxidation of nanowalls makes the electron transfer in the redox reaction VO3(-)/VO(2+) and the redox system Fe(2+/3+) considerably easier due to coordination of discharging ions of these systems with the functional groups; however, no such effect is observed for the redox-systems [Fe(CN)6](3-/4-) and [Ru(NH3)6](2+/3+).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natal'ya S Komarova
- †Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Alexander G Krivenko
- †Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Elena V Stenina
- ‡Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liana N Sviridova
- ‡Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kirill V Mironovich
- §D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri M Shulga
- †Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Academician Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Victor A Krivchenko
- §D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Velický M, Bissett MA, Toth PS, Patten HV, Worrall SD, Rodgers ANJ, Hill EW, Kinloch IA, Novoselov KS, Georgiou T, Britnell L, Dryfe RAW. Electron transfer kinetics on natural crystals of MoS2 and graphite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17844-53. [PMID: 26088339 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02490k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluate the electrochemical performance of sparsely studied natural crystals of molybdenite and graphite, which have increasingly been used for fabrication of next generation monolayer molybdenum disulphide and graphene energy storage devices. Heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of several redox mediators, including Fe(CN)6(3-/4-), Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) and IrCl6(2-/3-) are determined using voltammetry in a micro-droplet cell. The kinetics on both materials are studied as a function of surface defectiveness, surface ageing, applied potential and illumination. We find that the basal planes of both natural MoS2 and graphite show significant electroactivity, but a large decrease in electron transfer kinetics is observed on atmosphere-aged surfaces in comparison to in situ freshly cleaved surfaces of both materials. This is attributed to surface oxidation and adsorption of airborne contaminants at the surface exposed to an ambient environment. In contrast to semimetallic graphite, the electrode kinetics on semiconducting MoS2 are strongly dependent on the surface illumination and applied potential. Furthermore, while visibly present defects/cracks do not significantly affect the response of graphite, the kinetics on MoS2 systematically accelerate with small increase in disorder. These findings have direct implications for use of MoS2 and graphene/graphite as electrode materials in electrochemistry-related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matěj Velický
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Güell AG, Cuharuc AS, Kim YR, Zhang G, Tan SY, Ebejer N, Unwin PR. Redox-dependent spatially resolved electrochemistry at graphene and graphite step edges. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3558-71. [PMID: 25758160 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical (EC) behavior of mechanically exfoliated graphene and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is studied at high spatial resolution in aqueous solutions using Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) as a redox probe whose standard potential sits close to the intrinsic Fermi level of graphene and graphite. When scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) data are coupled with that from complementary techniques (AFM, micro-Raman) applied to the same sample area, different time-dependent EC activity between the basal planes and step edges is revealed. In contrast, other redox couples (ferrocene derivatives) whose potential is further removed from the intrinsic Fermi level of graphene and graphite show uniform and high activity (close to diffusion-control). Macroscopic voltammetric measurements in different environments reveal that the time-dependent behavior after HOPG cleavage, peculiar to Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+), is not associated particularly with any surface contaminants but is reasonably attributed to the spontaneous delamination of the HOPG with time to create partially coupled graphene layers, further supported by conductive AFM measurements. This process has a major impact on the density of states of graphene and graphite edges, particularly at the intrinsic Fermi level to which Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+) is most sensitive. Through the use of an improved voltammetric mode of SECCM, we produce movies of potential-resolved and spatially resolved HOPG activity, revealing how enhanced activity at step edges is a subtle effect for Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+). These latter studies allow us to propose a microscopic model to interpret the EC response of graphene (basal plane and edges) and aged HOPG considering the nontrivial electronic band structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleix G Güell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anatolii S Cuharuc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yang-Rae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sze-yin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ebejer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Torbensen K, Kongsfelt M, Shimizu K, Pedersen EB, Skrydstrup T, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Patterned Carboxylation of Graphene Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4443-4452. [PMID: 25849849 DOI: 10.1021/la504500m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple, direct, and versatile scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach for local carboxylation of multilayered graphene on nickel is demonstrated, in which carbon dioxide serves as the carboxylation agent under reductive conditions in N,N-dimethylformamide. The use of SECM gives control over both the spatial dimensions and the degree of carboxylation. While the pattern size, in general, is governed by the dimension of the SECM tip, the degree of modification, expressed as the surface coverage of carboxylate groups introduced at the graphene substrate, is found to be controlled by the electrolysis time. This is supported by electrochemical measurements, two-dimensional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy mapping, and He ion microscopy. Surprisingly, intercalation of the supporting electrolyte in the multilayered graphene on nickel occurs to a relatively small extent when compared to corresponding results obtained in previously described carboxylations of this kind of multilayered graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Torbensen
- †Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mikkel Kongsfelt
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil B Pedersen
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen U Pedersen
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|