1
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Akbarishandiz S, Khani S, Maia J. Adhesion dynamics of Janus nanocarriers to endothelial cells: A dissipative particle dynamics study. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064408. [PMID: 39020963 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Janus nanocarriers (NCs) provide promising features in interfacial applications such as targeted drug delivery. Herein, we use dissipative particle dynamics simulations to study the adhesion dynamics of NCs with Janus ligand compositions to the endothelial cell as a function of a series of effects, such as the initial orientation, ligand density, shape, and size of Janus NCs. The Janus NCs, with its long axis parallel to the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) layer, has the best penetration depth due to its lower potential energy and the lowest shell entropy loss. Among different shapes of Janus NCs, both the potential energy and the EG entropy loss control the penetration. In fact, at the parallel orientations, Janus shapes with a robust mechanical strength and larger surface area at the EG/water interface can rotate and penetrate more efficiently. An increase in the ligand density of Janus NCs increases entropy losses of both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic ligands and decreases the potential energy. Thus, for a specific Janus NCs, functionalizing with an appropriate ligand density would help driving forces prevail over barriers of penetration into the EG layer. For a particular ligand density, once the radius of the Janus NCs exceeds the appropriate size, barriers such as hydrophobic ligands and shell entropy losses are also reinforced significantly and surpass driving forces. Our observations reveal that entropy losses for hydrophobic ligands of Janus NCs and for the shell of NCs are decisive for the adhesion and penetration of Janus NCs to endothelial cells.
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2
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Lovegrove JT, Kent B, Förster S, Garvey CJ, Stenzel MH. The flow of anisotropic nanoparticles in solution and in blood. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220075. [PMID: 38264690 PMCID: PMC10742203 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The alignment of anisotropic nanoparticles in flow has been used for a range of applications such as the preparation of strong fibres and the assembly of in-plane aligned 1D-nanoobjects that are used for electronic devices, sensors, energy and biological application. Important is also the flow behaviour of nanoparticles that were designed for nanomedical applications such as drug delivery. It is widely observed that non-spherical nanoparticles have longer circulation times and a more favourable biodistribution. To be able to understand this behaviour, researchers have turned to analyzing the flow of non-spherical nanoparticles in the blood stream. In this review, an overview of microfluidic techniques that are used to monitor the alignment of anisotropic nanoparticles in solution will be provided, which includes analysis by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and polarized light microscopy. The flow of these nanoparticles in blood is then discussed as the presence of red blood cells causes margination of some nanoparticles. Using fluorescence microscopy, the extent of margination can be identified, which coincides with the ability of nanoparticles to adhere to the cells grown along the wall. While these studies are mainly carried out in vitro using blood, initial investigations in vivo were able to confirm the unusual flow of anisotropic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas Lovegrove
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ben Kent
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Christopher J. Garvey
- Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier‐Leibnitz FRM II and Physik Department E13Technische Universität MünchenGarchingGermany
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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3
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van der Linden J, Trap L, Scherer CV, Roks AJM, Danser AHJ, van der Pluijm I, Cheng C. Model Systems to Study the Mechanism of Vascular Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15379. [PMID: 37895059 PMCID: PMC10607365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. Within cardiovascular aging, arterial aging holds significant importance, as it involves structural and functional alterations in arteries that contribute substantially to the overall decline in cardiovascular health during the aging process. As arteries age, their ability to respond to stress and injury diminishes, while their luminal diameter increases. Moreover, they experience intimal and medial thickening, endothelial dysfunction, loss of vascular smooth muscle cells, cellular senescence, extracellular matrix remodeling, and deposition of collagen and calcium. This aging process also leads to overall arterial stiffening and cellular remodeling. The process of genomic instability plays a vital role in accelerating vascular aging. Progeria syndromes, rare genetic disorders causing premature aging, exemplify the impact of genomic instability. Throughout life, our DNA faces constant challenges from environmental radiation, chemicals, and endogenous metabolic products, leading to DNA damage and genome instability as we age. The accumulation of unrepaired damages over time manifests as an aging phenotype. To study vascular aging, various models are available, ranging from in vivo mouse studies to cell culture options, and there are also microfluidic in vitro model systems known as vessels-on-a-chip. Together, these models offer valuable insights into the aging process of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette van der Linden
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Trap
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline V. Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. M. Roks
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Gimondi S, Ferreira H, Reis RL, Neves NM. Microfluidic Devices: A Tool for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Performance Evaluation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14205-14228. [PMID: 37498731 PMCID: PMC10416572 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in nanomedicine holds great promise for the treatment of diseases for which conventional therapies present serious limitations. Additionally, NPs can drastically improve early diagnosis and follow-up of many disorders. However, to harness their full capabilities, they must be precisely designed, produced, and tested in relevant models. Microfluidic systems can simulate dynamic fluid flows, gradients, specific microenvironments, and multiorgan complexes, providing an efficient and cost-effective approach for both NPs synthesis and screening. Microfluidic technologies allow for the synthesis of NPs under controlled conditions, enhancing batch-to-batch reproducibility. Moreover, due to the versatility of microfluidic devices, it is possible to generate and customize endless platforms for rapid and efficient in vitro and in vivo screening of NPs' performance. Indeed, microfluidic devices show great potential as advanced systems for small organism manipulation and immobilization. In this review, first we summarize the major microfluidic platforms that allow for controlled NPs synthesis. Next, we will discuss the most innovative microfluidic platforms that enable mimicking in vitro environments as well as give insights into organism-on-a-chip and their promising application for NPs screening. We conclude this review with a critical assessment of the current challenges and possible future directions of microfluidic systems in NPs synthesis and screening to impact the field of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gimondi
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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5
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Zhang H, Hu Z, Wang J, Xu J, Wang X, Zang G, Qiu J, Wang G. Shear stress regulation of nanoparticle uptake in vascular endothelial cells. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad047. [PMID: 37351014 PMCID: PMC10281962 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) hold tremendous targeting potential in cardiovascular disease and regenerative medicine, and exciting clinical applications are coming into light. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) exposure to different magnitudes and patterns of shear stress (SS) generated by blood flow could engulf NPs in the blood. However, an unclear understanding of the role of SS on NP uptake is hindering the progress in improving the targeting of NP therapies. Here, the temporal and spatial distribution of SS in vascular ECs and the effect of different SS on NP uptake in ECs are highlighted. The mechanism of SS affecting NP uptake through regulating the cellular ROS level, endothelial glycocalyx and membrane fluidity is summarized, and the molecules containing clathrin and caveolin in the engulfment process are elucidated. SS targeting NPs are expected to overcome the current bottlenecks and change the field of targeting nanomedicine. This assessment on how SS affects the cell uptake of NPs and the marginalization of NPs in blood vessels could guide future research in cell biology and vascular targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ziqiu Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jinxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jianxiong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiangxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Guangchao Zang
- Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Correspondence address: E-mail: (G.W.); (J.Q.)
| | - Guixue Wang
- Correspondence address: E-mail: (G.W.); (J.Q.)
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6
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Lovegrove JT, Raveendran R, Spicer P, Förster S, Garvey CJ, Stenzel MH. Margination of 2D Platelet Microparticles in Blood. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:344-349. [PMID: 36821525 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Margination describes the movement of particles toward the endothelial wall within blood vessels. While there have been several studies tracking the margination of spherical particles in blood, the behavior of anisotropic particle shapes is not well described. In this study 2D platelet particles which possess many attractive qualities for use as a drug delivery system, with their high surface area allowing for increased surface binding activity, were directly monitored and margination quantified. The margination propensity of 1 and 2 μm 2D platelet particles was contrasted to that of 2 μm spherical particles at apparent wall shear rates (WSRs) of 50, 100, and 200 s-1 by both directly tracking labeled particles using fluorescent microscopy as well as using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). For fluorescence studies, margination was quantified using the margination parameter M, which describes the number of particles found closest to the walls of a microfluidic device, with an M-value of 0.2 indicating no margination. Increased margination was seen in 2D platelet particles when compared to spherical particles tested at all flow rates, with M-values of 0.39 and 0.31 seen for 1 and 2 μm 2D platelet particles, respectively, while 2 μm spherical particles had an M-value of 0.21. Similarly, margination was observed qualitatively using SAXS, with increased scattering seen for platelet particles near the microfluidic channel wall. For all particles, increased margination was seen at increasing shear rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas Lovegrove
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Radhika Raveendran
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Patrick Spicer
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stephan Förster
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, JCNS-1, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christopher J Garvey
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australia Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
- Technische Universität München, Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz FRM II and Physik Department E13, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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7
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Tian T, Liu J, Zhu H. Organ Chips and Visualization of Biological Systems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1199:155-183. [PMID: 37460731 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9902-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is an emerging frontier cross-cutting science and technology developed in the past 10 years. It was first proposed by the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard Medical School. It consists of a transparent flexible polymer the size of a computer memory stick, with hollow microfluidic channels lined with living human cells. Researchers used bionics methods to simulate the microenvironment of human cells on microfluidic chips, so as to realize the basic physiological functions of corresponding tissues and organs in vitro. Transparent chip materials can perform real-time visualization and high-resolution analysis of various human life processes in a way that is impossible in animal models, so as to better reproduce the microenvironment of human tissue and simulate biological systems in vitro to observe drug metabolism and other life processes. It provides innovative research systems and system solutions for in vitro bionics of biological systems. It also has gradually become a new tool for disease mechanism research and new drug development. In this chapter, we will take the current research mature single-organ-on-a-chip and multi-organ human-on-a-chip as examples; give an overview of the research background and underlying technologies in this field, especially the application of in vitro bionic models in visualized medicine; and look forward to the foreseeable future development prospects after the integration of organ-on-chip and organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Abstract
The low regenerative potential of the human body hinders proper regeneration of dysfunctional or lost tissues and organs due to trauma, congenital defects, and diseases. Tissue or organ transplantation has hence been a major conventional option for replacing the diseased or dysfunctional body parts of the patients. In fact, a great number of patients on waiting lists would benefit tremendously if tissue and organs could be replaced with biomimetic spare parts on demand. Herein, regenerative medicine and advanced biomaterials strive to reach this distant goal. Tissue engineering aims to create new biological tissue or organ substitutes, and promote regeneration of damaged or diseased tissue and organs. This approach has been jointly evolving with the major advances in biomaterials, stem cells, and additive manufacturing technologies. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting utilizes 3D printing to fabricate viable tissue-like structures (perhaps organs in the future) using bioinks composed of special hydrogels, cells, growth factors, and other bioactive contents. A third generation of multifunctional biomaterials could also show opportunities for building biomimetic scaffolds, upon which to regenerate stem cells in vivo. Besides, decellularization technology based on isolation of extracellular matrix of tissue and organs from their inhabiting cells is presented as an alternative to synthetic biomaterials. Today, the gained knowledge of functional microtissue engineering and biointerfaces, along with the remarkable advances in pluripotent stem cell technology, seems to be instrumental for the development of more realistic microphysiological 3D in vitro tissue models, which can be utilized for personalized disease modeling and drug development. This chapter will discuss the recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine and biomaterials, alongside challenges, limitations, and potentials of the current technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükran Şeker
- Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Eser Elçin
- Ankara University Faculty of Science, and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Murat Elçin
- Ankara University Faculty of Science, Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
- Biovalda Health Technologies, Inc., Ankara, Turkey.
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Moore TL, Cook AB, Bellotti E, Palomba R, Manghnani P, Spanò R, Brahmachari S, Di Francesco M, Palange AL, Di Mascolo D, Decuzzi P. Shape-specific microfabricated particles for biomedical applications: a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2019-2037. [PMID: 35284984 PMCID: PMC9242933 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The storied history of controlled the release systems has evolved over time; from degradable drug-loaded sutures to monolithic zero-ordered release devices and nano-sized drug delivery formulations. Scientists have tuned the physico-chemical properties of these drug carriers to optimize their performance in biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. In particular, particle drug delivery systems at the micron size regime have been used since the 1980s. Recent advances in micro and nanofabrication techniques have enabled precise control of particle size and geometry-here we review the utility of microplates and discoidal polymeric particles for a range of pharmaceutical applications. Microplates are defined as micrometer scale polymeric local depot devices in cuboid form, while discoidal polymeric nanoconstructs are disk-shaped polymeric particles having a cross-sectional diameter in the micrometer range and a thickness in the hundreds of nanometer range. These versatile particles can be used to treat several pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory diseases and vascular diseases, by leveraging their size, shape, physical properties (e.g., stiffness), and component materials, to tune their functionality. This review highlights design and fabrication strategies for these particles, discusses their applications, and elaborates on emerging trends for their use in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Moore
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alexander B Cook
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Bellotti
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Palomba
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Purnima Manghnani
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Spanò
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sayanti Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Di Francesco
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Palange
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Mascolo
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
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10
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Koyilot MC, Natarajan P, Hunt CR, Sivarajkumar S, Roy R, Joglekar S, Pandita S, Tong CW, Marakkar S, Subramanian L, Yadav SS, Cherian AV, Pandita TK, Shameer K, Yadav KK. Breakthroughs and Applications of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111828. [PMID: 35681523 PMCID: PMC9180073 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is an emerging technology based on microfluid platforms and in vitro cell culture that has a promising future in the healthcare industry. The numerous advantages of OOAC over conventional systems make it highly popular. The chip is an innovative combination of novel technologies, including lab-on-a-chip, microfluidics, biomaterials, and tissue engineering. This paper begins by analyzing the need for the development of OOAC followed by a brief introduction to the technology. Later sections discuss and review the various types of OOACs and the fabrication materials used. The implementation of artificial intelligence in the system makes it more advanced, thereby helping to provide a more accurate diagnosis as well as convenient data management. We introduce selected OOAC projects, including applications to organ/disease modelling, pharmacology, personalized medicine, and dentistry. Finally, we point out certain challenges that need to be surmounted in order to further develop and upgrade the current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufeeda C. Koyilot
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Priyadarshini Natarajan
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Clayton R. Hunt
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sonish Sivarajkumar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Romy Roy
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Shreeram Joglekar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Shruti Pandita
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Carl W. Tong
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shamsudheen Marakkar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | | | - Shalini S. Yadav
- Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Anoop V. Cherian
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
| | - Khader Shameer
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
| | - Kamlesh K. Yadav
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
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11
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Micro-particle entrapment dynamics in microfluidic pulmonary capillary networks. J Biomech 2022; 137:111082. [PMID: 35489235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The journey of vascular targeted carriers (VTC) in the circulatory system is highly intricate and includes navigation through different vessel structures, such as the vast pulmonary capillary network (PCN) in the lungs where particles can get entrapped and lead to blockage. Here, we leverage microfluidic PCN models to explore, for the first time, micro-particle capillary entrapment, in a well-controlled biophysical environment mimicking human physiological hemodynamics at true scale. This in vitro strategy mimics the challenges of vascular carrier transport during their journey in the smallest capillaries of the body (∼5 µm). Specifically, we explore in the PCN model entrapment dynamics of spherical micro-particles of different diameters (i.e. 3, 4 and 4.5 µm) at different concentrations, comparing their motion in cell-free buffer to that in the presence of red blood cells (RBCs). Notably, while 3 µm particles exhibit undisturbed transport in all of the examined concentrations, both in cell-free buffer and in the presence of RBCs, particles of 4 and 4.5 µm exhibit a concentration-dependent transport where the presence of RBCs leads in fact to reduced entrapment. Our experiments suggest that collisions of micro-particles with RBCs can facilitate their navigability, allowing for carrier transport that would lead otherwise to rapid entrapment in a cell-free environment. Altogether, the proposed preclinical in vitro assays offer rapid screening opportunities for design optimization of VTC transport in capillary networks.
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12
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Brannon ER, Guevara MV, Pacifici NJ, Lee JK, Lewis JS, Eniola-Adefeso O. Polymeric particle-based therapies for acute inflammatory diseases. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:796-813. [PMID: 35874960 PMCID: PMC9295115 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation is essential for initiating and coordinating the body's response to injuries and infections. However, in acute inflammatory diseases, inflammation is not resolved but propagates further, which can ultimately lead to tissue damage such as in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and deep vein thrombosis. Currently, clinical protocols are limited to systemic steroidal treatments, fluids and antibiotics that focus on eradicating inflammation rather than modulating it. Strategies based on stem cell therapeutics and selective blocking of inflammatory molecules, despite showing great promise, still lack the scalability and specificity required to treat acute inflammation. By contrast, polymeric particle systems benefit from uniform manufacturing at large scales while preserving biocompatibility and versatility, thus providing an ideal platform for immune modulation. Here, we outline design aspects of polymeric particles including material, size, shape, deformability and surface modifications, providing a strategy for optimizing the targeting of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Brannon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | | | - Noah J. Pacifici
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Jonathan K. Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jamal S. Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA USA
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13
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Predeina AL, Prilepskii AY, de Zea Bermudez V, Vinogradov VV. Bioinspired In Vitro Brain Vasculature Model for Nanomedicine Testing Based on Decellularized Spinach Leaves. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9853-9861. [PMID: 34807626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal testing is often criticized due to ethical issues and complicated translation of the results obtained to the clinical stage of drug development. Existing alternative models for nanopharmaceutical testing still have many limitations and do not significantly decrease the number of animals used. We propose a simple, bioinspired in vitro model for nanopharmaceutical drug testing based on the decellularized spinach leaf's vasculature. This system is similar to human arterioles and capillaries in terms of diameter (300-10 μm) and branching. The model has proven its suitability to access the maneuverability of magnetic nanoparticles, particularly those composed of Fe3O4. Moreover, the thrombosis has been recreated in the model's vasculature. We have tested and compared the effects of both a single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scuPA) and a magnetically controlled nanocomposite prepared by heparin-mediated cross-linking of scuPA with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Compositions were tested both in static and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Y Prilepskii
- SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation
| | - Verónica de Zea Bermudez
- Chemistry Department and CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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14
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Li G, Sun Y, Zheng X, Choi HJ, Zhang K. Effect of drag-reducing polymer on blood flow in microchannels. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 209:112212. [PMID: 34798502 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) can significantly improve blood circulation when added to blood at a nanomolar concentration, manifesting great potential for application in the biomedical field. In this work, hyaluronic acid (HA) was selected as a natural DRP, and its effects on blood microcirculation at different concentrations, flow rates, and channel geometry were studied in microchannels. The experimental results show that adding a small dose of HA can increase the velocity and shorten the thickness of the cell-free layer (CFL or cell depletion layer (CDL)) near the wall. After considering efficiency, our experiments determined 50 ppm addition of HA to be the most suitable amount for improving blood circulation. Our results demonstrate that HA has high efficiency in improving the circulation of blood flow and shed light on unveiling the mechanism of using natural DRPs to cure some cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Sun
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Ke Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ronain Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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16
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Fleischmann D, Goepferich A. General sites of nanoparticle biodistribution as a novel opportunity for nanomedicine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:44-60. [PMID: 34087354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanomedical devices has led to a considerable number of clinically applied nanotherapeutics. Yet, the overall poor translation of nanoparticular concepts into marketable systems has not met the initial expectations and led to increasing criticism in recent years. Most novel nano approaches thereby use highly refined formulations including a plethora of active targeting sequences, but ultimately fail to reach their target due to a generally high off-target deposition in organs such as the liver or kidney. In this context, we argue that initial nanoparticle (NP) development should not entirely become set on conventional formulation aspects. In contrast, we propose a change of focus towards a prior analysis of general sites of NP in vivo deposition and an assessment of how accumulation in these organs or tissues can be harnessed to develop therapies for site-related pathologies. We therefore give a comprehensive overview of existing nanotherapeutic targeting strategies for specific cell types within three of the usual suspects, i.e. the liver, kidney and the vascular system. We discuss the physiological surroundings and relevant pathologies of described tissues as well as the implications for NP-mediated drug delivery. Additionally, successful cell-selective NP concepts using active targeting strategies are assessed. By bringing together both (patho)physiological aspects and concepts for cell-selective NP formulations, we hope to show a novel opportunity for the development of more promising nanotherapeutic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fleischmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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17
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Fish MB, Banka AL, Braunreuther M, Fromen CA, Kelley WJ, Lee J, Adili R, Holinstat M, Eniola-Adefeso O. Deformable microparticles for shuttling nanoparticles to the vascular wall. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe0143. [PMID: 33883129 PMCID: PMC8059934 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted drug carriers must localize to the wall (i.e., marginate) and adhere to a diseased endothelium to achieve clinical utility. The particle size has been reported as a critical physical property prescribing particle margination in vitro and in vivo blood flows. Different transport process steps yield conflicting requirements-microparticles are optimal for margination, but nanoparticles are better for intracellular or tissue delivery. Here, we evaluate deformable hydrogel microparticles as carriers for transporting nanoparticles to a diseased vascular wall. Depending on microparticle modulus, nanoparticle-loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel microparticles delivered significantly more 50-nm nanoparticles to the vessel wall than freely injected nanoparticles alone, resulting in >3000% delivery increase. This work demonstrates the benefit of optimizing microparticles' efficient margination to enhance nanocarriers' transport to the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Fish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison L Banka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Margaret Braunreuther
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Catherine A Fromen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William J Kelley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jonathan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Reheman Adili
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Mushtaq A, Li L, A A, Grøndahl L. Chitosan Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapy: Targeted Delivery and Cellular Uptake. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100005. [PMID: 33738977 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has gained much attention for the management and treatment of cancers due to the distinctive physicochemical properties of the drug-loaded particles. Chitosan's cationic nature is attractive for the development of such particles for drug delivery, transfection, and controlled release. The particle properties can be improved by modification of the polymer or the particle themselves. The physicochemical properties of chitosan particles are analyzed in 126 recent studies, which allows to highlight their impact on passive and active targeted drug delivery, cellular uptake, and tumor growth inhibition (TGI). From 2012 to 2019, out of 40 in vivo studies, only 4 studies are found reporting a reduction in tumor size by using chitosan particles while all other studies reported tumor growth inhibition relative to controls. A total of 23 studies are analyzed for cellular uptake including 12 studies reporting cellular uptake mechanisms. Understanding and exploiting the processes involved in targeted delivery, endocytosis, and exocytosis by controlling the physicochemical properties of chitosan particles are important for the development of safe and efficient nanomedicine. It is concluded based on the recent literature available on chitosan particles that combination therapies can play a pivotal role in transformation of chitosan nanomedicine from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Mushtaq
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Building 68, Cooper Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of College and Cooper Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Anitha A
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Building 68, Cooper Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lisbeth Grøndahl
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Building 68, Cooper Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Building 75, Corner of College and Cooper Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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19
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Sugihara-Seki M, Onozawa T, Takinouchi N, Itano T, Seki J. Development of margination of platelet-sized particles in red blood cell suspensions flowing through Y-shaped bifurcating microchannels. Biorheology 2021; 57:101-116. [PMID: 33523035 DOI: 10.3233/bir-201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the blood flow through microvessels, platelets exhibit enhanced concentrations in the layer free of red blood cells (cell-free layer) adjacent to the vessel wall. The motion of platelets in the cell-free layer plays an essential role in their interaction with the vessel wall, and hence it affects their functions of hemostasis and thrombosis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to estimate the diffusivity of platelet-sized particles in the transverse direction (the direction of vorticity) across the channel width in the cell-free layer by in vitro experiments for the microchannel flow of red blood cell (RBC) suspensions containing platelet-sized particles. METHODS Fluorescence microscope observations were performed to measure the transverse distribution of spherical particles immersed in RBC suspensions flowing through a Y-shaped bifurcating microchannel. We examined the development of the particle concentration profiles along the flow direction in the daughter channels, starting from asymmetric distributions with low concentrations on the inner side of the bifurcation at the inlet of the daughter channels. RESULTS In daughter channels of 40 μm width, reconstruction of particle margination revealed that a symmetric concentration profile was attained in ∼30 mm from the bifurcation, independent of flow rate. CONCLUSIONS We presented experimental evidence of particle margination developing in a bifurcating flow channel where the diffusivity of 2.9-μm diameter particles was estimated to be ∼40 μm2/s at a shear rate of 1000 s-1 and hematocrit of 0.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Sugihara-Seki
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tenki Onozawa
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takinouchi
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itano
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Seki
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Amani A, Shamloo A, Barzegar S, Forouzandehmehr M. Effect of Material and Population on the Delivery of Nanoparticles to an Atherosclerotic Plaque: A Patient-specific In Silico Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1551-1562. [PMID: 33465311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the prevalent reason of mortality all around the world. Targeting CAD, specifically atherosclerosis, with controlled delivery of micro and nanoparticles, as drug carriers, is a very proficient approach. In this work, a patient-specific and realistic model of an atherosclerotic plaque in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery was created by image-processing of CT-scan images and implementing a finite-element mesh. Next, a fluid-solid interaction simulation considering the physiological boundary conditions was conducted. By considering the simulated force fields and particle-particle interactions, the correlation between injected particles at each cardiac cycle and the surface density of adhered particles over the atherosclerotic plaque (SDP) were examined. For large particles (800 and 1000 nm) the amount of SDP on the plaque increased significantly when the number of the injected particles became higher. However, by increasing the number of the injected particles, for the larger particles (800 and 1000 nm) the increase in SDP was about 50% greater than that of the smaller ones (400 and 600 nm). Furthermore, for constant number of particles, depending on their size, different trends in SDP were observed. Subsequently, the distribution and adhesion of metal-based nanoparticles including SiO2, Fe3O4, NiO2, silver and gold with different properties were simulated. The injection of metal particles with medium density among the considered particles resulted in the highest SDP. Remarkably, the affinity, the geometrical features, and the biophysical factors involved in the adhesion outweighed the effect of difference in the density of particles on the SDP. Finally, the consideration of the lift force in the simulations significantly reduced the SDP and consistently decreased the particle residence time in the studied domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9567, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9567, Iran
| | - Saeid Barzegar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9567, Iran
| | - Mohamadamin Forouzandehmehr
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9567, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33520, Finland
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21
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Palma-Chavez JA, Fuentes K, Applegate BE, Jo JA, Charoenphol P. Development and Characterization of PLGA-Based Multistage Delivery System for Enhanced Payload Delivery to Targeted Vascular Endothelium. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000377. [PMID: 33393217 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular-targeted drug delivery remains an attractive platform for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in human diseases. This work focuses on the development of a poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid (PLGA)-based multistage delivery system (MDS). MDS consists of two stages: a micron-sized PLGA outer shell and encapsulated drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with average diameters of 76, 119, and 193 nm are successfully encapsulated into 3-6 µm MDS. Sustained in vitro release of nanoparticles from MDS is observed for up to 7 days. Both MDS and nanoparticles arebiocompatible with human endothelial cells. Sialyl-Lewis-A (sLeA ) is successfully immobilized on the MDS and nanoparticle surfaces to enable specific targeting of inflamed endothelium. Functionalized MDS demonstrates a 2.7-fold improvement in endothelial binding compared to PLGA nanoparticles from human blood laminar flow. Overall, the presented results demonstrate successful development and characterization of MDS and suggest that MDS can serve as an effective drug carrier, which can enhance the margination of nanoparticles to the targeted vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Palma-Chavez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kevin Fuentes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Brian E Applegate
- Prof. B. E. Applegate, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Javier A Jo
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Phapanin Charoenphol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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22
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Rodrigues RO, Sousa PC, Gaspar J, Bañobre-López M, Lima R, Minas G. Organ-on-a-Chip: A Preclinical Microfluidic Platform for the Progress of Nanomedicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003517. [PMID: 33236819 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress achieved in nanomedicine during the last decade, the translation of new nanotechnology-based therapeutic systems into clinical applications has been slow, especially due to the lack of robust preclinical tissue culture platforms able to mimic the in vivo conditions found in the human body and to predict the performance and biotoxicity of the developed nanomaterials. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms are novel microfluidic tools that mimic complex human organ functions at the microscale level. These integrated microfluidic networks, with 3D tissue engineered models, have been shown high potential to reduce the discrepancies between the results derived from preclinical and clinical trials. However, there are many challenges that still need to be addressed, such as the integration of biosensor modules for long-time monitoring of different physicochemical and biochemical parameters. In this review, recent advances on OoC platforms, particularly on the preclinical validation of nanomaterials designed for cancer, as well as the current challenges and possible future directions for an end-use perspective are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel O Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Patrícia C Sousa
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - João Gaspar
- Microfabrication and Exploratory Nanotechnology, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced (magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Nanomedicine Unit, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Transport Phenomena Research Center (CEFT), Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
| | - Graça Minas
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
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23
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Chen X, Zhang YS, Zhang X, Liu C. Organ-on-a-chip platforms for accelerating the evaluation of nanomedicine. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1012-1027. [PMID: 33102943 PMCID: PMC7566214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine involves the use of engineered nanoscale materials in an extensive range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications and can be applied to the treatment of many diseases. Despite the rapid progress and tremendous potential of nanomedicine in the past decades, the clinical translational process is still quite slow, owing to the difficulty in understanding, evaluating, and predicting nanomaterial behaviors within the complex environment of human beings. Microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) techniques offer a promising way to resolve these challenges. Sophisticatedly designed Organ Chip enable in vitro simulation of the in vivo microenvironments, thus providing robust platforms for evaluating nanomedicine. Herein, we review recent developments and achievements in Organ Chip models for nanomedicine evaluations, categorized into seven broad sections based on the target organ systems: respiratory, digestive, lymphatic, excretory, nervous, and vascular, as well as coverage on applications relating to cancer. We conclude by providing our perspectives on the challenges and potential future directions for applications of Organ Chip in nanomedicine. Microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) techniques offer a promising way to understand, evaluate, and predict nanomedicine behaviors within the complex environment. Organ Chip models for nanomedicine evaluations are categorized into seven broad sections based on the targeted body systems. Limitations, challenges, and perspectives of Organ Chip for accelerating the assessment of nanomedicine are discussed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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24
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Eckmann DM, Bradley RP, Kandy SK, Patil K, Janmey PA, Radhakrishnan R. Multiscale modeling of protein membrane interactions for nanoparticle targeting in drug delivery. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 64:104-110. [PMID: 32731155 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-based imaging and drug delivery systems for systemic (e.g. intravenous) therapeutic and diagnostic applications are inherently a complex integration of biology and engineering. A broad range of length and time scales are essential to hydrodynamic and microscopic molecular interactions mediating NP (drug nanocarriers, imaging agents) motion in blood flow, cell binding/uptake, and tissue accumulation. A computational model of time-dependent tissue delivery, providing in silico prediction of organ-specific accumulation of NPs, can be leveraged in NP design and clinical applications. In this article, we provide the current state-of-the-art and future outlook for the development of predictive models for NP transport, targeting, and distribution through the integration of new computational schemes rooted in statistical mechanics and transport. The resulting multiscale model will comprehensively incorporate: (i) hydrodynamic interactions in the vascular scales relevant to NP margination; (ii) physical and mechanical forces defining cellular and tissue architecture and epitope accessibility mediating NP adhesion; and (iii) subcellular and paracellular interactions including molecular-level targeting impacting NP uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Center for Medical and Engineering Innovation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ryan P Bradley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sreeja K Kandy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Keshav Patil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ravi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Thorp EB, Boada C, Jarbath C, Luo X. Nanoparticle Platforms for Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:945. [PMID: 32508829 PMCID: PMC7251028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative approaches in nanoparticle design have facilitated the creation of new formulations of nanoparticles that are capable of selectively calibrating the immune response. These nanomaterials may be engineered to interact with specific cellular and molecular targets. Recent advancements in nanoparticle synthesis have enabled surface functionalization of particles that mimic the diversity of ligands on the cell surface. Platforms synthesized using these design principles, called "biomimetic" nanoparticles, have achieved increasingly sophisticated targeting specificity and cellular trafficking capabilities. This holds great promise for next generation therapies that seek to achieve immune tolerance. In this review, we discuss the importance of physical design parameters including size, shape, and biomimetic surface functionalization, on the biodistribution, safety and efficacy of biologic nanoparticles. We will also explore potential applications for immune tolerance for organ or stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Thorp
- Departments of Pathology & Pediatrics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christian Boada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Clarens Jarbath
- Departments of Pathology & Pediatrics at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Transplant Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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26
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Diem AK, Valen-Sendstad K. Time-Lapsing Perfusion: Proof of Concept of a Novel Method to Study Drug Delivery in Whole Organs. Biophys J 2019; 117:2316-2323. [PMID: 31648790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusion is one of the most important processes maintaining organ health. From a computational perspective, however, perfusion is among the least-studied physiological processes of the heart. The recent development of novel nanoparticle-based targeted cardiac therapy calls for novel simulation methods that can provide insights into the distribution patterns of therapeutic agents within the heart tissue. Additionally, resolving the distribution patterns of perfusion is crucial for gaining a full understanding of the long-term impacts of cardiovascular diseases that can lead to adverse remodeling such as myocardial ischemia and heart failure. In this study, we have developed and used a, to our knowledge, novel particle-tracking-based method to simulate the perfusion-mediated distribution of nanoparticles or other solutes. To model blood flow through perfused tissue, we follow the approach of others and treat the tissue as a porous medium in a continuum model. Classically, solutes are modeled using reaction-advection-diffusion kinetics. However, because of the discrepancy of scales between advection and diffusion in blood vessels, this method becomes practically numerically unstable. Instead, we track a bolus of solutes or nanoparticles using particle tracking based purely on advection in arteries. In capillaries, we employ diffusion kinetics, using an effective diffusion coefficient to mimic capillary blood flow. We first demonstrate the numerical validity and computational efficiency of this method on a two-dimensional benchmark problem. Finally, we demonstrate how the method is used to visualize perfusion patterns of a healthy and ischemic human left ventricle geometry. The efficiency of the method allows for nanoparticle tracking over multiple cardiac cycles using a conventional laptop, providing a framework for the simulation of experimentally relevant timeframes to advance preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Diem
- Department of Computational Physiology, Simula Research Laboratory, Fornebu, Norway.
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Kelley WJ, Onyskiw PJ, Fromen CA, Eniola-Adefeso O. Model Particulate Drug Carriers Modulate Leukocyte Adhesion in Human Blood Flows. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6530-6540. [PMID: 33417805 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug carriers have been widely explored as a method of improving the efficacy of therapeutic drugs for a variety of diseases, including those involving inflammation. However, few of these formulations have advanced past clinical trials. There are still major gaps in our understanding of how drug carriers impact leukocytes, particularly in inflammatory conditions. In this work, we investigated how targeted and nontargeted drug carriers affect the function of leukocytes in blood flow. We explored three primary mechanisms: (1) collisions in blood flow disrupt leukocyte adhesion, (2) specific binding to the endothelium competes with leukocytes for binding sites, and (3) particle phagocytosis alters leukocyte phenotype, resulting in reduced adhesion. We find that each of these mechanisms contributes to significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion to an inflamed endothelium, and that particle phagocytosis may be the most significant driver of this effect. These results are crucial for understanding the totality of the impact of drug carriers on leukocyte behavior and response to inflammation and should inform the future design of any such drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kelley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J Onyskiw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Catherine A Fromen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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28
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Zhuang J, Zhang J, Wu M, Zhang Y. A Dynamic 3D Tumor Spheroid Chip Enables More Accurate Nanomedicine Uptake Evaluation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901462. [PMID: 31763147 PMCID: PMC6864993 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has brought great advances for drug delivery by improving the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. However, many nanomaterials showing good distribution property in vitro often display poor cellular uptake during in vivo administration. Current cellular uptake research models are mainly based on the traditional 2D culture system, which is a single layer and static system, thus the results cannot accurately reflect the distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) in vivo. In the present study, a multiple tumor culture chip (MTC-chip) is constructed to mimic solid tumor and dynamic fluid transport, in order to better study NPs penetration in vitro. Cellular uptake of mesoporous silica particles (MSNs) is evaluated using the 3D tumor spheroids on chip, and it is found that: 1) continuous administration results in larger MSNs penetration than transient administration at the same dose; 2) the size effect on cellular uptake is less significant than reported by previous in vitro studies; and 3) pretreatment with hyaluronidase (HAase) enhances the tumor penetration of large-size MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialang Zhuang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006P. R. China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of ImmunologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen University74 Zhongshan 2nd RoadGuangzhou510080P. R. China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006P. R. China
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29
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Bächer C, Kihm A, Schrack L, Kaestner L, Laschke MW, Wagner C, Gekle S. Antimargination of Microparticles and Platelets in the Vicinity of Branching Vessels. Biophys J 2019; 115:411-425. [PMID: 30021115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the margination of microparticles/platelets in blood flow through complex geometries typical for in vivo vessel networks: a vessel confluence and a bifurcation. Using three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulations, we confirm that behind the confluence of two vessels, a cell-free layer devoid of red blood cells develops in the channel center. Despite its small size of roughly 1 μm, this central cell-free layer persists for up to 100 μm after the confluence. Most importantly, we show from simulations that this layer also contains a significant amount of microparticles/platelets and validate this result by in vivo microscopy in mouse venules. At bifurcations, however, a similar effect does not appear, and margination is largely unaffected by the geometry. This antimargination toward the vessel center after a confluence may explain earlier in vivo observations, which found that platelet concentrations near the vessel wall are seen to be much higher on the arteriolar side (containing bifurcations) than on the venular side (containing confluences) of the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bächer
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kihm
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas Schrack
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Center for Molecular Signaling, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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30
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Pretini V, Koenen MH, Kaestner L, Fens MHAM, Schiffelers RM, Bartels M, Van Wijk R. Red Blood Cells: Chasing Interactions. Front Physiol 2019; 10:945. [PMID: 31417415 PMCID: PMC6684843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBC) are highly differentiated cells that have lost all organelles and most intracellular machineries during their maturation process. RBC are fundamental for the nearly all basic physiologic dynamics and they are key cells in the body's respiratory system by being responsible for the oxygen transport to all cells and tissues, and delivery of carbon dioxide to the lungs. With their flexible structure RBC are capable to deform in order to travel through all blood vessels including very small capillaries. Throughout their in average 120 days lifespan, human RBC travel in the bloodstream and come in contact with a broad range of different cell types. In fact, RBC are able to interact and communicate with endothelial cells (ECs), platelets, macrophages, and bacteria. Additionally, they are involved in the maintenance of thrombosis and hemostasis and play an important role in the immune response against pathogens. To clarify the mechanisms of interaction of RBC and these other cells both in health and disease as well as to highlight the role of important key players, we focused our interest on RBC membrane components such as ion channels, proteins, and phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Pretini
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mischa H. Koenen
- Department of Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel H. A. M. Fens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M. Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marije Bartels
- Paediatric Haematology Department, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard Van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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31
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Zhu D, Long Q, Xu Y, Xing J. Evaluating Nanoparticles in Preclinical Research Using Microfluidic Systems. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060414. [PMID: 31234335 PMCID: PMC6631852 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have found a wide range of applications in clinical therapeutic and diagnostic fields. However, currently most NPs are still in the preclinical evaluation phase with few approved for clinical use. Microfluidic systems can simulate dynamic fluid flows, chemical gradients, partitioning of multi-organs as well as local microenvironment controls, offering an efficient and cost-effective opportunity to fast screen NPs in physiologically relevant conditions. Here, in this review, we are focusing on summarizing key microfluidic platforms promising to mimic in vivo situations and test the performance of fabricated nanoparticles. Firstly, we summarize the key evaluation parameters of NPs which can affect their delivery efficacy, followed by highlighting the importance of microfluidic-based NP evaluation. Next, we will summarize main microfluidic systems effective in evaluating NP haemocompatibility, transport, uptake and toxicity, targeted accumulation and general efficacy respectively, and discuss the future directions for NP evaluation in microfluidic systems. The combination of nanoparticles and microfluidic technologies could greatly facilitate the development of drug delivery strategies and provide novel treatments and diagnostic techniques for clinically challenging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derui Zhu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Qifu Long
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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32
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Carboni EJ, Bognet BH, Cowles DB, Ma AWK. The Margination of Particles in Areas of Constricted Blood Flow. Biophys J 2019; 114:2221-2230. [PMID: 29742415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death globally and is caused by stenoses, abnormal narrowings of blood vessels. Recently, there has been an increased interest in shear-activated particle clusters for the treatment of stenosis, but there is a lack of literature investigating the impact of different stenosis geometries on particle margination. Margination refers to the movement of particles toward the blood vessel wall and is desirable for drug delivery. The current study investigated ten different geometries and their effects on margination. Microfluidic devices with a constricted area were fabricated to mimic a stenosed blood vessel with different extent of occlusion, constricted length, and eccentricity (gradualness of the constriction and expansion). Spherical fluorescent particles with a diameter of 2.11 μm were suspended in blood and tracked as they moved into, through, and out of the constricted area. A margination parameter, M, was used to quantify margination based on the particle distribution after velocity normalization. Experimental results suggested that a constriction leads to an enhanced margination, whereas an expansion is responsible for a decrease in margination. Further, margination was found to increase with increasing percent occlusion and constriction length, likely a result of higher shear rate and longer residence time, respectively. Margination decreases as the stenosis geometry becomes more gradual (eccentricity increases) with the exception of a sudden constriction/expansion geometry. The findings demonstrate the importance of geometric effects on margination and call for detailed numerical modeling and geometric characterization of the stenosed areas to fully understand the underlying physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Carboni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Brice H Bognet
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - David B Cowles
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Anson W K Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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Stroobach M, Haya L, Fenech M. Effects of red blood cell aggregation on microparticle wall adhesion in circular microchannels. Med Eng Phys 2019; 69:100-108. [PMID: 31088761 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The wall adhesion of 1 µm microparticles in human blood was studied in circular microchannels. The level of particle wall adhesion was measured for varying levels of shear rate and varying degrees of red blood cell aggregation, which was modulated by the addition of macromolecule dextran 500. The blood preparations were injected into PDMS microfluidic devices that were modified to have circular channels, better matching the geometry of physiological microcirculation compared to square channels or Couette flow systems. The circular walls of the microchannels were embedded with biotinylated phospholipids to which marginating microspheres coated with streptavidin bound. The particle wall adhesion was evaluated by counting the particles adhering to the channel wall after flushing the channel. Blood preparations of five dextran concentrations (including baseline case of 0%) were tested for four flow velocities, to quantify the effects of aggregation for varying shear rate. It was found that the level of particle wall adhesion was positively correlated with the level of RBC aggregation, particularly at low shear rates, when aggregation was enhanced. The particle adhesion was especially enhanceat aggregation levels in the range of physiological aggregation levels of whole blood, suggesting that RBC aggregation plays an important role in the dynamic of platelets and leukocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stroobach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Laura Haya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Marianne Fenech
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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34
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Personalised deposition maps for micro- and nanoparticles targeting an atherosclerotic plaque: attributions to the receptor-mediated adsorption on the inflamed endothelial cells. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:813-828. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-01116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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35
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Chang HY, Yazdani A, Li X, Douglas KAA, Mantzoros CS, Karniadakis GE. Quantifying Platelet Margination in Diabetic Blood Flow. Biophys J 2018; 115:1371-1382. [PMID: 30224049 PMCID: PMC6170725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) develop thrombotic abnormalities strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the changes of numerous coagulation factors such as elevated levels of thrombin and fibrinogen, the abnormal rheological effects of red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets flowing in blood are crucial in platelet adhesion and thrombus formation in T2DM. An important process contributing to the latter is the platelet margination. We employ the dissipative particle dynamics method to seamlessly model cells, plasma, and vessel walls. We perform a systematic study on RBC and platelet transport in cylindrical vessels by considering different cell shapes, sizes, and RBC deformabilities in healthy and T2DM blood, as well as variable flowrates and hematocrit. In particular, we use cellular-level RBC and platelet models with parameters derived from patient-specific data and present a sensitivity study. We find T2DM RBCs, which are less deformable compared to normal RBCs, lower the transport of platelets toward the vessel walls, whereas platelets with higher mean volume (often observed in T2DM) lead to enhanced margination. Furthermore, increasing the flowrate or hematocrit enhances platelet margination. We also investigated the effect of platelet shape and observed a nonmonotonic variation with the highest near-wall concentration corresponding to platelets with a moderate aspect ratio of 0.38. We examine the role of white blood cells (WBCs), whose count is increased notably in T2DM patients. We find that WBC rolling or WBC adhesion tends to decrease platelet margination due to hydrodynamic effects. To the best of our knowledge, such simulations of blood including all blood cells have not been performed before, and our quantitative findings can help separate the effects of hydrodynamic interactions from adhesive interactions and potentially shed light on the associated pathological processes in T2DM such as increased inflammatory response, platelet activation and adhesion, and ultimately thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Chang
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alireza Yazdani
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Konstantinos A A Douglas
- S. Lepida Biomedical Laboratory, Athens, Greece; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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36
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Kelley WJ, Fromen CA, Lopez-Cazares G, Eniola-Adefeso O. PEGylation of model drug carriers enhances phagocytosis by primary human neutrophils. Acta Biomater 2018; 79:283-293. [PMID: 30195083 PMCID: PMC6181144 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug carriers are attractive for the delivery of therapeutics directly to the site of a disease, reducing systemic side effects and enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic molecules. However, the use of particulate carriers for drug delivery comes with its own set of challenges and barriers. Among these, a great deal of research effort has focused on protecting carriers from clearance by phagocytes via altering carrier surface chemistry, mostly with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain coatings. However, few papers have explored the effects of PEGylation on uptake by freshly-obtained primary human phagocytes in physiological conditions. In this work, we investigate the effect of PEGylation on particle uptake by primary human neutrophils in vitro and compare these effects to several cell lines and other model phagocytic cells systems. We find that human neutrophils in whole blood preferentially phagocytose PEGylated particles (e.g., ∼40% particle positive neutrophils for PEGylated versus ∼20% for carboxylated polystyrene microspheres) and that this effect is linked to factors present in human plasma. Model phagocytes internalized PEGylated particles less efficiently or equivalently to carboxylated particles in culture medium but preferentially phagocytosed PEGylated particles in the human plasma (e.g., ∼86% versus ∼63% PEGylated versus carboxylated particle positive cells, respectively). These findings have significant implications for the efficacy of PEGylation in designing long-circulating drug carriers, as well as the need for thorough characterization of drug carrier platforms in a wide array of in vitro and in vivo assays. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The work in this manuscript is highly significant to the field of drug delivery, as it explores in-depth the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings, which are frequently used to prevent phagocytic clearance of particulate drug carriers, on the phagocytosis of such carriers by neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte in blood circulation. Surprisingly, we find that PEGylation enhances uptake by primary human neutrophils, specifically in the presence of human plasma. This result suggests that PEGylation may not confer the benefits in humans once thought, and may help to explain why PEG has not become the "magic bullet" it was once thought to be in the field of particulate drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kelley
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemical Engineering, United States
| | - Catherine A Fromen
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemical Engineering, United States
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Gomez-Garcia MJ, Doiron AL, Steele RRM, Labouta HI, Vafadar B, Shepherd RD, Gates ID, Cramb DT, Childs SJ, Rinker KD. Nanoparticle localization in blood vessels: dependence on fluid shear stress, flow disturbances, and flow-induced changes in endothelial physiology. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15249-15261. [PMID: 30066709 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles in the bloodstream are subjected to complex fluid forces as they move through the curves and branches of healthy or tumor vasculature. While nanoparticles are known to preferentially accumulate in angiogenic vessels, little is known about the flow conditions in these vessels and how these conditions may influence localization. Here, we report a methodology which combines confocal imaging of nanoparticle-injected transgenic zebrafish embryos, 3D modeling of the vasculature, particle mapping, and computational fluid dynamics, to quantitatively assess the effects of fluid forces on nanoparticle distribution in vivo. Six-fold lower accumulation was found in zebrafish arteries compared to the lower velocity veins. Nanoparticle localization varied inversely with shear stress. Highest accumulation was present in regions of disturbed flow found at branch points and curvatures in the vasculature. To further investigate cell-particle association under flow, human endothelial cells were exposed to nanoparticles under hemodynamic conditions typically found in human vessels. Physiological adaptations of endothelial cells to 20 hours of flow enhanced nanoparticle accumulation in regions of disturbed flow. Overall our results suggest that fluid shear stress magnitude, flow disturbances, and flow-induced changes in endothelial physiology modulate nanoparticle localization in angiogenic vessels.
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38
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Xu Z, Kleinstreuer C. Heterogeneous blood flow in microvessels with applications to nanodrug transport and mass transfer into tumor tissue. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 18:99-110. [PMID: 30105538 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanodrug transport in tumor microvasculature and deposition/extravasation into tumor tissue are an important link in the nanodrug delivery process. Considering heterogeneous blood flow, such a dual process is numerically studied. The hematocrit distribution is solved by directly considering the forces experienced by the red blood cells (RBCs), i.e., the wall lift force and the random cell collision force. Using a straight microvessel as a test bed, validated computer simulations are performed to determine blood flow characteristics as well as the resulting nanodrug distribution and extravasation. The results confirm that RBCs migrate away from the vessel wall, leaving a cell-free layer (CFL). Nanodrug particles tend to preferentially accumulate in the CFL, leading to increased concentration near the endothelial surface layer. However, shear-induced NP diffusion is diminished within the CFL, causing to a much slower lateral transport rate into tumor tissue. These competing effects determine the NP deposition/extravasation rates. The present modeling framework and NP flux results provide new physical insight. The analysis can be readily extended to simulations of NP transport in blood microvessels of actual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7910, USA.,Corporate Research and Technology, Eaton Corporation, W126N7250 Flint Dr, Menomonee Falls, WI, 53051, USA
| | - C Kleinstreuer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7910, USA. .,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7910, USA.
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Li H, Papageorgiou DP, Chang HY, Lu L, Yang J, Deng Y. Synergistic Integration of Laboratory and Numerical Approaches in Studies of the Biomechanics of Diseased Red Blood Cells. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E76. [PMID: 30103419 PMCID: PMC6164935 DOI: 10.3390/bios8030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In red blood cell (RBC) disorders, such as sickle cell disease, hereditary spherocytosis, and diabetes, alterations to the size and shape of RBCs due to either mutations of RBC proteins or changes to the extracellular environment, lead to compromised cell deformability, impaired cell stability, and increased propensity to aggregate. Numerous laboratory approaches have been implemented to elucidate the pathogenesis of RBC disorders. Concurrently, computational RBC models have been developed to simulate the dynamics of RBCs under physiological and pathological conditions. In this work, we review recent laboratory and computational studies of disordered RBCs. Distinguished from previous reviews, we emphasize how experimental techniques and computational modeling can be synergically integrated to improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Dimitrios P Papageorgiou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Hung-Yu Chang
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Lu Lu
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yixiang Deng
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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40
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Bonnard T, Jayapadman A, Putri JA, Cui J, Ju Y, Carmichael C, Angelovich TA, Cody SH, French S, Pascaud K, Pearce HA, Jagdale S, Caruso F, Hagemeyer CE. Low-Fouling and Biodegradable Protein-Based Particles for Thrombus Imaging. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6988-6996. [PMID: 29874911 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine holds great promise for vascular disease diagnosis and specific therapy, yet rapid sequestration by the mononuclear phagocytic system limits the efficacy of particle-based agents. The use of low-fouling polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), efficiently reduces this immune recognition, but these nondegradable polymers can accumulate in the human body and may cause adverse effects after prolonged use. Thus, new particle formulations combining stealth, low immunogenicity and biocompatible features are required to enable clinical use. Here, a low-fouling particle platform is described using exclusively protein material. A recombinant protein with superior hydrophilic characteristics provided by the amino acid repeat proline, alanine, and serine (PAS) is designed and cross-linked into particles with lysine (K) and polyglutamic acid (E) using mesoporous silica templating. The obtained PASKE particles have low-fouling behavior, have a prolonged circulation time compared to albumin-based particles, and are rapidly degraded in the cell's lysosomal compartment. When labeled with near-infrared fluorescent molecules and functionalized with an anti-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa single-chain antibody targeting activated platelets, the particles show potential as a noninvasive molecular imaging tool in a mouse model of carotid artery thrombosis. The PASKE particles constitute a promising biodegradable and versatile platform for molecular imaging of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bonnard
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Anand Jayapadman
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jasmine A Putri
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010 , Victoria , Australia
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, and the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Yi Ju
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Catherine Carmichael
- Mammalian Functional Genetics Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Thomas A Angelovich
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program , School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University , Melbourne 3004 , Australia
- Life Sciences , Burnet Institute , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Stephen H Cody
- Monash Micro Imaging , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Shauna French
- Platelets and Thrombosis Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Karline Pascaud
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Hannah A Pearce
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Shweta Jagdale
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School , Monash University , Melbourne 3004 , Victoria , Australia
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41
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Ho YT, Kamm RD, Kah JCY. Influence of protein corona and caveolae-mediated endocytosis on nanoparticle uptake and transcytosis. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12386-12397. [PMID: 29926047 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transcytosis of nanoparticles (NPs) is emerging as an attractive alternative to the paracellular route in cancer drug delivery with studies suggesting targeting caveolae-mediated endocytosis to maximize NP transcytosis. However, there are limited studies on transcytosis of NPs, especially for corona-coated NPs. Most studies focused on cellular uptake as an indirect measure of the NP's transcellular permeability (Pd). Here, we probed the effect of protein corona on the uptake and transcytosis of 20, 40, 100, and 200 nm polystyrene nanoparticles (pNP-PC) across HUVECs in a microfluidic channel that modelled the microvasculature. We observed increased cell uptake with size of pNP-PC although it was the smallest 20 nm pNP-PC that exhibited the highest transcellular Pd. In the absence of corona however, cell uptake decreased with size, and the largest 200 nm pNP-PEG exhibited the lowest transcellular Pd. By inhibiting caveolae-mediated endocytosis in HUVECs, smaller pNPs had a larger drop in cell uptake than larger pNPs, regardless of surface coating. However, only the smallest (20 nm) and largest (200 nm) pNP-PC had a decrease in Pd following inhibition with MβCD. Our findings showed that the protein corona affected the transcytosis of NPs, and their uptake by caveolae-mediated endocytosis did not necessarily lead to transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teck Ho
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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42
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Gutierrez M, Ojeda LS, Eniola-Adefeso O. Vascular-targeted particle binding efficacy in the presence of rigid red blood cells: Implications for performance in diseased blood. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042217. [PMID: 30018696 PMCID: PMC6027197 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of drug delivery has taken an interest in combating numerous blood and heart diseases via the use of injectable vascular-targeted carriers (VTCs). However, VTC technology has encountered limited efficacy due to a variety of challenges associated with the immense complexity of the in vivo blood flow environment, including the hemodynamic interactions of blood cells, which impact their margination and adhesion to the vascular wall. Red blood cell (RBC) physiology, i.e., size, shape, and deformability, drive cellular distribution in blood flow and has been shown to impact VTC margination to the vessel wall significantly. The RBC shape and deformability are known to be altered in certain human diseases, yet little experimental work has been conducted towards understanding the effect of these alterations, specifically RBC rigidity, on VTC dynamics in physiological blood flow. In this work, we investigate the impact of RBCs of varying stiffnesses on the adhesion efficacy of particles of various sizes, moduli, and shapes onto an inflamed endothelial layer in a human vasculature-inspired, in vitro blood flow model. The blood rigid RBC compositions and degrees of RBC stiffness evaluated are analogous to conditions in diseases such as sickle cell disease. We find that particles of different sizes, moduli, and shapes yield drastically different adhesion patterns in blood flow in the presence of rigid RBCs when compared to 100% healthy RBCs. Specifically, up to 50% reduction in the localization and adhesion of non-deformable 2 μm particles to the vessel wall was observed in the presence of rigid RBCs. Interestingly, deformable 2 μm particles showed enhanced vessel wall localization and adhesion, by up to 85%, depending on the rigidity of RBCs evaluated. Ultimately, this work experimentally clarifies the importance of considering RBC rigidity in the intelligent design of particle therapeutics and highlights possible implications for a wide range of diseases relating to RBC deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gutierrez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Lauro Sebastian Ojeda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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43
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Weiss ACG, Kempe K, Förster S, Caruso F. Microfluidic Examination of the “Hard” Biomolecular Corona Formed on Engineered Particles in Different Biological Milieu. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2580-2594. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia C. G. Weiss
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephan Förster
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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44
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Ho YT, Lee SWL, Azman N'A, Loh FWY, Phan Thien N, Kah JCY. Quantifying Vascular Distribution and Adhesion of Nanoparticles with Protein Corona in Microflow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3731-3741. [PMID: 29502417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The protein corona has emerged as an important determinant of biological response in nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery. However, there is presently no reported study on how the protein corona affects the behavior of NPs in microflow and its subsequent interactions with the vascular endothelium, which could affect their delivery to the target tumor site regardless of its targeting mechanism. Furthermore, a consensus on the role of physical and surface characteristics of NPs in affecting the margination of NPs is lacking due to different methods of quantifying margination. In this study, we examine how the particle adhesion (PA) method and particle distribution (PD) method quantify the margination of 20, 40, 100, and 200 nm polystyrene NPs (pNPs) differently in fibronectin or pluronic F-127-coated microfluidic straight channels. We found that PA reduced with increasing pNP size, whereas the PD was similar across all pNP sizes regardless of channel coating. We then formed a protein corona on all pNPs (pNPs-PC) and found that the protein corona increased the adhesion of 40-200 nm pNPs in fibronectin-coated channels, with no size dependence between them except for 40 nm, which had significantly higher particle adhesion. The PA method was also dependent on channel coating, whereas the PD method was independent of channel coating. These results suggested that the PA method was more amenable to surface interactions between the pNPs and the channel wall while providing a measure of the amount of NPs that interacted with the channel walls, whereas the PD method provided a representation of their distribution across the channel due to margination. The two methods complement each other to elucidate a more holistic understanding of how different factors might affect a NP's margination in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Wei Ling Lee
- BioSystems and Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group , Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology , Singapore 138602
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45
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Ye H, Shen Z, Yu L, Wei M, Li Y. Manipulating nanoparticle transport within blood flow through external forces: an exemplar of mechanics in nanomedicine. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20170845. [PMID: 29662344 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nanoparticles (NPs) have been raised for diverse biomedical applications and some of them have shown great potential in treatment and imaging of diseases. Design of NPs is essential for delivery efficacy due to a number of biophysical barriers, which prevents the circulation of NPs in vascular flow and their accumulation at tumour sites. The physiochemical properties of NPs, so-called '4S' parameters, such as size, shape, stiffness and surface functionalization, play crucial roles in their life journey to be delivered to tumour sites. NPs can be modified in various ways to extend their blood circulation time and avoid their clearance by phagocytosis, and efficiently diffuse into tumour cells. However, it is difficult to overcome these barriers simultaneously by a simple combination of '4S' parameters for NPs. At this moment, external triggerings are necessary to guide the movement of NPs, which include light, ultrasound, magnetic field, electrical field and chemical interaction. The delivery system can be constructed to be sensitive to these external stimuli which can reduce the non-specific toxicity and improve the efficacy of the drug-delivery system. From a mechanics point of view, we discuss how different forces play their roles in the margination of NPs in blood flow and tumour microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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46
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Ahn J, Ko J, Lee S, Yu J, Kim Y, Jeon NL. Microfluidics in nanoparticle drug delivery; From synthesis to pre-clinical screening. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 128:29-53. [PMID: 29626551 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies employ nano and microscale fabrication techniques to develop highly controllable and reproducible fluidic microenvironments. Utilizing microfluidics, lead compounds can be produced with the controlled physicochemical properties, characterized in a high-throughput fashion, and evaluated in in vitro biomimetic models of human organs; organ-on-a-chip. As a step forward from conventional in vitro culture methods, microfluidics shows promise in effective preclinical testing of nanoparticle-based drug delivery. This review presents a curated selection of state-of-the-art microfluidic platforms focusing on the fabrication, characterization, and assessment of nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. We also discuss the current challenges and future prospects of nanoparticle drug delivery development using microfluidics.
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47
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Gutierrez M, Fish MB, Golinski AW, Eniola-Adefeso O. Presence of Rigid Red Blood Cells in Blood Flow Interferes with the Vascular Wall Adhesion of Leukocytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2363-2372. [PMID: 29347819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The symptoms of many blood diseases can often be attributed to irregularities in cellular dynamics produced by abnormalities in blood cells, particularly red blood cells (RBCs). Contingent on the disease and its severity, RBCs can be afflicted with increased membrane rigidity as seen in malaria and sickle cell disease. Despite this understanding, little experimental work has been conducted toward understanding the effect of RBC rigidity on cellular dynamics in physiologic blood flow. Though many have computationally modeled complex blood flow to postulate how RBC rigidity may disrupt normal hemodynamics, to date, there lacks a clear understanding of how rigid RBCs affect the blood cell segregation behavior in blood flow, known as margination, and the resulting change in the adhesion of white blood cells (WBCs). In this work, we utilized an in vitro blood flow model to examine how different RBC rigidities and volume fractions of rigid RBCs impact cell margination and the downstream effect on white blood cell (WBC) adhesion in blood flow. Healthy RBC membranes were rigidified and reconstituted into whole blood and then perfused over activated endothelial cells under physiologically relevant shear conditions. Rigid RBCs were shown to reduce WBC adhesion by up to 80%, contingent on the RBC rigidity and the fraction of treated RBCs present in blood flow. Furthermore, the RBC core was found to be slightly expanded with the presence of rigid RBCs, by up to ∼30% in size fully composed of rigid RBCs. Overall, the obtained results demonstrate an impact of RBC rigidity on cellular dynamics and WBC adhesion, which possibly contributes to the pathological understanding of diseases characterized by significant RBC rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gutierrez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Margaret B Fish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alexander W Golinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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48
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Dai Q, Bertleff‐Zieschang N, Braunger JA, Björnmalm M, Cortez‐Jugo C, Caruso F. Particle Targeting in Complex Biological Media. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28809092 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, nanoengineered particles have gained increasing interest for applications in the biomedical realm, including diagnosis, imaging, and therapy. When functionalized with targeting ligands, these particles have the potential to interact with specific cells and tissues, and accumulate at desired target sites, reducing side effects and improve overall efficacy in applications such as vaccination and drug delivery. However, when targeted particles enter a complex biological environment, the adsorption of biomolecules and the formation of a surface coating (e.g., a protein corona) changes the properties of the carriers and can render their behavior unpredictable. For this reason, it is of importance to consider the potential challenges imposed by the biological environment at the early stages of particle design. This review describes parameters that affect the targeting ability of particulate drug carriers, with an emphasis on the effect of the protein corona. We highlight strategies for exploiting the protein corona to improve the targeting ability of particles. Finally, we provide suggestions for complementing current in vitro assays used for the evaluation of targeting and carrier efficacy with new and emerging techniques (e.g., 3D models and flow-based technologies) to advance fundamental understanding in bio-nano science and to accelerate the development of targeted particles for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Dai
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Nadja Bertleff‐Zieschang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Julia A. Braunger
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Mattias Björnmalm
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Christina Cortez‐Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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49
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Ahadian S, Civitarese R, Bannerman D, Mohammadi MH, Lu R, Wang E, Davenport-Huyer L, Lai B, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Mandla S, Korolj A, Radisic M. Organ-On-A-Chip Platforms: A Convergence of Advanced Materials, Cells, and Microscale Technologies. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29034591 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in biomaterials, stem cell biology, and microscale technologies have enabled the fabrication of biologically relevant tissues and organs. Such tissues and organs, referred to as organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms, have emerged as a powerful tool in tissue analysis and disease modeling for biological and pharmacological applications. A variety of biomaterials are used in tissue fabrication providing multiple biological, structural, and mechanical cues in the regulation of cell behavior and tissue morphogenesis. Cells derived from humans enable the fabrication of personalized OOC platforms. Microscale technologies are specifically helpful in providing physiological microenvironments for tissues and organs. In this review, biomaterials, cells, and microscale technologies are described as essential components to construct OOC platforms. The latest developments in OOC platforms (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac, cancer, lung, skin, bone, and brain) are then discussed as functional tools in simulating human physiology and metabolism. Future perspectives and major challenges in the development of OOC platforms toward accelerating clinical studies of drug discovery are finally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Civitarese
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Dawn Bannerman
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Rick Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Erika Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Locke Davenport-Huyer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Ben Lai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Serena Mandla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
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50
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Craparo EF, D'Apolito R, Giammona G, Cavallaro G, Tomaiuolo G. Margination of Fluorescent Polylactic Acid-Polyaspartamide based Nanoparticles in Microcapillaries In Vitro: the Effect of Hematocrit and Pressure. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111845. [PMID: 29143777 PMCID: PMC6150309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen the emergence of vascular-targeted drug delivery systems as a promising approach for the treatment of many diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In this field, one of the major challenges is carrier margination propensity (i.e., particle migration from blood flow to vessel walls); indeed, binding of these particles to targeted cells and tissues is only possible if there is direct carrier–wall interaction. Here, a microfluidic system mimicking the hydrodynamic conditions of human microcirculation in vitro is used to investigate the effect of red blood cells (RBCs) on a carrier margination in relation to RBC concentration (hematocrit) and pressure drop. As model drug carriers, fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles (FNPs) were chosen, which were obtained by using as starting material a pegylated polylactic acid–polyaspartamide copolymer. The latter was synthesized by derivatization of α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-d,l-aspartamide (PHEA) with Rhodamine (RhB), polylactic acid (PLA) and then poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) chains. It was found that the carrier concentration near the wall increases with increasing pressure drop, independently of RBC concentration, and that the tendency for FNP margination decreases with increasing hematocrit. This work highlights the importance of taking into account RBC–drug carrier interactions and physiological conditions in microcirculation when planning a drug delivery strategy based on systemically administered carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Fabiola Craparo
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosa D'Apolito
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy.
- IBF-CNR, 90143 Palermo, Italy.
- Mediterranean Center for Human Health Advanced Biotechnologies (CHAB), ATeNCenter, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Tomaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
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