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Nakatsuka N, Yang KA, Abendroth JM, Cheung KM, Xu X, Yang H, Zhao C, Zhu B, Rim YS, Yang Y, Weiss PS, Stojanović MN, Andrews AM. Aptamer-field-effect transistors overcome Debye length limitations for small-molecule sensing. Science 2018; 362:319-324. [PMID: 30190311 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Detection of analytes by means of field-effect transistors bearing ligand-specific receptors is fundamentally limited by the shielding created by the electrical double layer (the "Debye length" limitation). We detected small molecules under physiological high-ionic strength conditions by modifying printed ultrathin metal-oxide field-effect transistor arrays with deoxyribonucleotide aptamers selected to bind their targets adaptively. Target-induced conformational changes of negatively charged aptamer phosphodiester backbones in close proximity to semiconductor channels gated conductance in physiological buffers, resulting in highly sensitive detection. Sensing of charged and electroneutral targets (serotonin, dopamine, glucose, and sphingosine-1-phosphate) was enabled by specifically isolated aptameric stem-loop receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nako Nakatsuka
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyung-Ae Yang
- Center for Innovative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John M Abendroth
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin M Cheung
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bowen Zhu
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - You Seung Rim
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Milan N Stojanović
- Center for Innovative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. .,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anne M Andrews
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Zhang S, Geryak R, Geldmeier J, Kim S, Tsukruk VV. Synthesis, Assembly, and Applications of Hybrid Nanostructures for Biosensing. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12942-13038. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidi Zhang
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Ren Geryak
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Jeffrey Geldmeier
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Sunghan Kim
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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Haag AL, Toader V, Lennox RB, Grutter P. Selective in situ potential-assisted SAM formation on multi electrode arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:455501. [PMID: 27694698 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/45/455501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The selective modification of individual components in a biosensor array is challenging. To address this challenge, we present a generalizable approach to selectively modify and characterize individual gold surfaces in an array, in an in situ manner. This is achieved by taking advantage of the potential dependent adsorption/desorption of surface-modified organic molecules. Control of the applied potential of the individual sensors in an array where each acts as a working electrode provides differential derivatization of the sensor surfaces. To demonstrate this concept, two different self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-forming electrochemically addressable ω-ferrocenyl alkanethiols (C11) are chemisorbed onto independent but spatially adjacent gold electrodes. The ferrocene alkanethiol does not chemisorb onto the surface when the applied potential is cathodic relative to the adsorption potential and the electrode remains underivatized. However, applying potentials that are modestly positive relative to the adsorption potential leads to extensive coverage within 10 min. The resulting SAM remains in a stable state while held at potentials <200 mV above the adsorption potential. In this state, the chemisorbed SAM does not significantly desorb nor do new ferrocenylalkythiols adsorb. Using three set applied potentials provides for controlled submonolayer alkylthiol marker coverage of each independent gold electrode. These three applied potentials are dependent upon the specifics of the respective adsorbate. Characterization of the ferrocene-modified electrodes via cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that each specific ferrocene marker is exclusively adsorbed to the desired target electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Lauriene Haag
- Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, H3A 2T8, QC, Canada
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Zhang NH, Wu JZ, Meng WL, Tan ZQ. Effect of surface charge state on the surface stress of a microcantilever. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:144001. [PMID: 26916422 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/14/144001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface charge state at a liquid-solid interface is important to the variations in the physical/chemical properties of adsorbate film such as surface stress and the ensuing tip deflection of the microcantilever. The well-known Stoney's equation, derived more than 100 years ago, conceals the film electrical properties with the replacement of substrate deformation induced by adsorptions of particles. This implicit expression provides a shortcut to circumvent the difficulty in identifying some film properties, however, it limits the capacity to ascertain the relation between surface stress variation and the surface charge state. In this paper, we present an analytical expression to quantify the cantilever deflection/surface stress and the film potential difference by combining the piezoelectric theory and Poisson-Boltzmann equation for electrolyte solution. This updated version indicates that the two linear correlations between surface stress and surface charge density or the bias voltage are not contradictory, but two aspects of one thing under different conditions. Based on Parsegian's mesoscopic interaction potential, a multiscale prediction for the piezoelectric coefficient of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) film is done, and the results show that the distinctive size effect with variations in salt concentration and nucleotide number provides us with an opportunity to obtain a more sensitive potential-actuated microcantilever sensor by careful control of packing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China. Department of Mechanics, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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Bowen J, Cheneler D. On the origin and magnitude of surface stresses due to metal nanofilms. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4245-4251. [PMID: 26837662 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metallisation is a vital process for micro- and nanofabrication, allowing the controlled preparation of material surfaces with thin films of a variety of metals. The films are often subjected to further processing, including etching, patterning, chemical modification, and additional lamination. The extensive applications of metallised substrates include chemical sensors and nanoelectronics. Here, we report an experimental study of the metallisation of silicon cantilevers with nano-films of chromium and titanium. Analysis of the stress distribution throughout the cantilever showed that metallisation causes a constant stress along the length of the beam, which can be calculated from interferometric quantification of the beam curvature. The structure of the metal/silicon interface was imaged using electron microscopy in an attempt to ascertain the physical origin of the stress. A theoretical model is constructed for the stressed beam system, and it is shown that there is no single parameter that can describe the change in stress. The resultant structure after deposition varies significantly for each metal, which gives rise to a variety of stress directions and magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bowen
- Department of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - David Cheneler
- Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK.
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Haag AL, Nagai Y, Lennox RB, Grütter P. Characterization of a gold coated cantilever surface for biosensing applications. EPJ TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION 2015; 2:1. [PMID: 26146600 PMCID: PMC4480947 DOI: 10.1140/epjti/s40485-014-0011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cantilever based sensors are a promising tool for a very diverse spectrum of biological sensors. They have been used for the detection of proteins, DNA, antigens, bacteria viruses and many other biologically relevant targets. Although cantilever sensing has been described for over 20 years, there are still no viable commercial cantilever-based sensing products on the market. Several reasons can be found for this - a lack of detailed understanding of the origin of signals being an important one. As a consequence application-relevant issues such as shelf life and robust protocols distinguishing targets from false responses have received very little attention. Here, we will discuss a cantilever sensing platform combined with an electrochemical system. The detected surface stress signal is modulated by applying a square wave potential to a gold coated cantilever. The square wave potential induces adsorption and desorption onto the gold electrode surface as well as possible structural changes of the target and probe molecules on the cantilever surface resulting in a measurable surface stress change. What sets this approach apart from regular cantilever sensing is that the quantification and identification of observed signals due to target-probe interactions are not only a function of stress value (i.e. amplitude), but also of the temporal evolution of the stress response as a function of the rate and magnitude of the applied potential change, and the limits of the potential change. This paper will discuss three issues that play an important role in future successful applications of cantilever-based sensing. First, we will discuss what is required to achieve a large surface stress signal to improve sensitivity. Second, a mechanism to achieve an optimal probe density is described that improves the signal-to-noise ratio and response times of the sensor. Lastly, lifetime and long term measurements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Lauriene Haag
- />Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
| | - Yoshihiko Nagai
- />Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC H3H 2R9 Canada
| | - R Bruce Lennox
- />Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Self Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6 Canada
| | - Peter Grütter
- />Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
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Liu W, Wang J, Yu Y, Chang Y, Tang N, Qu H, Wang Y, Pang W, Zhang H, Zhang D, Xu H, Duan X. Tuning the resonant frequency of resonators using molecular surface self-assembly approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:950-8. [PMID: 25487349 DOI: 10.1021/am507640g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new method to tune the resonant frequency of microfabricated resonator using molecular layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly approach is demonstrated. By simply controlling the polymer concentration and the number of layers deposited, precisely tuning the frequency of microfabricated resonators is realized. Due to its selective deposition through specific molecular recognitions, such technique avoids the high-cost and complex steps of conventional semiconductor fabrications and is able to tune individual diced device. Briefly, film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) is used to demonstrate the tuning process and two types of LbL deposition methods are compared. The film thickness and morphology have been characterized by UV-vis reflection spectra, ellipsometer and AFM. As a result, the maximum resonant frequency shift of FBAR reaches more than 20 MHz, meaning 1.4% tunability at least. The minimum frequency shift is nearly 10 kHZ per bilayer, indicating 7 ppm tuning resolution. Pressure cooker test (PCT) is performed to evaluate the reliability of LbL coated FBAR. Furthermore, applications for wireless broadband communication and chemical sensors of LbL coated FBAR have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
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