1
|
Mittal N, Ojanguren A, Kundu D, Lizundia E, Niederberger M. Bottom-Up Design of a Green and Transient Zinc-Ion Battery with Ultralong Lifespan. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206249. [PMID: 36436829 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transient batteries are expected to lessen the inherent environmental impact of traditional batteries that rely on toxic and critical raw materials. This work presents the bottom-up design of a fully transient Zn-ion battery (ZIB) made of nontoxic and earth-abundant elements, including a novel hydrogel electrolyte prepared by cross-linking agarose and carboxymethyl cellulose. Facilitated by a high ionic conductivity and a high positive zinc-ion species transference number, the optimized hydrogel electrolyte enables stable cycling of the Zn anode with a lifespan extending over 8500 h for 0.25 mA cm-2 - 0.25 mAh cm-2 . On pairing with a biocompatible organic polydopamine-based cathode, the full cell ZIB delivers a capacity of 196 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g-1 and a capacity of 110 mAh g-1 after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1 . A transient ZIB with a biodegradable agarose casing displays an open circuit voltage of 1.123 V and provides a specific capacity of 157 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g-1 . After completing its service life, the battery can disintegrate under composting conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Mittal
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Alazne Ojanguren
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Dipan Kundu
- LBRI, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei X, Bradley LC. Accessing Thin Film Wetting Regimes during Polymer Growth by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11550-11556. [PMID: 36108132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the growth of a fluorinated polymer via initiated chemical vapor deposition onto a suite of isotropic and mesogenic liquids with a range of refractive indices. The polymer morphology at fluid interfaces was found to deviate from conformal films predicted by the positive spreading coefficient, and the resulting morphology is attributed to long-range van der Waals interactions during the deposition process. Experiments systematically vary the deposition conditions and compare the liquid phase (isotropic or nematic) to evaluate the effect of kinetic factors and the liquid substrate phase on the interfacial polymer morphology and spatial organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Wei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Laura C Bradley
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Welchert NA, Nguyen B, Tsotsis TT, Gupta M. Vapor Deposition of Silicon-Containing Microstructured Polymer Films onto Silicone Oil Substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13859-13866. [PMID: 34792372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a silicon-containing cross-linked polymer, poly(1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane-co-ethylene glycol diacrylate) (p(V4D4-co-EGDA)), was deposited onto high-viscosity silicone oil using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). The ratio of the feed flow rate of V4D4 to EGDA was systematically studied, and the chemical composition and morphology of the top and bottom surfaces of the films were analyzed. The films were microstructured, and the porosity and thickness of the films increased with increasing V4D4 content. The top of the film was composed of densely packed and loosely packed microstructured regions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on the top and bottom surfaces of the films showed a heterogeneous chemical composition along the thickness of the film, with higher silicon content on the top surface compared to that on the bottom surface. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of iCVD deposition of a silicon-containing polymer film onto silicone oil. The results of this study can be used for the synthesis of polymer precursor films for the fabrication, via pyrolysis, of silicon-based inorganic membranes for use in hydrogen production using silicone oil to prevent infiltration of monomer into the underneath membrane support structure during vapor deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Welchert
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Bryan Nguyen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Theodore T Tsotsis
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ojanguren A, Mittal N, Lizundia E, Niederberger M. Stable Na Electrodeposition Enabled by Agarose-Based Water-Soluble Sodium Ion Battery Separators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21250-21260. [PMID: 33914505 PMCID: PMC9161220 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient energy storage technologies is at the core of current strategies toward a decarbonized society. Energy storage systems based on renewable, nontoxic, and degradable materials represent a circular economy approach to address the environmental pollution issues associated with conventional batteries, that is, resource depletion and inadequate disposal. Here we tap into that prospect using a marine biopolymer together with a water-soluble polymer to develop sodium ion battery (NIB) separators. Mesoporous membranes comprising agarose, an algae-derived polysaccharide, and poly(vinyl alcohol) are synthesized via nonsolvent-induced phase separation. Obtained membranes outperform conventional nondegradable NIB separators in terms of thermal stability, electrolyte wettability, and Na+ conductivity. Thanks to the good interfacial adhesion with metallic Na promoted by the hydroxyl and ether functional groups of agarose, the separators enable a stable and homogeneous Na deposition with limited dendrite growth. As a result, membranes can operate at 200 μA cm-2, in contrast with Celgard and glass microfiber, which short circuit at 50 and 100 μA cm-2, respectively. When evaluated in Na3V2(PO4)3/Na half-cells, agarose-based separators deliver 108 mA h g-1 after 50 cycles at C/10, together with a remarkable rate capability. This work opens up new possibilities for the use of water-degradable separators, reducing the environmental burdens arising from the uncontrolled accumulation of electronic waste in marine or land environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alazne Ojanguren
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Neeru Mittal
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life
Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering
Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center
for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gaiser S, Schütz U, Rupper P, Hegemann D. Plasma Processing of Low Vapor Pressure Liquids to Generate Functional Surfaces. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246024. [PMID: 33352685 PMCID: PMC7767314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of depositing solid films on low-vapor pressure liquids is introduced and developed into a top-down approach to functionalize surfaces by attaching liquid polyethylene glycol (PEG). Solid-liquid gradients were formed by low-pressure plasma treatment yielding cross-linking and/or deposition of a plasma polymer film subsequently bound to a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) backing. The analysis via optical transmission spectroscopy (OTS), optical, confocal laser scanning (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as by water contact angle (WCA) measurements revealed correlations between optical appearance, chemical composition and surface properties of the resulting water absorbing, covalently bound PEG-functionalized surfaces. Requirements for plasma polymer film deposition on low-vapor pressure liquids and effective surface functionalization are defined. Namely, the thickness of the liquid PEG substrate was a crucial parameter for successful film growth and covalent attachment of PEG. The presented method is a practicable approach for the production of functional surfaces featuring long-lasting strong hydrophilic properties, making them predestined for non-fouling or low-friction applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Khlyustova A, Cheng Y, Yang R. Vapor-deposited functional polymer thin films in biological applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6588-6609. [PMID: 32756662 PMCID: PMC7429282 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional polymer coatings have become ubiquitous in biological applications, ranging from biomaterials and drug delivery to manufacturing-scale separation of biomolecules using functional membranes. Recent advances in the technology of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have enabled precise control of the polymer chemistry, coating thickness, and conformality. That comprehensive control of surface properties has been used to elicit desirable interactions at the interface between synthetic materials and living organisms, making vapor-deposited functional polymers uniquely suitable for biological applications. This review captures the recent technological development in vapor-deposited functional polymer coatings, highlighting their biological applications, including membrane-based bio-separations, biosensing and bio-MEMS, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. The conformal nature of vapor-deposited coatings ensures uniform coverage over micro- and nano-structured surfaces, allowing the independent optimization of surface and bulk properties. The substrate-independence of CVD techniques enables facile transfer of surface characteristics among different applications. The vapor-deposited functional polymer thin films tend to be biocompatible because they are free of remnant toxic solvents and precursor molecules, potentially lowering the barrier to clinical success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Khlyustova
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiang W, Zhu Z, Zhou L, Wang K, Chen J. Networked Nanogels from Self-Assembly of End-Functionalized Polymers at the Vapor/Liquid Interface: Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201800052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University of Arts and Science; Dazhou Sichuan 635000 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoju Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University of Arts and Science; Dazhou Sichuan 635000 P. R. China
| | - Lvshan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University of Arts and Science; Dazhou Sichuan 635000 P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University of Arts and Science; Dazhou Sichuan 635000 P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Dong Ying Bureau of Land and Resources; Dongying Shandong 257000 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li BX, Zhu YH, Lu CX, Ye GX. From Zinc Clusters to One-Dimensional Crystals on Quasi-Free Sustained Substrates. J CLUST SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-017-1296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Karandikar P, Gupta M. Synthesis of Functional Particles by Condensation and Polymerization of Monomer Droplets in Silicone Oils. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7701-7707. [PMID: 28741953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the synthesis of poly(4-vinylpyridine) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) polymer particles in silicone oil using a sequential vapor phase polymerization method in which monomer droplets were first condensed onto a layer of silicone oil and subsequently polymerized via a free radical mechanism. The viscosity of the silicone oil was systematically varied. At lower viscosities, a heterogeneous particle size distribution was produced where small particles were formed by engulfment of the monomer droplets at the liquid surface and large particles were formed by coalescence of the monomer droplets inside the liquid layer. Coalescence could be inhibited by increasing the viscosity of the silicone oil leading to a decreased average radius and a narrower size distribution of the polymer particles. The advantages of our method for the fabrication of polymer particles are that it does not require surfactants or organic solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prathamesh Karandikar
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koenig M, Lahann J. Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1250-1256. [PMID: 28685125 PMCID: PMC5480359 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years much work has been conducted in order to create patterned and structured polymer coatings using vapor deposition techniques - not only via post-deposition treatment, but also directly during the deposition process. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures can be achieved via various vapor deposition strategies, for instance, using masks, exploiting surface properties that lead to spatially selective deposition, via the use of additional porogens or by employing oblique angle polymerization deposition. Here, we provide a concise review of these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Koenig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan (UM), 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frank-Finney RJ, Gupta M. Two-Stage Growth of Polymer Nanoparticles at the Liquid-Vapor Interface by Vapor-Phase Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11014-11020. [PMID: 27740766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we study the growth of polymer nanoparticles that are formed on the surface of silicone oils via initiated chemical vapor deposition. The average radius of the particles can be increased by decreasing the silicone oil viscosity, increasing the deposition time, or increasing the deposition rate. The time series data indicates that there are two stages for particle growth. Particle nucleation occurs in the first stage and the particle size is dependent on the liquid viscosity and deposition rate. Particle growth occurs in the second stage, during which the particle size is dependent only on the amount of deposited polymer. This two-step process allows us to make core-shell particles by sequentially depositing different polymers. The benefits of our nanoparticle synthesis process are that solvents and surfactants are not required and the size of the nanoparticles can be controlled over a wide range of radii with a relatively narrow distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Frank-Finney
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shirota H, Kakinuma S, Takahashi K, Tago A, Jeong H, Fujisawa T. Ultrafast Dynamics in Aromatic Cation Based Ionic Liquids: A Femtosecond Raman-Induced Kerr Effect Spectroscopic Study. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
13
|
Chen B, Frank-Finney RJ, Gupta M. Fabricating Polymer Canopies onto Structured Surfaces Using Liquid Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:23056-23061. [PMID: 26378688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the use of initiated chemical vapor deposition in conjunction with liquid scaffolds to deposit polymer canopies onto structured surfaces. Liquid is applied to micropillar and microstructure surfaces to act as a scaffolding template such that the deposited polymer films take the shape of the liquid surface. Two methods for directing the location of the scaffolding liquid were examined. In the first method, high surface tension liquids rest in a Cassie-Baxter state over the structured surfaces, allowing for control over the canopy location and size by varying the position and volume of the liquid. In the second method, the structured surfaces are inverted onto a thin layer of low surface tension liquid, allowing the coverage and height of the canopy to be controlled by varying the area and thickness of the liquid layer. Although the canopies demonstrated in this study were fabricated using initiated chemical vapor deposition, the generality of our scaffolding method can easily be translated to other vapor deposition processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny Chen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Robert J Frank-Finney
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bradley LC, Gupta M. Microstructured Films Formed on Liquid Substrates via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Cross-Linked Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7999-8005. [PMID: 26176742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the formation of microstructured films at liquid surfaces via vapor phase polymerization of cross-linked polymers. The films were composed of micron-sized coral-like structures that originate at the liquid-vapor interface and extend vertically. The growth mechanism of the microstructures was determined to be simultaneous aggregation of the polymer on the liquid surface and wetting of the liquid on the growing aggregates. We demonstrated that we can increase the height of the microstructures and increase the surface roughness of the films by either decreasing the liquid viscosity or decreasing the polymer deposition rate. Our vapor phase method can be extended to synthesize functional, free-standing copolymer microstructured thin films for potential applications in tissue engineering, electrolyte membranes, and separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bradley
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McHale G, Newton MI. Liquid marbles: topical context within soft matter and recent progress. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:2530-46. [PMID: 25723648 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00084j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The study of particle stabilized interfaces has a long history in terms of emulsions, foams and related dry powders. The same underlying interfacial energy principles also allow hydrophobic particles to encapsulate individual droplets into a stable form as individual macroscopic objects, which have recently been called "Liquid Marbles". Here we discuss conceptual similarities to superhydrophobic surfaces, capillary origami, slippery liquids-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) and Leidenfrost droplets. We provide a review of recent progress on liquid marbles, since our earlier Emerging Area article (Soft Matter, 2011, 7, 5473-5481), and speculate on possible future directions from new liquid-infused liquid marbles to microarray applications. We highlight a range of properties of liquid marbles and describe applications including detecting changes in physical properties (e.g. pH, UV, NIR, temperature), use for gas sensing, synthesis of compounds/composites, blood typing and cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G McHale
- Smart Materials & Surfaces Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Haller PD, Gupta M. Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles via Vapor Phase Deposition onto Liquid Substrates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:2000-4. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Haller
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of Southern California; 925 Bloom Walk Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; University of Southern California; 925 Bloom Walk Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bradley LC, Gupta M. Copolymerization of 1-Ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501407q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Bradley
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|