1
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Fu Y, Zhu Y, Liang X, Kong Y, Wang X, Zhang A, Zhao Z, Gou J, Wang Y, Yin T, Zhang Y, He H, Tang X. The preparation and characterisation of tasteless core-shell clarithromycin microcapsules. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:654-667. [PMID: 36476313 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2146221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to fabricate core-shell clarithromycin (CAM) microcapsules to cover up the bitter taste of CAM by spray drying with aqueous polymer dispersion. Water dispersion of Eudragit EPO and Surelease® were innovatively used to encapsulate CAM into microcapsules via a one-step spray-drying method. The inlet air temperature, airflow rate, CAM-polymer ratio, and particle size of CAM were optimised based on drug content and T6% (the time taken for the drug to release equal to 6% w/w). The powder properties were assessed by measuring particle size and microstructure using SEM, FT-IR, and PXRD. Furthermore, selected batch was assessed for their drug content, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release, bitterness, and stability studies. EPO-Surelease® (1: 4) microcapsules had an average diameter (D50) of 37.69 ± 3.61 μm with a span of 2.395. The drug contents and encapsulation efficiency of EPO-Surelease®(1:4) were 10.89% and 63.7%, respectively. EPO-Surelease® (1:4) microcapsules prepared by spray drying with aqueous polymer dispersion can effectively mask the bitter taste of CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunjing Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yihan Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Palmer TR, van der Kooij HM, Abu Bakar R, Duewel M, Greiner K, McAleese CD, Couture P, Sharpe MK, Smith RW, Keddie JL. How Particle Deformability Influences the Surfactant Distribution in Colloidal Polymer Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12689-12701. [PMID: 36194469 PMCID: PMC9583616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of surfactants in waterborne colloidal polymer films is of significant interest for scientific understanding and defining surface properties in applications including pressure-sensitive adhesives and coatings. Because of negative effects on appearance, wetting, and adhesion, it is desirable to prevent surfactant accumulation at film surfaces. The effect of particle deformation on surfactant migration during film formation was previously investigated by Gromer et al. through simulations, but experimental investigations are lacking. Here, we study deuterium-labeled sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant in a poly(butyl acrylate) latex model system. The particle deformability was varied via cross-linking of the intraparticle polymer chains by differing extents. The cross-linker concentration varied from 0 to 35 mol % in the copolymer, leading to a transition from viscoelastic to elastic. Ion beam analysis was used to probe the dry films and provide information on the near-surface depth distribution of surfactant. Films of nondeformable particles, containing the highest concentration of cross-linker, show no surfactant accumulation at the top surface. Films from particles partially deformed by capillary action show a distinct surfactant surface layer (ca. 150 nm thick). Films of coalesced particles, containing little or no cross-linker, show a very small amount of surfactant on the surface (ca. 20 nm thick). The observed results are explained by considering the effect of cross-linking on rubber elasticity and applying the viscous particle deformation model by Gromer et al. to elastically deformed particles. We find that partially deformed particles allow surfactant transport to the surface during film formation, whereas there is far less transport when skin formation acts as a barrier. With elastic particles, the surfactant is carried in the water phase as it falls beneath the surface of packed particles. The ability to exert control over surfactant distribution in waterborne colloidal films will aid in the design of new high-performance adhesives and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby R. Palmer
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Hanne M. van der Kooij
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
& Research, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rohani Abu Bakar
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis Duewel
- Synthomer
Germany GmbH, Werrastraße
10, 45768Marl, Germany
| | - Katja Greiner
- Synthomer
Germany GmbH, Werrastraße
10, 45768Marl, Germany
| | - Callum D. McAleese
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Couture
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. Sharpe
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W. Smith
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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3
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Ahmadi‐Dehnoei A, Ghasemirad S. Tuning adhesion performance of an acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesive using polysilsesquioxane‐acrylic core‐shell nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadi‐Dehnoei
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Somayeh Ghasemirad
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
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4
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Nicasy R, Huinink H, Erich B, Olaf A. NMR Profiling of Reaction and Transport in Thin Layers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:798. [PMID: 35215714 PMCID: PMC8963059 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction and transport processes in thin layers of between 10 and 1000 µm are important factors in determining their performance, stability and degradation. In this review, we discuss the potential of high-gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as a tool to study both reactions and transport in these layers spatially and temporally resolved. As the NMR resolution depends on gradient strength, the high spatial resolution required in submillimeter layers can only be achieved with specially designed high-gradient setups. Three different high-gradient setups exist: STRAFI (STRay FIeld), GARField (Gradient-At-Right-angles-to-Field) and MOUSE (MObile Universal Surface Explorer). The aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the three techniques and their ability to visualize reactions and transport processes using physical observable properties such as hydrogen density, diffusion, T1- and T2-relaxation. Finally, different examples from literature will be presented to illustrate the wide variety of applications that can be studied and the corresponding value of the techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nicasy
- Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (B.E.); (A.O.)
| | - Henk Huinink
- Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (B.E.); (A.O.)
| | - Bart Erich
- Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (B.E.); (A.O.)
- Organization of Applied Scientific Research, TNO The Netherlands, P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adan Olaf
- Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (B.E.); (A.O.)
- Organization of Applied Scientific Research, TNO The Netherlands, P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
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5
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Tanaka H, Komoda Y, Horie T, Imakoma H, Ohmura N. Drying rate of latex coating affected by the deformability of resin particles in convection drying. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:2. [PMID: 35006390 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Latex paints are widely used, and many researchers pointed out that the film formation process depends on the deformability of dispersed polymer particles. However, the relationship between the film formation process and drying rate has not been totally understood due to the lack of accurate data on drying rate throughout the drying process. In the present study, we measured the drying rate of latex coating by the temperature change method proposed by Imakoma in convective drying. We revealed that the drying process significantly depends on particle deformability, especially in the former stage of the falling drying rate period. At a low drying temperature, the close-packed structure of polymer particles is formed throughout the film at the end of the constant drying rate period. On the other hand, partially deformed soft particles due to wet sintering inhibit the drying rate even under high moisture content at high drying temperatures. In either case, after forming the closest-packed structure, the shrinkage of the gap space between particles due to capillary deformation decreases the drying rate, proportional to the moisture content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Komoda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hironobu Imakoma
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Ohmura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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6
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Jin SA, Facchine EG, Rojas OJ, Khan SA, Spontak RJ. Cellulose nanofibers and the film-formation dilemma: Drying temperature and tunable optical, mechanical and wetting properties of nanocomposite films composed of waterborne sulfopolyesters. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 598:369-378. [PMID: 33910071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Waterborne sulfopolyesters have gained considerable interest as coating materials due to their excellent film-forming and optical properties. Their commercial use has been limited, however, due to their fragile nature. Incorporating cellulose nanofiber (CNF), a sustainable biopolymer, into the polymer matrix is expected to enhance the mechanical integrity of the nanocomposite as these two components synergistically interact. EXPERIMENTS In this study, we have investigated the suspension and film characteristics of three sulfopolyesters varying in charge density, glass transition temperature and molecular weight, as well as their mixtures with CNF. We have performed steady-shear rheology on mixtures with different CNF loading levels, and resulting films have been subjected to quasistatic uniaxial tensile and water contact-angle tests to elucidate the effects of CNF on mechanical and surface properties. FINDINGS Addition of CNF to waterborne polyester promotes shear-thinning behavior that remains unaffected by the CNF content. Solid films cast from these suspensions possess enhanced mechanical properties, as well as tailorable surface hydrophilicity, depending on composition and film-drying temperature. Tensile tests reveal that films containing 10 wt% CNF display the greatest mechanical improvements, suggesting the existence of a previously unidentified Goldilocks composition window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ah Jin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Emily G Facchine
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland; Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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7
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Jiang Y, Pan M, Yuan J, Wang J, Song S, Liu G. Fabrication and structural characterization of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polyacrylate composite waterborne coatings with excellent weather resistance and room-temperature curing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Kaewpetch T, Gilchrist JF. Chemical vs. mechanical microstructure evolution in drying colloid and polymer coatings. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10264. [PMID: 32581230 PMCID: PMC7314827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal based films have been widely developed for a wide range of applications including chemical and electrical barrier coatings, photonic materials, biomaterials, and pharmaceutical oral drug delivery. Many previous studies investigate methods to generate uniformity or desired stratification of the final components with a desired microstructure. Few studies have been able to investigate this microstructure in-situ during drying. This experimental study directly tracks fluorescent colloids that are either stable in suspension or have attractive interactions during the drying process using high speed laser scanning confocal microscopy to obtain details of microstructural evolution during drying. The colloidal microstructure in stable suspensions evolves continuously during drying. Microstructures in these systems have a signature Voronoi polyhedra distribution that is defined by lognormal curve having a constant standard deviation that only depends on its chemical composition. Those formulations having strongly attractive constituents have microstructure that is heterogeneous and non-monotonic due to the mechanics associated with internal convection and capillary forces. Toward the end of drying, the influence of the mode of microstructure rearrangements remains evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Kaewpetch
- Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - James F Gilchrist
- Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
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9
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Kaur J, Krishnan R, Ramalingam B, Jana S. Hydroxyethyl sulfone based reactive coalescing agents for low-VOC waterborne coatings. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17171-17179. [PMID: 35521475 PMCID: PMC9053402 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00753f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique characteristics of water-based hydroxyethyl sulfone (HES)-vinyl sulfone (VS) dynamic equilibrium are exploited in the design of new reactive coalescing agents (RCAs) for the first time to address VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) emission issues from waterborne coatings. New RCAs were synthesized as HES analogues of widely used commercial coalescing agents (CAs) and characterized. These HES based RCAs are found to be effective towards film formation as evidenced by minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) studies. Equilibration of HES to VS of these RCAs was established and the VS intermediate was isolated and characterized. Detailed studies reveal that HES analogues of RCAs react with amine/hydroxyl containing monomers and latex only during the film formation through VS formation, while HES remains unreactive during storage in water or aqueous basic solution. The current study demonstrates the potential use of HES compounds as RCAs towards environmentally benign waterborne coatings. The reactivity of HES analogues towards latex polymer is found to be promoted during the film formation without use of any other external triggers like heat or light. Hydroxyethyl sulfone based compounds were revealed to exhibit characteristics of reactive coalescing agents towards application in environmentally-benign water borne coatings.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagjit Kaur
- Functional Molecules & Polymers, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627 833 Singapore
| | - Ranganathan Krishnan
- Functional Molecules & Polymers, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627 833 Singapore
| | - Balamurugan Ramalingam
- Functional Molecules & Polymers, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627 833 Singapore
| | - Satyasankar Jana
- Functional Molecules & Polymers, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627 833 Singapore
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10
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Liu Y, de Oliveira Silva PP, Tran K, Zhou H, Emsermann J, Zhang M, Ho K, Lu Y, Soleimani M, Winnik MA. Molecular Aspects of Film Formation of Partially Cross-Linked Water-Borne Secondary Dispersions that Show Skin Formation upon Drying. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jessica Emsermann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Margaret Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kevin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yijie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mohsen Soleimani
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF Corporation, Wyandotte, Michigan 48192, United States
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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11
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Voogt B, Venema P, Sagis L, Huinink H, Erich B, Scheerder J, Adan O. Surface characterization of drying acrylic latex dispersions with variable methacrylic acid content using surface dilatational rheology. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:584-591. [PMID: 31491680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Drying of latex dispersions often results in particle gradients at the latex-air interface. We expect that, by increasing the carboxylic acid content of latex particles, inter-particle interactions at the interface change. With dilatational rheology one could detect particle-particle interactions in an early stage of the drying process and elucidate the nature of these interactions. EXPERIMENTS Acrylic latex dispersions were prepared with different amounts of methacrylic acid (MAA), ranging from 2 to 10 wt% on dry mass. Dilatational rheology studies during drying at different relative humidities RH were performed using profile analysis tensiometry. Visco-elastic properties of latex surfaces were used to identify inter-particle interactions at the surfaces depending on the drying rate and particle composition. FINDINGS Drying at 85% RH did not show significant changes of the mechanical properties of the latex surfaces. Drying at 65 and 53% RH resulted in a change of the mechanical properties, ultimately showing non-linear visco-elastic behavior. This indicates that capillary and/or Van der Waals forces were operating between particles at the surface. With increasing MAA content the viscous contribution decreased, possibly due to the formation of more gel-like structures at the particle surface due to higher solubility of polymer segments near to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Voogt
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Paul Venema
- Laboratory of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leonard Sagis
- Laboratory of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Huinink
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
| | - Bart Erich
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands; TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), P.O. Box 49, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Olaf Adan
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands; TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), P.O. Box 49, Delft, Netherlands
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12
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Voogt B, Huinink HP, Erich SJF, Scheerder J, Venema P, Keddie JL, Adan OCG. Film Formation of High Tg Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12418-12427. [PMID: 31461288 PMCID: PMC6764025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The film formation of acrylic latex dispersions, containing different amounts of carboxylic acid functional groups by the incorporation of methacrylic acid (MAA), was studied with GARField 1H NMR at various relative humidities (RH). Polymer particles with glass-transition temperatures in the range from 26 to 50 °C formed films at room temperature because of hydroplasticization. It was found that with an increased drying rate due to lower RH, the evaporation flux of water was limited by the latex polymer. Only in the second stage of drying this phenomenon was more obvious with increasing MAA content. 1H NMR relaxometry was used to study the change of hydrogen mobilities during film formation and hardening of the films. This showed that the drying rate itself had no impact on the hydrogen mobility in the latex films as measured via the T2 relaxation time. Hydrogen mobilities of water and the mobile polymer phase only significantly decrease after most water has evaporated. This implies that the rigidity of the polymers increases with the evaporation of water that otherwise plasticizes the polymer through hydrogen bonding with the carboxylic acid groups. This hardening of the polymer phase is essential for applications in a coating. The hydrogen mobilities were affected by the MAA concentration. Densities of mobile hydrogens increase with increasing MAA content. This is expected if the mobile protons are contained in the MAA groups. The result thus confirms the role of carboxylic acid groups in hydrogen bonding and plasticization of the copolymers. Hydrogen mobilities, however, decrease with increasing MAA content, which is hypothesized to be caused by the formation of dimers of carboxylic acid groups that still hold water. They still enable short-range polymer hydrogen mobility due to hydroplasticization but limit long-range polymer mobility due to interaction between the carboxylic acid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Voogt
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The
Netherlands
| | - Hendrik P. Huinink
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The
Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan J. F. Erich
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The
Netherlands
- TNO
(The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), P.O. Box 6235, Eindhoven 5600 HE, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Scheerder
- DSM
Coating resins, P.O. Box 123, Waalwijk 5140 AC, The
Netherlands
| | - Paul Venema
- Laboratory
of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The
Netherlands
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf C. G. Adan
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The
Netherlands
- TNO
(The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), P.O. Box 6235, Eindhoven 5600 HE, The Netherlands
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13
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Konko I, Guriyanova S, Boyko V, Sun L, Liu D, Reck B, Men Y. Role of the Hydrophilic Latex Particle Surface in Water Diffusion into Films from Waterborne Polymer Colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6075-6088. [PMID: 30991802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion mechanism and growth of large-scale domains during the immersion of latex films in water have been thoroughly investigated with scattering techniques in a combination with the gravimetric method. Latex dispersions for film formation studies had identical main monomer compositions and only differ in the hydrophilic comonomers that result in distinct "hairy" layer structures of the particles. The major effects of the presence and the structure of the surface layers were identified: (1) Introducing the hydrophilic surface layer in the binder structure results in a more uniform penetration of water and a reduction in the water domain growth. (2) The nature of the particle shell defines the rate of the formation of the first hydration layer and the beginning of the large cluster formation. Poly(acrylamide) in the particle shell promotes the formation of the homogeneously swollen film and slows down the development of water "pockets." Poly(acrylic acid) leads to a more heterogeneous material and accelerates water uptake and cluster growth. (3) The thickness of the particle hairy layer regulates the thickness of the interstitials in the dry film and the number of the chemical groups involved in H-bonding with water molecules without a cluster formation. The amount of water that was absorbed before large domains start evolving increased with the growth of the particle shell thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Konko
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Renmin Street 5625 , 130022 Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Svetlana Guriyanova
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, Material Physics and Analytics , BASF SE , 67056 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Volodymyr Boyko
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, Material Physics and Analytics , BASF SE , 67056 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Lichao Sun
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, Dispersions for Architectural Coatings and Adhesives , BASF Advanced Chemicals Co. , Jiangxinsha Road, 300 , 200137 Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry , China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) , 621999 Mianyang , P. R. China
| | - Bernd Reck
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research Polymer Colloid Technology , BASF SE , 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Germany
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Renmin Street 5625 , 130022 Changchun , P. R. China
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14
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Martín-Fabiani I, Makepeace DK, Richardson PG, Lesage de la Haye J, Venero DA, Rogers SE, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M, Keddie JL. In Situ Monitoring of Latex Film Formation by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Evolving Distributions of Hydrophilic Stabilizers in Drying Colloidal Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3822-3831. [PMID: 30777761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of hydrophilic species, such as surfactants, in latex films is of critical importance for the performance of adhesives, coatings, and inks, among others. However, the evolution of this distribution during the film formation process and in the resulting dried films remains insufficiently elucidated. Here, we present in situ (wet) and ex situ (dry) small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments that follow the film formation of two types of latex particles, which differ in their stabilizer: either a covalently bonded poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) segment or a physically adsorbed surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). By fitting the experimental SANS data and combining with gravimetry experiments, we have ascertained the hydrophilic species distribution within the drying film and followed its evolution by correlating the size and shape of stabilizer clusters with the drying time. The evolution of the SDS distribution over drying time is being driven by a reduction in the interfacial free energy. However, the PMAA-based stabilizer macromolecules are restricted by their covalent bonding to core polymer chains and hence form high-surface area disclike phases at the common boundary between particles and PMAA micelles. Contrary to an idealized view of film formation, PMAA does not remain in the walls of a continuous honeycomb structure. The results presented here shed new light on the nanoscale distribution of hydrophilic species in drying and ageing latex films. We provide valuable insights into the influence of the stabilizer mobility on the final structure of latex films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martín-Fabiani
- Department of Materials , Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , Leicestershire , U.K
| | - David K Makepeace
- Department of Physics , University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH , U.K
| | | | - Jennifer Lesage de la Haye
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Diego Alba Venero
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source , Harwell , Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Sarah E Rogers
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source , Harwell , Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Joseph L Keddie
- Department of Physics , University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH , U.K
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15
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Wahdat H, Gerst M, Rückel M, Möbius S, Adams J. Influence of Delayed, Ionic Polymer Cross-Linking on Film Formation Kinetics of Waterborne Adhesives. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hares Wahdat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Gerst
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Rückel
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Stephan Möbius
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Adams
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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16
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Integrating optical coherence tomography with gravimetric and video analysis (OCT-Gravimetry-Video method) for studying the drying process of polystyrene latex system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12962. [PMID: 30154524 PMCID: PMC6113323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Latex, an aqueous dispersion of sub-micron polymer particles, is widely used as polymer binder in waterborne coatings and adhesives. Drying of a latex is inhomogeneous, during which the spatial distribution of particles is non-uniform and changes with time, usually resulting in a compromise of the integrity of a dried film. To study drying inhomogeneity of latex, we developed a system integrating optical coherence tomography (OCT) with gravimetric and video analysis (OCT-Gravimetry-Video method) to non-destructively monitor the drying process of non-film-forming latexes consisting of hard polystyrene spheres over time. OCT structural and speckle images of the latex’s internal structure show the packing process of particles, the detachment of latex and the formation of apparent shear bands in cross-sectional views. Video recordings show the formation of cracks and the propagation of the drying boundary in the horizontal direction. The drying curve, measured by gravimetry, shows the drying rate and the water content of the latex at each drying stage. Furthermore, we find that the particle size affects packing and cracking phenomena remarkably. The OCT-Gravimetry-Video method serves as a general and robust approach to investigate the drying process of waterborne latex system. This method can be employed for fundamental studies of colloids and for evaluations of industrial latex products.
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17
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Wahdat H, Hirth C, Johannsmann D, Gerst M, Rückel M, Adams J. Film Formation of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs) Studied with Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and Scattering Intensity. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hares Wahdat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christopher Hirth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Gerst
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Rückel
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Adams
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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18
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Cusola O, Kivistö S, Vierros S, Batys P, Ago M, Tardy BL, Greca LG, Roncero MB, Sammalkorpi M, Rojas OJ. Particulate Coatings via Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly of Polydisperse Colloidal Lignin on Solid Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5759-5771. [PMID: 29718673 PMCID: PMC6150720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polydisperse smooth and spherical biocolloidal particles were suspended in aqueous media and allowed to consolidate via evaporation-induced self-assembly. The stratification of the particles at the solid-air interface was markedly influenced, but not monotonically, by the drying rate. Cross-sectional imaging via electron microscopy indicated a structured coating morphology that was distinctive from that obtained by using particles with a mono- or bimodal distribution. Segregation patterns were found to derive from the interplay of particle diffusion, interparticle forces, and settling dynamics. Supporting our experimental findings, computer simulations showed an optimal drying rate for achieving maximum segregation. Overall, stratified coatings comprising nano- and microparticles derived from lignin are expected to open opportunities for multifunctional structures that can be designed and predicted on the basis of experimental Péclet numbers and computational order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Cusola
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- CELBIOTECH
Research Group, Escola Superior d’Enginyeries
Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- E-mail: (O.C.)
| | - Samu Kivistö
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sampsa Vierros
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Piotr Batys
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariko Ago
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - M. Blanca Roncero
- CELBIOTECH
Research Group, Escola Superior d’Enginyeries
Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry
and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- E-mail: (O.J.R.)
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19
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Xiao Q, Zhao Z, Lim LT. Structure evolution of pullulan-alginate edible films during drying studied by low-field NMR. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- School of Food Science and Technology; Hunan Agricultural University; Hunan 410128 People's Republic of China
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
| | - Zhengtao Zhao
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
| | - Loong-Tak Lim
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
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20
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Perret A, Foray G, Masenelli-Varlot K, Maire E, Yrieix B. Study of the surfactant role in latex-aerogel systems by scanning transmission electron microscopy on aqueous suspensions. J Microsc 2017; 269:3-13. [PMID: 28700079 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For insulation applications, boards thinner than 2 cm are under design with specific thermal conductivities lower than 15 mW m-1 K-1 . This requires binding slightly hydrophobic aerogels which are highly nanoporous granular materials. To reach this step and ensure insulation board durability at the building scale, it is compulsory to design, characterise and analyse the microstructure at the nanoscale. It is indeed necessary to understand how the solid material is formed from a liquid suspension. This issue is addressed in this paper through wet-STEM experiments carried out in an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM). Latex-surfactant binary blends and latex-surfactant-aerogel ternary systems are studied, with two different surfactants of very different chemical structures. Image analysis is used to distinguish the different components and get quantitative morphological parameters which describe the sample architecture. The evolution of such morphological parameters during water evaporation permits a good understanding of the role of the surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perret
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UCBL, MATEIS, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - G Foray
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UCBL, MATEIS, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - K Masenelli-Varlot
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UCBL, MATEIS, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - E Maire
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UCBL, MATEIS, CNRS UMR5510, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - B Yrieix
- EDF R&D, MMC, Avenue des Renardières - Ecuelles -77818 MORET SUR LOING, Cedex, France
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21
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Water-immiscible bioinert coatings and film formation from aqueous dispersions of poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) microspheres. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:166-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Gonzalez-Alvarez MJ, Paternoga J, Breul K, Cho H, Roshandel MZ, Soleimani M, Winnik MA. Understanding particle formation in surfactant-free waterborne coatings prepared by emulsification of pre-formed polymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Concern for the environment has been driving major changes in the coatings industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Paternoga
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - Hyungjun Cho
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - Mohsen Soleimani
- BASF Corporation
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research
- Wyandotte
- USA
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23
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Divry V, Gromer A, Nassar M, Lambour C, Collin D, Holl Y. Drying Mechanisms in Plasticized Latex Films: Role of Horizontal Drying Fronts. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6791-802. [PMID: 27244562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article presents studies on the drying kinetics of latexes with particles made progressively softer by adding increasing amounts of a plasticizer, in relation to speeds of horizontal drying fronts and particle deformation mechanisms. Global drying rates were measured by gravimetry, and speeds of the horizontal fronts were recorded using a video camera and image processing. Particle deformation mechanisms were inferred using the deformation map established by Routh and Russel (RR). This required precise measurements of the rheological properties of the polymers using a piezorheometer. The results show that latexes with softer particles dry slowly, but in our systems, this is not due to skin formation. A correlation between global drying rates and speeds of horizontal fronts could be established and interpreted in terms of the evolution of mass transfer coefficients of water in different areas of the drying system. The speeds of the horizontal drying fronts were compared with the RR model. A remarkable qualitative agreement of the curve shapes was observed; however, the fit could not be considered good. These results call for further research efforts in modeling and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Divry
- CNRS-ICS & Université de Strasbourg , 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - A Gromer
- CNRS-ICS & Université de Strasbourg , 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - M Nassar
- CNRS-ICS & Université de Strasbourg , 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - C Lambour
- CNRS-ICS & Université de Strasbourg , 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - D Collin
- CNRS-ICS & Université de Strasbourg , 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Y Holl
- CNRS-ICS & Université de Strasbourg , 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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24
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van der Kooij HM, van de Kerkhof GT, Sprakel J. A mechanistic view of drying suspension droplets. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:2858-67. [PMID: 26843025 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02406d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
When a dispersion droplet dries, a rich variety of spatial and temporal heterogeneities emerge. Controlling these phenomena is essential for many applications yet requires a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Although the process of film formation from initially dispersed polymer particles is well documented and is known to involve three main stages - evaporation, particle deformation and coalescence - it is impossible to fully disentangle the effects of particle deformation and coalescence, as these stages are closely linked. We circumvent this problem by studying suspensions of colloidal rubber particles that are incapable of coalescing. Varying the crosslink density allows us to tune the particle deformability in a controlled manner. We develop a theoretical framework of the main regimes and stresses in drying droplets of these suspensions, and validate this framework experimentally. Specifically, we show that changing the particle modulus by less than an order of magnitude can completely alter the stress development and resulting instabilities. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that particle deformability is a key factor in stress mitigation. Our model is the suspension equivalent of the widely used Routh-Russel model for film formation in drying dispersions, with additional focus on lateral nonuniformities such as cracking and wrinkling inherent to the droplet geometry, thus adding a new dimension to the conventional view of particle deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne M van der Kooij
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands. and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gea T van de Kerkhof
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Baesch S, Siebel D, Schmidt-Hansberg B, Eichholz C, Gerst M, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Comparison of Surfactant Distributions in Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Films Dried from Dispersion under Lab-Scale and Industrial Drying Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8118-8128. [PMID: 26953641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Film-forming latex dispersions are an important class of material systems for a variety of applications, for example, pressure-sensitive adhesives, which are used for the manufacturing of adhesive tapes and labels. The mechanisms occurring during drying have been under intense investigations in a number of literature works. Of special interest is the distribution of surfactants during the film formation. However, most of the studies are performed at experimental conditions very different from those usually encountered in industrial processes. This leaves the impact of the drying conditions and the resulting influence on the film properties unclear. In this work, two different 2-ethylhexyl-acrylate (EHA)-based adhesives with varying characteristics regarding glass transition temperature, surfactants, and particle size distribution were investigated on two different substrates. The drying conditions, defined by film temperature and mass transfer in the gas phase, were varied to emulate typical conditions encountered in the laboratory and industrial processes. Extreme conditions equivalent to air temperatures up to 250 °C in a belt dryer and drying rates of 12 g/(m(2)·s) were realized. The surfactant distributions were measured by means of 3D confocal Raman spectroscopy in the dry film. The surfactant distributions were found to differ significantly with drying conditions at moderate film temperatures. At elevated film temperatures the surfactant distributions are independent of the investigated gas side transport coefficients: the heat and mass transfer coefficient. Coating on substrates with significantly different surface energies has a large impact on surfactant concentration gradients, as the equilibrium between surface and bulk concentration changes. Dispersions with higher colloidal stability showed more homogeneous lateral surfactant distributions. These results indicate that the choice of the drying conditions, colloidal stability, and substrates is crucial to control the surfactant distribution. Results obtained under lab-scale drying conditions cannot be transferred directly to the industrial application. The results were similar for both tested adhesive material systems, despite their different properties. This indicates that other properties, such as the particle size distribution and glass transition temperature, have surprisingly little effect on the development of the surfactant distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baesch
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Siebel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - P Scharfer
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Schabel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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26
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Gromer A, Nassar M, Thalmann F, Hébraud P, Holl Y. Simulation of Latex Film Formation Using a Cell Model in Real Space: Vertical Drying. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10983-94. [PMID: 26378376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a simulation tool applied to latex film formation by drying, a hybrid between a classical numerical resolution method using finite differences and cellular automata, and making use of object-oriented programming. It consists of dividing real space into cells and applying local physical laws to simulate the exchange of matter between neighboring cells. In a first step, the simulation was applied to the simple case of vertical drying of a latex containing only one population of monodisperse particles and water. Our results show how the distribution of latex particles evolves through the different drying stages due to a combination of diffusion, convection, and particle deformation. While repulsive interactions between the particles tend to favor homogeneous distributions in the first drying stage, concentration gradients that develop in opposite ways can be observed depending on the drying regime. The distributions, calculated in various cases, reproduce and extend several theoretical results and are in qualitative agreement with some experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gromer
- CNRS-ICS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - M Nassar
- CNRS-ICS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - F Thalmann
- CNRS-ICS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - P Hébraud
- IPCMS, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Y Holl
- CNRS-ICS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Feng H, Sprakel J, van der Gucht J. Hydrodynamic model for drying emulsions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:023011. [PMID: 26382507 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.023011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a hydrodynamic model for film formation in a dense oil-in-water emulsion under a unidirectional drying stress. Water flow through the plateau borders towards the drying end leads to the buildup of a pressure gradient. When the local pressure exceeds the critical disjoining pressure, the water films between droplets break and the droplets coalesce. We show that, depending on the critical pressure and the evaporation rate, the coalescence can occur in two distinct modes. At low critical pressures and low evaporation rates, coalescence occurs throughout the sample, whereas at high critical pressures and high evaporation rate, coalescence occurs only at the front. In the latter case, an oil layer develops on top of the film, which acts as a diffusive barrier and slows down film formation. Our findings, which are summarized in a state diagram for film formation, are in agreement with recent experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Feng
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands
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van der Kooij HM, de Kool M, van der Gucht J, Sprakel J. Coalescence, Cracking, and Crack Healing in Drying Dispersion Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4419-4428. [PMID: 25815714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a uniform film from a polymer dispersion is a complex phenomenon involving the interplay of many processes: evaporation and resulting fluid flows through confined geometries, particle packing and deformation, coalescence, and cracking. Understanding this multidimensional problem has proven challenging, precluding a clear understanding of film formation to date. This is especially true for drying dispersion droplets, where the particular geometry introduces additional complexity such as lateral flow toward the droplet periphery. We study the drying of these droplets using a simplified approach in which we systematically vary a single parameter: the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer. We combine optical with scanning electron microscopy to elucidate these processes from the macroscopic down to the single-particle level, both qualitatively and quantitatively, over times ranging from seconds to days. Our results indicate that the polymer Tg has a marked influence on the time evolution of particle deformation and coalescence, giving rise to a distinct and sudden cracking transition. Moreover, in cracked droplets it affects the frequently overlooked time scale of crack healing, giving rise to a second transition from self-healing to permanently cracked droplets. These findings are in line with the classical Routh-Russel model for film formation yet extend its scope from particle-level dynamics to long-range polymer flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne M van der Kooij
- †Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- ‡Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen de Kool
- †Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- †Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- †Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kimber JA, Gerst M, Kazarian SG. Fast drying and film formation of latex dispersions studied with FTIR spectroscopic imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13588-13595. [PMID: 25343527 DOI: 10.1021/la5035257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drying of thin latex films (∼20 μm) at high drying speeds (of the order of seconds) has been studied by fast chemical imaging. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging combined with a fast "kinetic" mode was used to acquire spectral images without coaddition, enabling the amount of water and homogeneity of the drying film to be studied over time. Drying profiles, constructed from analyzing the water content in each image, show two stages of drying, a fast and a slow region. The formulation of latex dispersions affects the onset of slow drying and the volume fraction of water remaining at the onset of slow drying. In this work, the effect of physical properties, film thickness and glass transition temperature (Tg), were investigated, as well as the effect of monomer composition where two monomoers, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate, and the amount of hydrophilic comonomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA), were varied. It was found that thicker films produced slower overall drying and that the formulation with a Tg above the minimum film formation temperature did not dry evenly, exhibiting cracking. However, the drying kinetics of high and low Tg films were similar, highlighting the advantage of using a spatially-resolved spectroscopic approach. Formulations containing more MMA dried faster than those with less. This was due to the hydrophilicity of MMA and the increase in Tg of the dispersion from the addition of MMA. Overall, FTIR spectroscopic imaging was shown to be a suitable approach in measuring film drying at high speeds as both chemical changes and chemical distribution could be analyzed over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Kimber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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