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Ramos Docampo MA. Magnetic motors in interphases: Motion control and integration in soft robots. Biointerphases 2024; 19:048502. [PMID: 38994898 DOI: 10.1116/6.0003637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic motors are a class of out-of-equilibrium particles that exhibit controlled and fast motion overcoming Brownian fluctuations by harnessing external magnetic fields. The advances in this field resulted in motors that have been used for different applications, such as biomedicine or environmental remediation. In this Perspective, an overview of the recent advancements of magnetic motors is provided, with a special focus on controlled motion. This aspect extends from trapping, steering, and guidance to organized motor grouping and degrouping, which is known as swarm control. Further, the integration of magnetic motors in soft robots to actuate their motion is also discussed. Finally, some remarks and perspectives of the field are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ramos Docampo
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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Metzler L, Rehbein U, Schönberg JN, Brandstetter T, Thedieck K, Rühe J. Breaking the Interface: Efficient Extraction of Magnetic Beads from Nanoliter Droplets for Automated Sequential Immunoassays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10283-10290. [PMID: 32501674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic systems offer a high potential for miniaturization and automation. Therefore, they are becoming an increasingly important tool in analytical chemistry, biosciences, and medicine. Heterogeneous assays commonly utilize magnetic beads as a solid phase. However, the sensitivity of state of the art microfluidic systems is limited by the high bead concentrations required for efficient extraction across the water-oil interface. Furthermore, current systems suffer from a lack of technical solutions for sequential measurements of multiple samples, limiting their throughput and capacity for automation. Taking advantage of the different wetting properties of hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas in the channels, we improve the extraction efficiency of magnetic beads from aqueous nanoliter-sized droplets by 2 orders of magnitude to the low μg/mL range. Furthermore, the introduction of a switchable magnetic trap enables repetitive capture and release of magnetic particles for sequential analysis of multiple samples, enhancing the throughput. In comparison to conventional ELISA-based sandwich immunoassays on microtiter plates, our microfluidic setup offers a 25-50-fold reduction of sample and reagent consumption with up to 50 technical replicates per sample. The enhanced sensitivity and throughput of this system open avenues for the development of automated detection of biomolecules at the nanoliter scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Metzler
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rehbein
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Niklas Schönberg
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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ROCHA FÁBIOR, BATISTA ALEXD, MELCHERT WANESSAR, ZAGATTO ELIASA. Solid-phase extractions in flow analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:803-824. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Scherr TF, Ryskoski HB, Doyle AB, Haselton FR. A two-magnet strategy for improved mixing and capture from biofluids. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:024118. [PMID: 27158286 PMCID: PMC4833749 DOI: 10.1063/1.4946014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic beads are a popular method for concentrating biomolecules from solution and have been more recently used in multistep pre-arrayed microfluidic cartridges. Typical processing strategies rely on a single magnet, resulting in a tight cluster of beads and requiring long incubation times to achieve high capture efficiencies, especially in highly viscous patient samples. This report describes a two-magnet strategy to improve the interaction of the bead surface with the surrounding fluid inside of a pre-arrayed, self-contained assay-in-a-tube. In the two-magnet system, target biomarker capture occurs at a rate three times faster than the single-magnet system. In clinically relevant biomatrices, we find a 2.5-fold improvement in biomarker capture at lower sample viscosities with the two-magnet system. In addition, we observe a 20% increase in the amount of protein captured at high viscosity for the two-magnet configuration relative to the single magnet approach. The two-magnet approach offers a means to achieve higher biomolecule extraction yields and shorter assay times in magnetic capture assays and in self-contained processor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Scherr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Hayley B Ryskoski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Andrew B Doyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Frederick R Haselton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Schönberg JN, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Particle Extraction in Plug-based Microfluidics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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