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Than L, Wolfe KD, Cliffel DE, Jennings GK. Drop-casted Photosystem I/cytochrome c multilayer films for biohybrid solar energy conversion. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:299-308. [PMID: 36564600 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the main barriers to making efficient Photosystem I-based biohybrid solar cells is the need for an electrochemical pathway to facilitate electron transfer between the P700 reaction center of Photosystem I and an electrode. To this end, nature provides inspiration in the form of cytochrome c6, a natural electron donor to the P700 site. Its natural ability to access the P700 binding pocket and reduce the reaction center can be mimicked by employing cytochrome c, which has a similar protein structure and redox chemistry while also being compatible with a variety of electrode surfaces. Previous research has incorporated cytochrome c to improve the photocurrent generation of Photosystem I using time consuming and/or specialized electrode preparation. While those methods lead to high protein areal density, in this work we use the quick and facile vacuum-assisted drop-casting technique to construct a Photosystem I/cytochrome c photoactive composite film with micron-scale thickness. We demonstrate that this simple fabrication technique can result in high cytochrome c loading and improvement in cathodic photocurrent over a drop-casted Photosystem I film without cytochrome c. In addition, we analyze the behavior of the cytochrome c/Photosystem I system at varying applied potentials to show that the improvement in performance can be attributed to enhancement of the electron transfer rate to P700 sites and therefore the PSI turnover rate within the composite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Than
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1604, USA
| | - Kody D Wolfe
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science and Engineering Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-0106, USA
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1822, USA
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1604, USA.
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2
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Gao P, Kasama T, Shin J, Huang Y, Miyake R. A Mediated Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor Using Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:995. [PMID: 36354502 PMCID: PMC9688852 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been applied in many different sensing devices, from mechanical sensors to biochemical sensors. In particular, LIG fabricated on paper (PaperLIG) shows great promise for preparing cheap, flexible, and disposable biosensors. Distinct from the fabrication of LIG on polyimide, a two-step process is used for the fabrication of PaperLIG. In this study, firstly, a highly conductive PaperLIG is fabricated. Further characterization of PaperLIG confirmed that it was suitable for developing biosensors. Subsequently, the PaperLIG was used to construct a biosensor by immobilizing glucose oxidase, aminoferrocene, and Nafion on the surface. The developed glucose biosensor could be operated at a low applied potential (-90 mV) for amperometric measurements. The as-prepared biosensor demonstrated a limit of detection of (50-75 µM) and a linear range from 100 µM to 3 mM. The influence of the concentration of the Nafion casting solution on the performance of the developed biosensor was also investigated. Potential interfering species in saliva did not have a noticeable effect on the detection of glucose. Based on the experimental results, the simple-to-prepare PaperLIG-based saliva glucose biosensor shows great promise for application in future diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Gao
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kasama
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jungchan Shin
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyake
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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PEDOT-Carbon Nanotube Counter Electrodes and Bipyridine Cobalt (II/III) Mediators as Universally Compatible Components in Bio-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Photosystem I and Bacteriorhodopsin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073865. [PMID: 35409224 PMCID: PMC8998335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, solar energy is captured by different types of light harvesting protein–pigment complexes. Two of these photoactivatable proteins are bacteriorhodopsin (bR), which utilizes a retinal moiety to function as a proton pump, and photosystem I (PSI), which uses a chlorophyll antenna to catalyze unidirectional electron transfer. Both PSI and bR are well characterized biochemically and have been integrated into solar photovoltaic (PV) devices built from sustainable materials. Both PSI and bR are some of the best performing photosensitizers in the bio-sensitized PV field, yet relatively little attention has been devoted to the development of more sustainable, biocompatible alternative counter electrodes and electrolytes for bio-sensitized solar cells. Careful selection of the electrolyte and counter electrode components is critical to designing bio-sensitized solar cells with more sustainable materials and improved device performance. This work explores the use of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEDOT/CNT) as counter electrodes and aqueous-soluble bipyridine cobaltII/III complexes as direct redox mediators for both PSI and bR devices. We report a unique counter electrode and redox mediator system that can perform remarkably well for both bio-photosensitizers that have independently evolved over millions of years. The compatibility of disparate proteins with common mediators and counter electrodes may further the improvement of bio-sensitized PV design in a way that is more universally biocompatible for device outputs and longevity.
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Dynamics of Polymer Membrane Swelling in Aqueous Suspension of Amino-Acids with Different Isotopic Composition; Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Experiments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162635. [PMID: 34451175 PMCID: PMC8401552 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In photoluminescence spectroscopy experiments, the interaction mode of the polymer membrane Nafion with various amino-acids was studied. The experiments were performed with physiological NaCl solutions prepared in an ordinary water (the deuterium content is 157 ± 1 ppm) and also in deuterium-depleted water (the deuterium content is ≤1 ppm). These studies were motivated by the fact that when Nafion swells in ordinary water, the polymer fibers are effectively “unwound” into the liquid bulk, while in the case of deuterium-depleted water, the unwinding effect is missing. In addition, polymer fibers, unwound into the liquid bulk, are similar to the extracellular matrix (glycocalyx) on the cell membrane surface. It is of interest to clarify the role of unwound fibers in the interaction of amino-acids with the polymer membrane surface. It turned out that the interaction of amino-acids with the membrane surface gives rise to the effects of quenching luminescence from the luminescence centers. We first observed various dynamic regimes arising upon swelling the Nafion membrane in amino-acid suspension with various isotopic content, including triggering effects, which is similar to the processes in the logical gates of computers.
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Teodor AH, Ooi EJ, Medina J, Alarcon M, Vaughn MD, Bruce BD, Bergkamp JJ. Aqueous-soluble bipyridine cobalt(ii/iii) complexes act as direct redox mediators in photosystem I-based biophotovoltaic devices. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10434-10450. [PMID: 35423559 PMCID: PMC8695705 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10221k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable energy production is critical for meeting growing worldwide energy demands. Due to its stability and reduction potential, photosystem I (PSI) is attractive as the photosensitizer in biophotovoltaic devices. Herein, we characterize aqueous and organic solvent soluble synthetic bipyridine-based cobalt complexes as redox mediators for PSI-based biophotovoltaics applications. Cobalt-based complexes are not destructive to protein and have appropriate midpoint potentials for electron donation to PSI. We report on PSI stability in organic solvents commonly used in biophotovoltaics. We also show the effects of a mixed organic solvent phase on PSI reduction kinetics, slowing reduction rates approximately 8–38 fold as compared to fully aqueous systems, with implications for dye regeneration rates in PSI-based biophotovoltaics. Further, we show evidence of direct electron transfer from cobalt complexes to PSI. Finally, we report on photocurrent generation from Co mediator-PSI biophotovoltaic devices. Taken together, we discuss the development of novel Co complexes and our ability to fine-tune their characteristics via functional groups and counteranion choice to drive interaction with a biological electron acceptor on multiple levels from redox midpoints, spectral overlap, and solvent requirements, among others. This work suggests that fine-tuning of redox active species for interaction with a biological partner is possible for the creation and improvement of low cost, carbon-neutral energy production in the future. Sustainable energy production is critical for meeting growing worldwide energy demands.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Teodor
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville and Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA
| | - Eu-Jee Ooi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Bakersfield USA
| | - Jackeline Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Bakersfield USA
| | - Miguel Alarcon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Bakersfield USA
| | | | - Barry D Bruce
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville and Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA .,Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee at Knoxville USA
| | - Jesse J Bergkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Bakersfield USA
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Abstract
The biological process of photosynthesis was critical in catalyzing the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere 2.5 billion years ago, changing the course of development of life on Earth. Recently, the fields of applied and synthetic photosynthesis have utilized the light-driven protein–pigment supercomplexes central to photosynthesis for the photocatalytic production of fuel and other various valuable products. The reaction center Photosystem I is of particular interest in applied photosynthesis due to its high stability post-purification, non-geopolitical limitation, and its ability to generate the greatest reducing power found in nature. These remarkable properties have been harnessed for the photocatalytic production of a number of valuable products in the applied photosynthesis research field. These primarily include photocurrents and molecular hydrogen as fuels. The use of artificial reaction centers to generate substrates and reducing equivalents to drive non-photoactive enzymes for valuable product generation has been a long-standing area of interest in the synthetic photosynthesis research field. In this review, we cover advances in these areas and further speculate synthetic and applied photosynthesis as photocatalysts for the generation of valuable products.
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Passantino JM, Wolfe KD, Simon KT, Cliffel DE, Jennings GK. Photosystem I Enhances the Efficiency of a Natural, Gel-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4465-4473. [PMID: 35025445 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photosystem I (PSI) protein complex is known to enhance bioelectrode performance for many liquid-based photoelectrochemical cells. A hydrogel as electrolyte media allows for simpler fabrication of more robust and practical solar cells in comparison to liquid-based devices. This paper reports a natural, gel-based dye-sensitized solar cell that integrates PSI to improve device efficiency. TiO2-coated FTO slides, dyed by blackberry anthocyanin, act as a photoanode, while a film of PSI deposited onto copper comprises the photocathode. Ascorbic acid (AscH) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) are the redox mediator couple inside an agarose hydrogel, enabling PSI to produce excess oxidized species near the cathode to improve device performance. A comparison of performance at low pH and neutral pH was performed to test the pH-dependent properties of the AscH/DCPIP couple. Devices at neutral pH performed better than those at lower pH. The PSI film enhanced photovoltage by 75 mV to a total photovoltage of 0.45 V per device and provided a mediator concentration-dependent photocurrent enhancement over non-PSI devices, reaching an instantaneous power conversion efficiency of 0.30% compared to 0.18% without PSI, a 1.67-fold increase. At steady state, power conversion efficiencies for devices with and without PSI were 0.042 and 0.028%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Passantino
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Kody D Wolfe
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Keiann T Simon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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8
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Zhao F, Ruff A, Rögner M, Schuhmann W, Conzuelo F. Extended Operational Lifetime of a Photosystem-Based Bioelectrode. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5102-5106. [PMID: 30888806 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of bioelectrochemical assemblies for sustainable energy transformation constitutes an increasingly important field of research. Significant progress has been made in the development of semiartificial devices for conversion of light into electrical energy by integration of photosynthetic biomolecules on electrodes. However, sufficient long-term stability of such biophotoelectrodes has been compromised by reactive species generated under aerobic operation. Therefore, meeting the requirements of practical applications still remains unsolved. We present the operation of a photosystem I-based photocathode using an electron acceptor that enables photocurrent generation under anaerobic conditions as the basis for a biodevice with substantially improved stability. A continuous operation lifetime considerably superior to previous reports and at higher light intensities is paving the way toward the potential application of semiartificial energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhao
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Matthias Rögner
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
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9
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Exploiting new ways for a more efficient orientation and wiring of PSI to electrodes: A fullerene C70 approach. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Zhao F, Hartmann V, Ruff A, Nowaczyk MM, Rögner M, Schuhmann W, Conzuelo F. Unravelling electron transfer processes at photosystem 2 embedded in an Os-complex modified redox polymer. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Fabrication, characterization, electrochemistry, and redox-induced electrochromism of viologen-functionalized silica core-shell nano-composites. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Kim Y, Lee JH, Ha H, Im SW, Nam KT. Material science lesson from the biological photosystem. NANO CONVERGENCE 2016; 3:19. [PMID: 28191429 PMCID: PMC5271162 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-016-0079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by photosynthesis, artificial systems for a sustainable energy supply are being designed. Each sequential energy conversion process from light to biomass in natural photosynthesis is a valuable model for an energy collection, transport and conversion system. Notwithstanding the numerous lessons of nature that provide inspiration for new developments, the features of natural photosynthesis need to be reengineered to meet man's demands. This review describes recent strategies toward adapting key lessons from natural photosynthesis to artificial systems. We focus on the underlying material science in photosynthesis that combines photosystems as pivotal functional materials and a range of materials into an integrated system. Finally, a perspective on the future development of photosynthesis mimetic energy systems is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghye Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
| | - Heonjin Ha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Im
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
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13
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Structure and Modification of Electrode Materials for Protein Electrochemistry. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 158:43-73. [PMID: 27506830 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between proteins and electrode surfaces are of fundamental importance in bioelectrochemistry, including photobioelectrochemistry. In order to optimise the interaction between electrode and redox protein, either the electrode or the protein can be engineered, with the former being the most adopted approach. This tutorial review provides a basic description of the most commonly used electrode materials in bioelectrochemistry and discusses approaches to modify these surfaces. Carbon, gold and transparent electrodes (e.g. indium tin oxide) are covered, while approaches to form meso- and macroporous structured electrodes are also described. Electrode modifications include the chemical modification with (self-assembled) monolayers and the use of conducting polymers in which the protein is imbedded. The proteins themselves can either be in solution, electrostatically adsorbed on the surface or covalently bound to the electrode. Drawbacks and benefits of each material and its modifications are discussed. Where examples exist of applications in photobioelectrochemistry, these are highlighted.
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14
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Stieger KR, Ciornii D, Kölsch A, Hejazi M, Lokstein H, Feifel SC, Zouni A, Lisdat F. Engineering of supramolecular photoactive protein architectures: the defined co-assembly of photosystem I and cytochrome c using a nanoscaled DNA-matrix. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10695-705. [PMID: 27150202 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00097e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of renewable and sustainable protein-based light-to-energy converting systems is an emerging field of research. Here, we report on the development of supramolecular light-harvesting electrodes, consisting of the redox protein cytochrome c working as a molecular scaffold as well as a conductive wiring network and photosystem I as a photo-functional matrix element. Both proteins form complexes in solution, which in turn can be adsorbed on thiol-modified gold electrodes through a self-assembly mechanism. To overcome the limited stability of self-grown assemblies, DNA, a natural polyelectrolyte, is used as a further building block for the construction of a photo-active 3D architecture. DNA acts as a structural matrix element holding larger protein amounts and thus remarkably improving the maximum photocurrent and electrode stability. On investigating the photophysical properties, this system demonstrates that effective electron pathways have been created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Stieger
- Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Biosystems Technology, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
| | - Dmitri Ciornii
- Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Biosystems Technology, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
| | - Adrian Kölsch
- Humboldt-University of Berlin, Institute of Biology, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahdi Hejazi
- Humboldt-University of Berlin, Institute of Biology, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Lokstein
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Institute for Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Sven C Feifel
- Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Biosystems Technology, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
| | - Athina Zouni
- Humboldt-University of Berlin, Institute of Biology, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Biosystems Technology, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
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15
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Pinyou P, Ruff A, Pöller S, Ma S, Ludwig R, Schuhmann W. Design of an Os Complex-Modified Hydrogel with Optimized Redox Potential for Biosensors and Biofuel Cells. Chemistry 2016; 22:5319-26. [PMID: 26929043 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multistep synthesis and electrochemical characterization of an Os complex-modified redox hydrogel exhibiting a redox potential ≈+30 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl 3 M KCl) is demonstrated. The careful selection of bipyridine-based ligands bearing N,N-dimethylamino moieties and an amino-linker for the covalent attachment to the polymer backbone ensures the formation of a stable redox polymer with an envisaged redox potential close to 0 V. Most importantly, the formation of an octahedral N6-coordination sphere around the Os central atoms provides improved stability concomitantly with the low formal potential, a low reorganization energy during the Os(3+/2+) redox conversion and a negligible impact on oxygen reduction. By wiring a variety of enzymes such as pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and the FAD-dependent dehydrogenase domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase, low-potential glucose biosensors could be obtained with negligible co-oxidation of common interfering compounds such as uric acid or ascorbic acid. In combination with a bilirubin oxidase-based biocathode, enzymatic biofuel cells with open-circuit voltages of up to 0.54 V were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanut Pinyou
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha Pöller
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Su Ma
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11/1/56, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11/1/56, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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16
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Carter JR, Baker DR, Witt TA, Bruce BD. Enhanced photocurrent from Photosystem I upon in vitro truncation of the antennae chlorophyll. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 127:161-70. [PMID: 26031418 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Current effects on climate change and dwindling fossil fuel reserves require new materials and methods to convert solar energy into a viable clean energy source. Recent progress in the direct conversion of light into photocurrent has been well documented using Photosystem I. In plants, PSI consists of a core complex and multiple light-harvesting complexes, denoted LHCI and LHCII. Most of the methods for isolating PSI from plants involve a selective, detergent solubilization from thylakoids followed by sucrose gradient density centrifugation. These processes isolate one variant of PSI with a specific ratio of Chl:P700. In this study, we have developed a simple and potentially scalable method for isolating multiple PSI variants using Hydroxyapatite chromatography, which has been well documented in other Photosystem I isolation protocols. By varying the wash conditions, we show that it is possible to change the Chl:P700 ratios. These different PSI complexes were cast into a PSI-Nafion-osmium polymer film that enabled their photoactivity to be measured. Photocurrent increases nearly 400% between highly washed and untreated solutions based on equal chlorophyll content. Importantly, the mild washing conditions remove peripheral Chl and some LHCI without inhibiting the photochemical activity of PSI as suggested by SDS-PAGE analysis. This result could indicate that more P700 could be loaded per surface area for biohybrid devices. Compared with other PSI isolations, this protocol also allows isolation of multiple PSI variants without loss of photochemical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ridge Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - David R Baker
- Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
| | - T Austin Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Barry D Bruce
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Program in Energy Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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17
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Alsaoub S, Barwe S, Andronescu C, Pöller S, Ruff A, Schuhmann W. Poly(benzoxazine)s Modified with Osmium Complexes as a Class of Redox Polymers for Wiring of Enzymes to Electrode Surfaces. Chempluschem 2015; 80:1178-1185. [PMID: 31973283 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxazine-based redox polymers bearing Os complexes are synthesized and used as an immobilization matrix for glucose oxidase (GOx) as a model system for a reagentless biosensor. The polymers are formed by electrochemically induced anodic polymerization of the corresponding benzoxazine monomers modified with Os complexes. The precursors are synthesized in a Mannich-type reaction between bisphenol A, formaldehyde, and the corresponding Os complexes or ligands, which contain free amino groups. The Os complexes are redox active within the polymer films, and thus, can be used as redox relays for the electron transfer between the electrode surface and the prosthetic group within the enzyme. Entrapment of GOx within the poly(benzoxazine) film is achieved successfully, as shown by the biocatalytic activity of the poly(benzoxazine)/GOx films upon the addition of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Alsaoub
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany), Fax: (+49) 234 3214683
| | - Stefan Barwe
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany), Fax: (+49) 234 3214683
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest (Romania)
| | - Sascha Pöller
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany), Fax: (+49) 234 3214683
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany), Fax: (+49) 234 3214683
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany), Fax: (+49) 234 3214683
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Purchase RL, de Groot HJM. Biosolar cells: global artificial photosynthesis needs responsive matrices with quantum coherent kinetic control for high yield. Interface Focus 2015; 5:20150014. [PMID: 26052428 PMCID: PMC4410567 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This contribution discusses why we should consider developing artificial photosynthesis with the tandem approach followed by the Dutch BioSolar Cells consortium, a current operational paradigm for a global artificial photosynthesis project. We weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a tandem converter against other approaches, including biomass. Owing to the low density of solar energy per unit area, artificial photosynthetic systems must operate at high efficiency to minimize the land (or sea) area required. In particular, tandem converters are a much better option than biomass for densely populated countries and use two photons per electron extracted from water as the raw material into chemical conversion to hydrogen, or carbon-based fuel when CO2 is also used. For the average total light sum of 40 mol m−2 d−1 for The Netherlands, the upper limits are many tons of hydrogen or carbon-based fuel per hectare per year. A principal challenge is to forge materials for quantitative conversion of photons to chemical products within the physical limitation of an internal potential of ca 2.9 V. When going from electric charge in the tandem to hydrogen and back to electricity, only the energy equivalent to 1.23 V can be stored in the fuel and regained. A critical step is then to learn from nature how to use the remaining difference of ca 1.7 V effectively by triple use of one overpotential for preventing recombination, kinetic stabilization of catalytic intermediates and finally generating targeted heat for the release of oxygen. Probably the only way to achieve this is by using bioinspired responsive matrices that have quantum–classical pathways for a coherent conversion of photons to fuels, similar to what has been achieved by natural selection in evolution. In appendix A for the expert, we derive a propagator that describes how catalytic reactions can proceed coherently by a convergence of time scales of quantum electron dynamics and classical nuclear dynamics. We propose that synergy gains by such processes form a basis for further progress towards high efficiency and yield for a global project on artificial photosynthesis. Finally, we look at artificial photosynthesis research in The Netherlands and use this as an example of how an interdisciplinary approach is beneficial to artificial photosynthesis research. We conclude with some of the potential societal consequences of a large-scale roll out of artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Purchase
- Biophysical Organic Chemistry/Solid State NMR , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - H J M de Groot
- Biophysical Organic Chemistry/Solid State NMR , Leiden Institute of Chemistry , PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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Gizzie EA, LeBlanc G, Jennings GK, Cliffel DE. Electrochemical preparation of Photosystem I-polyaniline composite films for biohybrid solar energy conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9328-35. [PMID: 25897977 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report for the first time the entrapment of the biomolecular supercomplex Photosystem I (PSI) within a conductive polymer network of polyaniline via electrochemical copolymerization. Composite polymer-protein films were prepared on gold electrodes through potentiostatic electropolymerization from a single aqueous solution containing both aniline and PSI. This study demonstrates the controllable integration of large membrane proteins into rapidly prepared composite films, the entrapment of such proteins was observed through photoelectrochemical analysis. PSI's unique function as a highly efficient biomolecular photodiode generated a significant enhancement in photocurrent generation for the PSI-loaded polyaniline films, compared to pristine polyaniline films, and dropcast PSI films. A comprehensive study was then performed to separately evaluate film thickness and PSI concentration in the initial polymerization solution and their effects on the net photocurrent of this novel material. The best performing composite films were prepared with 0.1 μM PSI in the polymerization solution and deposited to a film thickness of 185 nm, resulting in an average photocurrent density of 5.7 μA cm(-2) with an efficiency of 0.005%. This photocurrent output represents an enhancement greater than 2-fold over bare polyaniline films and 200-fold over a traditional PSI multilayer film of comparable thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Gizzie
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | - Gabriel LeBlanc
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | - G Kane Jennings
- ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
| | - David E Cliffel
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
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