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Arai K, Murata S, Wang T, Yoshimura W, Oda-Tokuhisa M, Matsunaga T, Kisailus D, Arakaki A. Adsorption of Biomineralization Protein Mms6 on Magnetite (Fe 3O 4) Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105554. [PMID: 35628364 PMCID: PMC9143127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is an elaborate process that controls the deposition of inorganic materials in living organisms with the aid of associated proteins. Magnetotactic bacteria mineralize magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with finely tuned morphologies in their cells. Mms6, a magnetosome membrane specific (Mms) protein isolated from the surfaces of bacterial magnetite nanoparticles, plays an important role in regulating the magnetite crystal morphology. Although the binding ability of Mms6 to magnetite nanoparticles has been speculated, the interactions between Mms6 and magnetite crystals have not been elucidated thus far. Here, we show a direct adsorption ability of Mms6 on magnetite nanoparticles in vitro. An adsorption isotherm indicates that Mms6 has a high adsorption affinity (Kd = 9.52 µM) to magnetite nanoparticles. In addition, Mms6 also demonstrated adsorption on other inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and hydroxyapatite. Therefore, Mms6 can potentially be utilized for the bioconjugation of functional proteins to inorganic material surfaces to modulate inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Arai
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
| | - Satoshi Murata
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
| | - Taifeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (T.W.); (D.K.)
| | - Wataru Yoshimura
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
| | - Mayumi Oda-Tokuhisa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (T.W.); (D.K.)
| | - Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; (K.A.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (M.O.-T.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence:
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2
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Davidov G, Abelya G, Zalk R, Izbicki B, Shaibi S, Spektor L, Shagidov D, Meyron-Holtz EG, Zarivach R, Frank GA. Folding of an Intrinsically Disordered Iron-Binding Peptide in Response to Sedimentation Revealed by Cryo-EM. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19551-19557. [PMID: 33166133 PMCID: PMC7677926 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is mediated by specialized proteins that guide and control mineral sedimentation. In many cases, the active regions of these biomineralization proteins are intrinsically disordered. High-resolution structures of these proteins while they interact with minerals are essential for understanding biomineralization processes and the function of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Here we used the cavity of ferritin as a nanoreactor where the interaction between M6A, an intrinsically disordered iron-binding domain, and an iron oxide particle was visualized at high resolution by cryo-EM. Taking advantage of the differences in the electron-dose sensitivity of the protein and the iron oxide particles, we developed a method to determine the irregular shape of the particles found in our density maps. We found that the folding of M6A correlates with the detection of mineral particles in its vicinity. M6A interacts with the iron oxide particles through its C-terminal side, resulting in the stabilization of a helix at its N-terminal side. The stabilization of the helix at a region that is not in direct contact with the iron oxide particle demonstrates the ability of IDPs to respond to signals from their surroundings by conformational changes. These findings provide the first glimpse toward the long-suspected mechanism for biomineralization protein control over mineral microstructure, where unstructured regions of these proteins become more ordered in response to their interaction with the nascent mineral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geula Davidov
- Department
of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The
National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Gili Abelya
- Department
of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ran Zalk
- The
National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Benjamin Izbicki
- Department
of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sharon Shaibi
- Department
of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Lior Spektor
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Dayana Shagidov
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Esther G. Meyron-Holtz
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200000, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department
of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The
National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse
Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Gabriel A. Frank
- Department
of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The
National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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3
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Pekarsky A, Spadiut O. Intrinsically Magnetic Cells: A Review on Their Natural Occurrence and Synthetic Generation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:573183. [PMID: 33195134 PMCID: PMC7604359 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.573183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnetization of non-magnetic cells has great potential to aid various processes in medicine, but also in bioprocess engineering. Current approaches to magnetize cells with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) require cellular uptake or adsorption through in vitro manipulation of cells. A relatively new field of research is "magnetogenetics" which focuses on in vivo production and accumulation of magnetic material. Natural intrinsically magnetic cells (IMCs) produce intracellular, MNPs, and are called magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). In recent years, researchers have unraveled function and structure of numerous proteins from MTB. Furthermore, protein engineering studies on such MTB proteins and other potentially magnetic proteins, like ferritins, highlight that in vivo magnetization of non-magnetic hosts is a thriving field of research. This review summarizes current knowledge on recombinant IMC generation and highlights future steps that can be taken to succeed in transforming non-magnetic cells to IMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Investigating the ferric ion binding site of magnetite biomineralisation protein Mms6. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228708. [PMID: 32097412 PMCID: PMC7041794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomineralization protein Mms6 has been shown to be a major player in the formation of magnetic nanoparticles both within the magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria and as an additive in synthetic magnetite precipitation assays. Previous studies have highlighted the ferric iron binding capability of the protein and this activity is thought to be crucial to its mineralizing properties. To understand how this protein binds ferric ions we have prepared a series of single amino acid substitutions within the C-terminal binding region of Mms6 and have used a ferric binding assay to probe the binding site at the level of individual residues which has pinpointed the key residues of E44, E50 and R55 involved in Mms6 ferric binding. No aspartic residues bound ferric ions. A nanoplasmonic sensing experiment was used to investigate the unstable EER44, 50,55AAA triple mutant in comparison to native Mms6. This suggests a difference in interaction with iron ions between the two and potential changes to the surface precipitation of iron oxide when the pH is increased. All-atom simulations suggest that disruptive mutations do not fundamentally alter the conformational preferences of the ferric binding region. Instead, disruption of these residues appears to impede a sequence-specific motif in the C-terminus critical to ferric ion binding.
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5
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Salt Mediated Self-Assembly of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Functionalized Gold Nanorods. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20349. [PMID: 31889079 PMCID: PMC6937238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although challenging, assembling and orienting non-spherical nanomaterials into two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) ordered arrays can facilitate versatile collective properties by virtue of their shape-dependent properties that cannot be realized with their spherical counterparts. Here, we report on the self-assembly of gold nanorods (AuNRs) into 2D films at the vapor/liquid interface facilitated by grafting them with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Using surface sensitive synchrotron grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and specular X-ray reflectivity (XRR), we show that PEG-AuNRs in aqueous suspensions migrate to the vapor/liquid interface in the presence of salt, forming a uniform monolayer with planar-to-surface orientation. Furthermore, the 2D assembled PEG functionalized AuNRs exhibit short range order into rectangular symmetry with side-by-side and tail-to-tail nearest-neighbor packing. The effect of PEG chain length and salt concentration on the 2D assembly are also reported.
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6
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Norfolk L, Rawlings AE, Bramble JP, Ward K, Francis N, Waller R, Bailey A, Staniland SS. Macrofluidic Coaxial Flow Platforms to Produce Tunable Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Study of the Effect of Reaction Conditions and Biomineralisation Protein Mms6. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121729. [PMID: 31817082 PMCID: PMC6955933 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles' applicability is growing extensively. However, simple, environmentally-friendly, tunable synthesis of monodispersed iron-oxide nanoparticles is challenging. Continuous flow microfluidic synthesis is promising; however, the microscale results in small yields and clogging. Here we present two simple macrofluidics devices (cast and machined) for precision magnetite nanoparticle synthesis utilizing formation at the interface by diffusion between two laminar flows, removing aforementioned issues. Ferric to total iron was varied between 0.2 (20:80 Fe3+:Fe2+) and 0.7 (70:30 Fe3+:Fe2+). X-ray diffraction shows magnetite in fractions from 0.2-0.6, with iron-oxide impurities in 0.7, 0.2 and 0.3 samples and magnetic susceptibility increases with increasing ferric content to 0.6, in agreement with each other and batch synthesis. Remarkably, size is tuned (between 20.5 nm to 6.5 nm) simply by increasing ferric ions ratio. Previous research shows biomineralisation protein Mms6 directs magnetite synthesis and controls size, but until now has not been attempted in flow. Here we report Mms6 increases magnetism, but no difference in particle size is seen, showing flow reduced the influence of Mms6. The study demonstrates a versatile yet simple platform for the synthesis of a vast range of tunable nanoparticles and ideal to study reaction intermediates and additive effects throughout synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Norfolk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Andrea E Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Jonathan P Bramble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Katy Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Noel Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Rachel Waller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
| | - Ashley Bailey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Sarah S. Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (L.N.); (A.E.R.); (J.P.B.); (K.W.); (N.F.); (R.W.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)114-222-9539
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7
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Tuning properties of biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles by combining magnetosome associated proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8804. [PMID: 31217514 PMCID: PMC6584501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of magnetosome associated proteins on the in vitro synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles has gained interest, both to obtain a better understanding of the magnetosome biomineralization process and to be able to produce novel magnetosome-like biomimetic nanoparticles. Up to now, only one recombinant protein has been used at the time to in vitro form biomimetic magnetite precipitates, being that a scenario far enough from what probably occurs in the magnetosome. In the present study, both Mms6 and MamC from Magnetococcus marinus MC-1 have been used to in vitro form biomimetic magnetites. Our results show that MamC and Mms6 have different, but complementary, effects on in vitro magnetite nucleation and growth. MamC seems to control the kinetics of magnetite nucleation while Mms6 seems to preferably control the kinetics for crystal growth. Our results from the present study also indicate that it is possible to combine both proteins to tune the properties of the resulting biomimetic magnetites. In particular, by changing the relative ratio of these proteins, better faceted and/or larger magnetite crystals with, consequently, different magnetic moment per particle could be obtained. This study provides with tools to obtain new biomimetic nanoparticles with a potential utility for biotechnological applications.
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8
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9
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Mosayebi J, Kiyasatfar M, Laurent S. Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28990364 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to translate nanotechnology into medical practice, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been presented as a class of non-invasive nanomaterials for numerous biomedical applications. In particular, MNPs have opened a door for simultaneous diagnosis and brisk treatment of diseases in the form of theranostic agents. This review highlights the recent advances in preparation and utilization of MNPs from the synthesis and functionalization steps to the final design consideration in evading the body immune system for therapeutic and diagnostic applications with addressing the most recent examples of the literature in each section. This study provides a conceptual framework of a wide range of synthetic routes classified mainly as wet chemistry, state-of-the-art microfluidic reactors, and biogenic routes, along with the most popular coating materials to stabilize resultant MNPs. Additionally, key aspects of prolonging the half-life of MNPs via overcoming the sequential biological barriers are covered through unraveling the biophysical interactions at the bio-nano interface and giving a set of criteria to efficiently modulate MNPs' physicochemical properties. Furthermore, concepts of passive and active targeting for successful cell internalization, by respectively exploiting the unique properties of cancers and novel targeting ligands are described in detail. Finally, this study extensively covers the recent developments in magnetic drug targeting and hyperthermia as therapeutic applications of MNPs. In addition, multi-modal imaging via fusion of magnetic resonance imaging, and also innovative magnetic particle imaging with other imaging techniques for early diagnosis of diseases are extensively provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Mosayebi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Mehdi Kiyasatfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging; University of Mons; Mons Belgium
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10
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Crystallizing the function of the magnetosome membrane mineralization protein Mms6. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:883-90. [PMID: 27284056 PMCID: PMC4900750 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The literature on the magnetosome membrane (MM) protein, magnetosome membrane specific6 (Mms6), is reviewed. Mms6 is native to magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). These bacteria take up iron from solution and biomineralize magnetite nanoparticles within organelles called magnetosomes. Mms6 is a small protein embedded on the interior of the MM and was discovered tightly associated with the formed mineral. It has been the subject of intensive research as it is seen to control the formation of particles both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we compile, review and discuss the research detailing Mms6’s activity within the cell and in a range of chemical in vitro methods where Mms6 has a marked effect on the composition, size and distribution of synthetic particles, with approximately 21 nm in size for solution precipitations and approximately 90 nm for those formed on surfaces. Furthermore, we review and discuss recent work detailing the structure and function of Mms6. From the evidence, we propose a mechanism for its function as a specific magnetite nucleation protein and summaries the key features for this action: namely, self-assembly to display a charged surface for specific iron binding, with the curvature of the surfaces determining the particle size. We suggest these may aid design of biomimetic additives for future green nanoparticle production.
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11
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Barber-Zucker S, Zarivach R. A Look into the Biochemistry of Magnetosome Biosynthesis in Magnetotactic Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:13-22. [PMID: 27930882 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetosomes are protein-rich membrane organelles that encapsulate magnetite or greigite and whose chain alignment enables magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) to sense the geomagnetic field. As these bacteria synthesize uniform magnetic particles, their biomineralization mechanism is of great interest among researchers from different fields, from material engineering to medicine. Both magnetosome formation and magnetic particle synthesis are highly controlled processes that can be divided into several crucial steps: membrane invagination from the inner-cell membrane, protein sorting, the magnetosomes' arrangement into chains, iron transport, chemical environment regulation of the magnetosome lumen, magnetic particle nucleation, and finally crystal growth, size, and morphology control. This complex system involves an ensemble of unique proteins that participate in different stages during magnetosome formation, some of which were extensively studied in recent years. Here, we present the current knowledge on magnetosome biosynthesis with a focus on the different proteins and the main biochemical pathways along this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Barber-Zucker
- Department of Life
Sciences,
the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life
Sciences,
the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Ilse Katz
Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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12
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Zhang H, Wang W, Mallapragada S, Travesset A, Vaknin D. Macroscopic and tunable nanoparticle superlattices. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:164-171. [PMID: 27791213 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a robust method to assemble nanoparticles into highly ordered superlattices by inducing aqueous phase separation of neutral capping polymers. Here we demonstrate the approach with thiolated polyethylene-glycol-functionalized gold nanoparticles (PEG-AuNPs) in the presence of salts (for example, K2CO3) in solutions that spontaneously migrate to the liquid-vapor interface to form a Gibbs monolayer. We show that by increasing salt concentration, PEG-AuNP monolayers transform from two-dimensional (2D) gas-like to liquid-like phase and eventually, beyond a threshold concentration, to a highly ordered hexagonal structure, as characterized by surface sensitive synchrotron X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the method allows control of the inplane packing in the crystalline phase by varying the K2CO3 and PEG-AuNPs concentrations and the length of PEG. Using polymer-brush theory, we argue that the assembly and crystallization is driven by the need to reduce surface tension between PEG and the salt solution. Our approach of taking advantage of the phase separation of PEG in salt solutions is general (i.e., can be used with any nanoparticles) leads to high-quality macroscopic and tunable crystals. Finally, we discuss how the method can also be applied to the design of orderly 3D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Zhang
- Ames Laboratory and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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13
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Ma K, Zhao H, Zheng X, Sun H, Hu L, Zhu L, Shen Y, Luo T, Dai H, Wang J. NMR studies of the interactions between AMB-1 Mms6 protein and magnetosome Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2888-2895. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NMR studies demonstrate that, the C-terminal Mms6 undergo conformation change upon magnetosome Fe3O4 crystals binding. The N-terminal hydrophobic packing arranges the DEEVE motifs into a correct assembly and orientation for magnetite crystal recognition.
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14
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Comparative Subcellular Localization Analysis of Magnetosome Proteins Reveals a Unique Localization Behavior of Mms6 Protein onto Magnetite Crystals. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2794-802. [PMID: 27481925 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00280-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The magnetosome is an organelle specialized for inorganic magnetite crystal synthesis in magnetotactic bacteria. The complex mechanism of magnetosome formation is regulated by magnetosome proteins in a stepwise manner. Protein localization is a key step for magnetosome development; however, a global study of magnetosome protein localization remains to be conducted. Here, we comparatively analyzed the subcellular localization of a series of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged magnetosome proteins. The protein localizations were categorized into 5 groups (short-length linear, middle-length linear, long-length linear, cell membrane, and intracellular dispersing), which were related to the protein functions. Mms6, which regulates magnetite crystal growth, localized along magnetosome chain structures under magnetite-forming (microaerobic) conditions but was dispersed in the cell under nonforming (aerobic) conditions. Correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy analyses revealed that Mms6 preferentially localized to magnetosomes enclosing magnetite crystals. We suggest that a highly organized spatial regulation mechanism controls magnetosome protein localization during magnetosome formation in magnetotactic bacteria. IMPORTANCE Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals in a prokaryotic organelle called the magnetosome. This organelle is formed using various magnetosome proteins in multiple steps, including vesicle formation, magnetosome alignment, and magnetite crystal formation, to provide compartmentalized nanospaces for the regulation of iron concentrations and redox conditions, enabling the synthesis of a morphologically controlled magnetite crystal. Thus, to rationalize the complex organelle development, the localization of magnetosome proteins is considered to be highly regulated; however, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we performed comparative localization analysis of magnetosome proteins that revealed the presence of a spatial regulation mechanism within the linear structure of magnetosomes. This discovery provides evidence of a highly regulated protein localization mechanism for this bacterial organelle development.
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15
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Bereczk-Tompa É, Pósfai M, Tóth B, Vonderviszt F. Magnetite-Binding Flagellar Filaments Displaying the MamI Loop Motif. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2075-2082. [PMID: 27528487 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed at developing a novel method for fabricating 1 D magnetite nanostructures with the help of mutated flagellar filaments. We constructed four different flagellin mutants displaying magnetite-binding motifs: two contained fragments of magnetosome-associated proteins from magnetotactic bacteria (MamI and Mms6), and synthetic sequences were used for the other two. A magnetic selection method identified the MamI mutant as having the highest binding affinity to magnetite. Filaments built from MamI loop-containing flagellin subunits were used as templates to form chains of magnetite nanoparticles along the filament by capturing them from suspension. Our study represents a proof-of-concept that flagellar filaments can be engineered to facilitate formation of 1 D magnetite nanostructures under ambient conditions. In addition, it proves the interaction between MamI and magnetite, with implications for the role of this protein in magnetotactic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Bereczk-Tompa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Mihály Pósfai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Balázs Tóth
- Bio-Nanosystems Laboratory, Research Institute for Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Vonderviszt
- Bio-Nanosystems Laboratory, Research Institute for Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary. .,Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege u. 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary.
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16
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Peigneux A, Valverde-Tercedor C, López-Moreno R, Pérez-González T, Fernández-Vivas MA, Jiménez-López C. Learning from magnetotactic bacteria: A review on the synthesis of biomimetic nanoparticles mediated by magnetosome-associated proteins. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:75-84. [PMID: 27378728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Much interest has gained the biomineralization process carried out by magnetotactic bacteria. These bacteria are ubiquitous in natural environments and share the ability to passively align along the magnetic field lines and actively swim along them. This ability is due to their magnetosome chain, each magnetosome consisting on a magnetic crystal enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane to which very unique proteins are associated. Magnetotactic bacteria exquisitely control magnetosome formation, making the magnetosomes the ideal magnetic nanoparticle of potential use in many technological applications. The difficulty to scale up magnetosome production has triggered the research on the in vitro production of biomimetic (magnetosome-like) magnetite nanoparticles. In this context, magnetosome proteins are being used to mediate such in vitro magnetite precipitation experiments. The present work reviews the knowledgement on the magnetosome proteins thought to have a role on the in vivo formation of magnetite crystals in the magnetosome, and the recombinant magnetosome proteins used in vitro to form biomimetic magnetite. It also summarizes the data provided in the literature on the biomimetic magnetite nanoparticles obtained from those in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peigneux
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Valverde-Tercedor
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Pérez-González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M A Fernández-Vivas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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17
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Assembling Bare Au Nanoparticles at Positively Charged Templates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26462. [PMID: 27225047 PMCID: PMC4881021 DOI: 10.1038/srep26462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In-situ X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and grazing incidence X-ray small-angle scattering (GISAXS) reveal that unfunctionalized (bare) gold nanoparticles (AuNP) spontaneously adsorb to a cationic lipid template formed by a Langmuir monolayer of DPTAP (1,2-dihexadecanoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane) at vapor/aqueous interfaces. Analysis of the XRR yields the electron density profile across the charged-interfaces along the surface normal showing the AuNPs assemble with vertical thickness comparable to the particle size. The GISAXS analysis indicates that the adsorbed mono-particle layer exhibits short-range in-plane correlations. By contrast, single-stranded DNA-functionalized AuNPs, while attracted to the positively charged surface (more efficiently with the addition of salt to the solution), display less in-plane regular packing compared to bare AuNPs.
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18
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Rawlings AE, Bramble JP, Hounslow AM, Williamson MP, Monnington AE, Cooke DJ, Staniland SS. Ferrous Iron Binding Key to Mms6 Magnetite Biomineralisation: A Mechanistic Study to Understand Magnetite Formation Using pH Titration and NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2016; 22:7885-94. [PMID: 27112228 PMCID: PMC5082532 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Formation of magnetite nanocrystals by magnetotactic bacteria is controlled by specific proteins which regulate the particles’ nucleation and growth. One such protein is Mms6. This small, amphiphilic protein can self‐assemble and bind ferric ions to aid in magnetite formation. To understand the role of Mms6 during in vitro iron oxide precipitation we have performed in situ pH titrations. We find Mms6 has little effect during ferric salt precipitation, but exerts greatest influence during the incorporation of ferrous ions and conversion of this salt to mixed‐valence iron minerals, suggesting Mms6 has a hitherto unrecorded ferrous iron interacting property which promotes the formation of magnetite in ferrous‐rich solutions. We show ferrous binding to the DEEVE motif within the C‐terminal region of Mms6 by NMR spectroscopy, and model these binding events using molecular simulations. We conclude that Mms6 functions as a magnetite nucleating protein under conditions where ferrous ions predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | | | - Andrea M Hounslow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Michael P Williamson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Amy E Monnington
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - David J Cooke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Sarah S Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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19
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Bird SM, Rawlings AE, Galloway JM, Staniland SS. Using a biomimetic membrane surface experiment to investigate the activity of the magnetite biomineralisation protein Mms6. RSC Adv 2016; 6:7356-7363. [PMID: 27019707 PMCID: PMC4786949 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a surface-based mimic of a magnetosome interior, the biomineralisation protein Mms6 was found to be a more effective nucleator than binder of magnetite nanoparticles, and performs better than its C-terminal region alone.
Magnetotactic bacteria are able to synthesise precise nanoparticles of the iron oxide magnetite within their cells. These particles are formed in dedicated organelles termed magnetosomes. These lipid membrane compartments use a range of biomineralisation proteins to nucleate and regulate the magnetite crystallisation process. A key component is the membrane protein Mms6, which binds to iron ions and helps to control the formation of the inorganic core. We have previously used Mms6 on gold surfaces patterned with a self-assembled monolayer to successfully produce arrays of magnetic nanoparticles. Here we use this surface system as a mimic of the interior face of the magnetosome membrane to study differences between intact Mms6 and the acid-rich C-terminal peptide subregion of the Mms6 protein. When immobilised on surfaces, the peptide is unable to reproduce the particle size or homogeneity control exhibited by the full Mms6 protein in our experimental setup. Moreover, the peptide is unable to support anchoring of a dense array of nanoparticles to the surface. This system also allows us to deconvolute particle binding from particle nucleation, and shows that Mms6 particle binding is less efficient when supplied with preformed magnetite nanoparticles when compared to particles precipitated from solution in the presence of the surface immobilised Mms6. This suggests that Mms6 binds to iron ions rather than to magnetite surfaces in our system, and is perhaps a nucleating agent rather than a controller of magnetite crystal growth. The comparison between the peptide and the protein under identical experimental conditions indicates that the full length sequence is required to support the full function of Mms6 on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Bird
- University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Andrea E Rawlings
- University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Johanna M Galloway
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Sarah S Staniland
- University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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20
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Nayak S, Zhang H, Liu X, Feng S, Palo P, Nilsen-Hamilton M, Akinc M, Mallapragada S. Protein patterns template arrays of magnetic nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern generation process for growth of magnetite nanoparticles (MNP), using patterns of octadecane thiol and poly(ethylene glycol) to selectively immobilize the biomineralization protein Mms6 and selectively form on the immobilized Mms6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Nayak
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
| | - Xunpei Liu
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering
| | - Shuren Feng
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry
| | - Pierre Palo
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry
| | - Marit Nilsen-Hamilton
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry
| | - Mufit Akinc
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
| | - Surya Mallapragada
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- Ames Laboratory
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering
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21
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Barber-Zucker S, Keren-Khadmy N, Zarivach R. From invagination to navigation: The story of magnetosome-associated proteins in magnetotactic bacteria. Protein Sci 2015; 25:338-51. [PMID: 26457474 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative microorganisms that are able to sense and change their orientation in accordance with the geomagnetic field. This unique capability is due to the presence of a special suborganelle called the magnetosome, composed of either a magnetite or gregite crystal surrounded by a lipid membrane. MTB were first detected in 1975 and since then numerous efforts have been made to clarify the special mechanism of magnetosome formation at the molecular level. Magnetosome formation can be divided into several steps, beginning with vesicle invagination from the cell membrane, through protein sorting, followed by the combined steps of iron transportation, biomineralization, and the alignment of magnetosomes into a chain. The magnetosome-chain enables the sensing of the magnetic field, and thus, allows the MTB to navigate. It is known that magnetosome formation is tightly controlled by a distinctive set of magnetosome-associated proteins that are encoded mainly in a genomically conserved region within MTB called the magnetosome island (MAI). Most of these proteins were shown to have an impact on the magnetism of MTB. Here, we describe the process in which the magnetosome is formed with an emphasis on the different proteins that participate in each stage of the magnetosome formation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Barber-Zucker
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Noa Keren-Khadmy
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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22
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Liu X, Zhang H, Nayak S, Parada G, Anderegg J, Feng S, Nilsen-Hamilton M, Akinc M, Mallapragada SK. Effect of Surface Hydrophobicity on the Function of the Immobilized Biomineralization Protein Mms6. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunpei Liu
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Srikanth Nayak
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | | | - James Anderegg
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Shuren Feng
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Marit Nilsen-Hamilton
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mufit Akinc
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Surya K. Mallapragada
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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