1
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Povilaitis SC, Webb LJ. Leaflet-Dependent Effect of Anionic Lipids on Membrane Insertion by Cationic Cell-Penetrating Peptides. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:5841-5849. [PMID: 37339513 PMCID: PMC10478718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Cationic membrane-permeating peptides can cross membranes unassisted by transmembrane protein machinery, and there is consensus that anionic lipids facilitate this process. Although membranes are asymmetric in lipid composition, investigations of the impact of anionic lipids on peptide-membrane insertion in model vesicles primarily use symmetric anionic lipid distributions between bilayer leaflets. Here, we investigate the leaflet-specific influence of three anionic lipid headgroups [phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)] on insertion into model membranes by three cationic membrane-permeating peptides (NAF-144-67, R6W3, and WWWK). We report that outer leaflet anionic lipids enhanced peptide-membrane insertion for all peptides while inner leaflet anionic lipids did not have a significant effect except in the case of NAF-144-67 incubated with PA-containing vesicles. The insertion enhancement was headgroup-dependent for arginine-containing peptides but not WWWK. These results provide significant new insight into the potential role of membrane asymmetry in insertion of peptides into model membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney C Povilaitis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lauren J Webb
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Amalia E, Sopyan I, Putriana NA, Sriwidodo S. Preparation and molecular interaction of organic solvent-free piperine pro-liposome from soy lecithin. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16674. [PMID: 37274654 PMCID: PMC10238931 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-liposome is a type of drug delivery system (DDS) with numerous advantages as a stable material with various applicability for several pharmaceutical dosage forms, to effectively deliver the material to reach its target in the human body. Nevertheless, it is mostly designed by employing an organic solvent hence giving rise to safety issues. We have developed a method for the preparation of organic solvent-free liposomes composed of soy lecithin and cholesterol by highlighting the importance of temperature during the initial mixing process, a self-hydration of a thin layer spread film, and a spray-drying technique with a suitable excipient as the carrier. The method was successfully applied to prepare a stable pro-liposome containing 0.17% (w/w) of piperine with an encapsulation efficiency of 95.58 ± 2.91%. Moreover, the study revealed that a piperine molecule forms hydrophobic interaction with six of the adjacent phospholipids in the liposome structure, this information can be useful for researchers designing similar studies. In conclusion, organic solvent-free pro-liposome can be an alternative method in the development of DDS, and several factors could be continuously improved to fulfill the intended pro-liposome characteristic.
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3
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Supercritical CO2 assisted process for the production of mixed phospholipid nanoliposomes: Unloaded and vitamin D3-loaded vesicles. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Fluid Films as Models for Understanding the Impact of Inhaled Particles in Lung Surfactant Layers. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pollution is currently a public health problem associated with different cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. These are commonly originated as a result of the pollutant transport to the alveolar cavity after their inhalation. Once pollutants enter the alveolar cavity, they are deposited on the lung surfactant (LS) film, altering their mechanical performance which increases the respiratory work and can induce a premature alveolar collapse. Furthermore, the interactions of pollutants with LS can induce the formation of an LS corona decorating the pollutant surface, favoring their penetration into the bloodstream and distribution along different organs. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the most fundamental aspects of the interaction of particulate pollutants with LS to mitigate their effects, and design therapeutic strategies. However, the use of animal models is often invasive, and requires a careful examination of different bioethics aspects. This makes it necessary to design in vitro models mimicking some physico-chemical aspects with relevance for LS performance, which can be done by exploiting the tools provided by the science and technology of interfaces to shed light on the most fundamental physico-chemical bases governing the interaction between LS and particulate matter. This review provides an updated perspective of the use of fluid films of LS models for shedding light on the potential impact of particulate matter in the performance of LS film. It should be noted that even though the used model systems cannot account for some physiological aspects, it is expected that the information contained in this review can contribute on the understanding of the potential toxicological effects of air pollution.
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5
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Geng J, Xia X, Teng L, Wang L, Chen L, Guo X, Belingon B, Li J, Feng X, Li X, Shang W, Wan Y, Wang H. Emerging landscape of cell-penetrating peptide-mediated nucleic acid delivery and their utility in imaging, gene-editing, and RNA-sequencing. J Control Release 2022; 341:166-183. [PMID: 34822907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The safety issues like immunogenicity and unacceptable cancer risk of viral vectors for DNA/mRNA vaccine delivery necessitate the development of non-viral vectors with no toxicity. Among the non-viral strategies, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been a topic of interest recently because of their ability to cross plasma membranes and facilitate nucleic acids delivery both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to the application in the field of gene vaccine and gene therapy, CPPs based nucleic acids delivery have been proved by its potential application like gene editing, RNA-sequencing, and imaging. Here, we focus on summarizing the recent applications and progress of CPPs-mediated nucleic acids delivery and discuss the current problems and solutions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Geng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xuan Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Affiliated Ren He Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xiangli Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Bonn Belingon
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Jason Li
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Wendou Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yingying Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
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6
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Mathews PD, Patta ACMF, Madrid RRM, Ramirez CAB, Pimenta BV, Mertins O. Efficient Treatment of Fish Intestinal Parasites Applying a Membrane-Penetrating Oral Drug Delivery Nanoparticle. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 34779601 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanodelivery of drugs aims to ensure drug stability in the face of adverse biochemical conditions in the course of administration, concomitant with appropriate pharmacological action provided by delivery at the targeted site. In this study, the application potential of a nanoparticle produced with biopolymers chitosan-N-arginine and alginate as an oral drug delivery material is evaluated. Both macromolecules being weak polyelectrolytes, the nanoparticle presents strong thermodynamic interactions with a biological model membrane consisting of a charged lipid liposome bilayer, leading to membrane disruption and membrane penetration of the nanoparticles in ideal conditions of pH corresponding to the oral route. The powder form of the nanoparticle was obtained by lyophilization and with a high percentage of entrapment of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel. In vivo studies were conducted with oral administration to Corydoras schwartzi fish with high intensity of intestinal parasites infection. The in vivo experiments confirmed the mucoadhesive and revealed membrane-penetrating properties of the nanoparticle by translocating the parasite cyst, which provided target drug release and reduction of over 97% of the fish intestinal parasites. Thus, it was evidenced that the nanoparticle was effective in transporting and releasing the drug to the target, providing an efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C M F Patta
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael R M Madrid
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A B Ramirez
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara V Pimenta
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Omar Mertins
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Dhas N, Kudarha R, Garkal A, Ghate V, Sharma S, Panzade P, Khot S, Chaudhari P, Singh A, Paryani M, Lewis S, Garg N, Singh N, Bangar P, Mehta T. Molybdenum-based hetero-nanocomposites for cancer therapy, diagnosis and biosensing application: Current advancement and future breakthroughs. J Control Release 2020; 330:257-283. [PMID: 33345832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the nanotechnology for cancer therapy. Even though molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)-based nanocomposites demonstrated extensive applications in biosensing, bioimaging, phototherapy, the review article focusing on MoS2 nanocomposite platform has not been accounted for yet. The review summarizes recent strategies on design and fabrication of MoS2-based nanocomposites and their modulated properties in cancer treatment. The review also discussed several therapeutic strategies (photothermal, photodynamic, immunotherapy, gene therapy and chemotherapy) and their combinations for efficient cancer therapy along with certain case studies. The review also inculcates various diagnostic techniques viz. magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, photoacoustic imaging and fluorescence imaging for diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdev Dhas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Ritu Kudarha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Atul Garkal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Vivek Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Prabhakar Panzade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431133, India
| | - Shubham Khot
- Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune, Maharashtra 411041, India
| | - Pinal Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Mitali Paryani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Priyanka Bangar
- Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382213, India
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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8
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Paulisch TO, Bornemann S, Herzog M, Kudruk S, Roling L, Linard Matos AL, Galla HJ, Gerke V, Winter R, Glorius F. An Imidazolium-Based Lipid Analogue as a Gene Transfer Agent. Chemistry 2020; 26:17176-17182. [PMID: 32720444 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A dicationic imidazolium salt is described and investigated towards its application for gene transfer. The polar head group and the long alkyl chains in the backbone contribute to a lipid-like behavior, while an alkyl ammonium group provides the ability for crucial electrostatic interaction for the transfection process. Detailed biophysical studies regarding its impact on biological membrane models and the propensity of vesicle fusion are presented. Fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy show that the imidazolium salt leads to negligible changes in lipid packing, while displaying distinct vesicle fusion properties. Cell culture experiments reveal that mixed liposomes containing the novel imidazolium salt can serve as plasmid DNA delivery vehicles. In contrast, a structurally similar imidazolium salt without a second positive charge showed no ability to support DNA transfection into cultured cells. Thus, we introduce a novel and variable structural motif for cationic lipids, expanding the field of lipofection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany O Paulisch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Bornemann
- Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marius Herzog
- Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sergej Kudruk
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Roling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Joachim Galla
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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Pérez Socas LB, Ambroggio EE. The influence of myristoylation, liposome surface charge and nucleic acid interaction in the partition properties of HIV-1 Gag-N-terminal peptides to membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183421. [PMID: 32710855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The group-specific antigen (GAG) polyprotein of HIV-1 is the main coordinator of the virus assembly process at the plasma membrane (PM) and is directed by its N-terminal matrix domain (MA). MA is myristoylated and possess a highly basic region (HBR) responsible for the interaction with the negative lipids of the PM, especially with PIP2. In addition, MA binds RNA molecules proposed as a regulatory step of the assembly process. Here we study the interaction of a synthetic peptide (N-terminal 21 amino acids of MA) and liposomes of different compositions using a variety of biophysical techniques. Particularly, we use the fluorescence properties of the single tryptophan of the peptide to analyze its partition to membranes, where we harness for first time the analytical ability of spectral phasors method to study this interaction. We found that electrostatic interactions play an important role for peptide partition to membranes and myristoylation reduces the free energy of the process. Interestingly, we observe that while the presence of PIP2 does not cause measurable changes on the peptide-membrane interaction, the interaction is favored by cholesterol. Additionally, we found that the partition process goes through a transition state involving peptide disaggregation and changes in the peptide secondary structure. On the other hand, we found that the presence of oligonucleotides competes with the interaction with lipids by increasing peptide solubility. In summary, we think that our results, in context of the current knowledge of the role of HIV-1 MA, contribute to a better molecular understanding of the membrane association process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Benito Pérez Socas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica-Ranwel Caputto, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Ernesto Esteban Ambroggio
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica-Ranwel Caputto, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina.
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10
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Development of lipid membrane based assays to accurately predict the transfection efficiency of cell-penetrating peptide-based gene nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Novel machine learning application for prediction of membrane insertion potential of cell-penetrating peptides. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Douat C, Bornerie M, Antunes S, Guichard G, Kichler A. Hybrid Cell-Penetrating Foldamer with Superior Intracellular Delivery Properties and Serum Stability. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1133-1139. [PMID: 30860823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sequence specific molecules with high folding ability (i.e., foldamers) can be used to precisely control the distribution and projection of side chains in space and have recently been introduced as tailored systems for delivering nucleic acids into cells. Designed oligourea sequences with an amphipathic distribution of Arg- and His-type residues were shown to form tight complexes with plasmid DNA, and to effectively promote the release of DNA from the endosomes. Herein, we report the synthesis of new cell-penetrating foldamer sequences in which the foldamer segment is conjugated via a reducible disulfide bond to a ligand that binds cell-surface expressed nucleoproteins with the idea that this system could facilitate both assemblies with nucleic acids and cell entry. This new system was evaluated for delivery of DNA in several cell lines and was found to compare favorably with all comparators tested (DOTAP and b-PEI as well as a number of known cell penetrating peptides) in various cell lines and particularly in culture medium containing up to 50% of serum. These results suggest that this dual molecular platform which is long lasting and noncytotoxic could be of practical use for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Douat
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , F-33607 Pessac , France.,Department Pharmazie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , D-81377 München , Germany
| | - Mégane Bornerie
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , F-33607 Pessac , France
| | - Stéphanie Antunes
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , F-33607 Pessac , France
| | - Gilles Guichard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie , 2 rue Robert Escarpit , F-33607 Pessac , France
| | - Antoine Kichler
- Equipe 3Bio , CAMB 7199 CNRS-Univ. Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie , 74 route du Rhin , F-67401 Illkirch cedex, France
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13
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Alhakamy NA, Berkland CJ. Glatiramer Acetate (Copaxone) is a Promising Gene Delivery Vector. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1596-1605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Khondker A, Dhaliwal AK, Saem S, Mahmood A, Fradin C, Moran-Mirabal J, Rheinstädter MC. Membrane charge and lipid packing determine polymyxin-induced membrane damage. Commun Biol 2019; 2:67. [PMID: 30793045 PMCID: PMC6379423 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of polymyxin B (PmB) resistance in bacteria, the mechanisms for mcr-1 resistance are of crucial importance in the design of novel therapeutics. The mcr-1 phenotype is known to decrease membrane charge and increase membrane packing by modification of the bacterial outer membrane. We used X-ray diffraction, Molecular Dynamics simulations, electrochemistry, and leakage assays to determine the location of PmB in different membranes and assess membrane damage. By varying membrane charge and lipid tail packing independently, we show that increasing membrane surface charge promotes penetration of PmB and membrane damage, whereas increasing lipid packing decreases penetration and damage. The penetration of the PmB molecules is well described by a phenomenological model that relates an attractive electrostatic and a repulsive force opposing insertion due to increased membrane packing. The model applies well to several gram-negative bacterial strains and may be used to predict resistance strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adree Khondker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander K Dhaliwal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sokunthearath Saem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad Mahmood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Cécile Fradin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jose Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maikel C Rheinstädter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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15
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Guzmán E, Santini E. Lung surfactant-particles at fluid interfaces for toxicity assessments. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Posey ND, Tew GN. Associative and Dissociative Processes in Non-Covalent Polymer-Mediated Intracellular Protein Delivery. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3351-3365. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Posey
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst MA 01003 USA
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17
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Calcium enhances gene expression when using low molecular weight poly-l-lysine delivery vehicles. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:274-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Via MA, Del Pópolo MG, Wilke N. Negative Dipole Potentials and Carboxylic Polar Head Groups Foster the Insertion of Cell-Penetrating Peptides into Lipid Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3102-3111. [PMID: 29394073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are polycationic sequences of amino acids recognized as some of the most effective vehicles for delivering membrane-impermeable cargos into cells. CPPs can traverse cell membranes by direct translocation, and assessing the role of lipids on the membrane permeation process is important to convene a complete model of the CPP translocation. In this work, we focus on the biophysical basis of peptide-fatty acid interactions, analyzing how the acid-base and electrostatic properties of the lipids determine the CPP adsorption and incorporation into a Langmuir monolayer, focusing thus on the first two stages of the direct translocation mechanism. We sense the binding and insertion of the peptide into the lipid structure by measuring the changes in the surface pressure, the surface potential, and the reflectivity of the interface. We show that, beyond the presence of anionic moieties, negative dipole potentials and carboxylic polar head groups significantly promote the insertion of the peptide into the monolayer. On the basis of our results, we propose the appearance of stable CPP-lipid complexes whose kinetics of formation depends on the length of the lipids' hydrocarbon chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías A Via
- CONICET & Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza , Argentina
- Instituto de Histologı́a y Embriologı́a de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET) & Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
| | - Mario G Del Pópolo
- CONICET & Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza , Argentina
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19
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Wang L, Shen Y, Yang Y, Lu W, Li W, Wei F, Zheng G, Zhou Y, Zheng W, Cao Y. Stern-Layer Adsorption of Oligonucleotides on Lamellar Cationic Lipid Bilayer Investigated by Polarization-Resolved SFG-VS. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:9241-9249. [PMID: 30023605 PMCID: PMC6045418 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interaction between the oligonucleotides and lipid membranes is the key to the functions of virus, aptamer, and various oligonucleotide-based materials. In this study, the conformational changes of oligonucleotides (dT25) on lamellar cationic 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DMTAP) bilayer were investigated by polarization-resolved sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) in situ. The SFG-VS spectra within different wavenumber ranges were analyzed to give conformation details of thymine groups, phosphate groups, and OD/OH groups and to provide a comprehensive and fundamental understanding of the oligonucleotide adsorption on a model bilayer. It is shown that the adsorption of dT25 on DMTAP bilayer reaches maximum at CdT ≈ 500 nM. And the conformation of dT25 molecules change significantly when surface charge of DMTAP bilayer reaches the point of zero charge (PZC) at CdT ≈ 100 nM. Combined spectroscopic evidences also indicate that the formation of electric double layer at the DMTAP/dT25 surface follows the Gouy-Chapman-Stern model. The analysis results also show that the symmetric PO2- stretching mode of oligonucleotide molecules can serve as a sensitive vibration molecular probe for quantifying the oligonucleotide/lipid charge ratio and determine the point of zero charge (PZC) of lipid bilayer surface, which may help researchers to control the layer-by-layer assembly of oligonucleotide-lipid complexes and to improve the efficiency genetic therapy against cancer and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Wang
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Yang
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wangting Lu
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Guang Zheng
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Youhua Zhou
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wanquan Zheng
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Yuancheng Cao
- Institution
for Interdisciplinary Research, & Key Laboratory
of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Life
Science, School of Physics and Information Engineering, and School of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
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20
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Xu X, Li Z, Zhao X, Keen L, Kong X. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles-based systems for siRNA delivery. Regen Biomater 2016; 3:187-95. [PMID: 27252888 PMCID: PMC4881614 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous therapeutic potential of siRNA as a treatment strategy, the delivery is still a problem due to unfavorable biodistribution profiles and poor intracellular bioavailability. Calcium phosphate (CaP) co-precipitate has been used for nearly 40 years for in vitro transfection due to its non-toxic nature and simplicity of preparation. The surface charge of CaP will be tuned into positive by surface modification, which is important for siRNA loading and crossing cell membrane without enzymatic degradation. The new siRNA carrier system will also promote the siRNA escape from lysosome to achieve siRNA sustained delivery and high-efficiency silence. In this review, we focus on the current research activity in the development of CaP nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. These nanoparticles are mainly classified into lipid coated, polymer coated and various other types for discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Xu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Marine Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zehao Li
- Institute of Biomaterials and Marine Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xueqin Zhao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Marine Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lawrence Keen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Marine Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Institute of Biomaterials and Marine Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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21
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Fang WB, Yao M, Brummer G, Acevedo D, Alhakamy N, Berkland C, Cheng N. Targeted gene silencing of CCL2 inhibits triple negative breast cancer progression by blocking cancer stem cell renewal and M2 macrophage recruitment. Oncotarget 2016; 7:49349-49367. [PMID: 27283985 PMCID: PMC5226513 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers are an aggressive subtype of breast cancer, characterized by the lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her2 expression. Triple negative breast cancers are non-responsive to conventional anti-hormonal and Her2 targeted therapies, making it necessary to identify new molecular targets for therapy. The chemokine CCL2 is overexpressed in invasive breast cancers, and regulates breast cancer progression through multiple mechanisms. With few approaches to target CCL2 activity, its value as a therapeutic target is unclear. In these studies, we developed a novel gene silencing approach that involves complexing siRNAs to TAT cell penetrating peptides (Ca-TAT) through non-covalent calcium cross-linking. Ca-TAT/siRNA complexes penetrated 3D collagen cultures of breast cancer cells and inhibited CCL2 expression more effectively than conventional antibody neutralization. Ca-TAT/siRNA complexes targeting CCL2 were delivered to mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast tumor xenografts. In vivo CCL2 gene silencing inhibited primary tumor growth and metastasis, associated with a reduction in cancer stem cell renewal and recruitment of M2 macrophages. These studies are the first to demonstrate that targeting CCL2 expression in vivo may be a viable therapeutic approach to treating triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bin Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Gage Brummer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Diana Acevedo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nabil Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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22
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Alhakamy NA, Dhar P, Berkland CJ. Charge Type, Charge Spacing, and Hydrophobicity of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides Dictate Gene Transfection. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1047-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Cory J. Berkland
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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23
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Pärnaste L, Arukuusk P, Zagato E, Braeckmans K, Langel Ü. Methods to follow intracellular trafficking of cell-penetrating peptides. J Drug Target 2015; 24:508-19. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1095194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ly Pärnaste
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,
| | - Piret Arukuusk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,
| | - Elisa Zagato
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent, University, Gent, Belgium, and
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent, University, Gent, Belgium, and
| | - Ülo Langel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Gupta K, Afonin KA, Viard M, Herrero V, Kasprzak W, Kagiampakis I, Kim T, Koyfman AY, Puri A, Stepler M, Sappe A, KewalRamani VN, Grinberg S, Linder C, Heldman E, Blumenthal R, Shapiro BA. Bolaamphiphiles as carriers for siRNA delivery: From chemical syntheses to practical applications. J Control Release 2015; 213:142-151. [PMID: 26151705 PMCID: PMC4699870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have investigated a new class of cationic lipids--"bolaamphiphiles" or "bolas"--for their ability to efficiently deliver small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to cancer cells. The bolas of this study consist of a hydrophobic chain with one or more positively charged head groups at each end. Recently, we reported that micelles of the bolas GLH-19 and GLH-20 (derived from vernonia oil) efficiently deliver siRNAs, while having relatively low toxicities in vitro and in vivo. Our previous studies validated that; bolaamphiphiles can be designed to vary the magnitude of siRNA shielding, its delivery, and its subsequent release. To further understand the structural features of bolas critical for siRNAs delivery, new structurally related bolas (GLH-58 and GLH-60) were designed and synthesized from jojoba oil. Both bolas have similar hydrophobic domains and contain either one, in GLH-58, or two, in GLH-60 positively charged head groups at each end of the hydrophobic core. We have computationally predicted and experimentally validated that GLH-58 formed more stable nano sized micelles than GLH-60 and performed significantly better in comparison to GLH-60 for siRNA delivery. GLH-58/siRNA complexes demonstrated better efficiency in silencing the expression of the GFP gene in human breast cancer cells at concentrations of 5μg/mL, well below the toxic dose. Moreover, delivery of multiple different siRNAs targeting the HIV genome demonstrated further inhibition of virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Gupta
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Mathias Viard
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Virginia Herrero
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Wojciech Kasprzak
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ioannis Kagiampakis
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Taejin Kim
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alexey Y Koyfman
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anu Puri
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marissa Stepler
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alison Sappe
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vineet N KewalRamani
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sarina Grinberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Charles Linder
- Department of Biotechnology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Eliahu Heldman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Robert Blumenthal
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bruce A Shapiro
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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