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Campbell J, Vikulina AS. Layer-By-Layer Assemblies of Biopolymers: Build-Up, Mechanical Stability and Molecular Dynamics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1949. [PMID: 32872246 PMCID: PMC7564420 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of versatile layer-by-layer technology has resulted in important breakthroughs in the understanding of the nature of molecular interactions in multilayer assemblies made of polyelectrolytes. Nowadays, polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) are considered to be non-equilibrium and highly dynamic structures. High interest in biomedical applications of PEMs has attracted attention to PEMs made of biopolymers. Recent studies suggest that biopolymer dynamics determines the fate and the properties of such PEMs; however, deciphering, predicting and controlling the dynamics of polymers remains a challenge. This review brings together the up-to-date knowledge of the role of molecular dynamics in multilayers assembled from biopolymers. We discuss how molecular dynamics determines the properties of these PEMs from the nano to the macro scale, focusing on its role in PEM formation and non-enzymatic degradation. We summarize the factors allowing the control of molecular dynamics within PEMs, and therefore to tailor polymer multilayers on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Campbell
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Anna S. Vikulina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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2
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Erwin AJ, Xu W, He H, Matyjaszewski K, Tsukruk VV. Linear and Star Poly(ionic liquid) Assemblies: Surface Monolayers and Multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3187-3199. [PMID: 28277672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The surface morphology and organization of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), poly[1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] are explored in conjunction with their molecular architecture, adsorption conditions, and postassembly treatments. The formation of stable PIL Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers at the air-water and air-solid interfaces is demonstrated. The hydrophobic bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Tf2N-) is shown to be a critical agent governing the assembly morphology, as observed in the reversible condensation of LB monolayers into dense nanodroplets. The PIL is then incorporated as an unconventional polyelectrolyte component in the layer-by-layer (LbL) films of hydrophobic character. We demonstrate that the interplay of capillary forces, macromolecular mobility, and structural relaxation of the polymer chains influence the dewetting mechanisms in the PIL multilayers, thereby enabling access to a diverse set of highly textured, porous, and interconnected network morphologies for PIL LbL films that would otherwise be absent in conventional LbL films. Their compartmentalized internal structure is relevant to molecular separation membranes, ultrathin hydrophobic coatings, targeted cargo delivery, and highly conductive films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Erwin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Weinan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Hongkun He
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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3
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Guan Y, Zhang Y. Dynamically bonded layer-by-layer films: Dynamic properties and applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300071 China
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Liu D, Wang T. Instability of hydrophobic and viscoelastic polymer thin films in water at room temperature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:415101. [PMID: 23978955 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/41/415101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The instability of a polyisoprene (PI) thin film on a silicon substrate at room temperature in an aqueous environment was investigated by atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy. The instability mechanism changes from spinodal dewetting to hole nucleation with increasing film thickness, with the transitional thickness found to be around 46-50 nm. For PI films ≥50 nm, the dewetting was observed to proceed via successive stages of hole nucleation and growth, hole coalescence, cellular pattern formation and droplet formation. There is also a slowing down in the rate of the PI dewetting process and an increase in the pattern size as the film thickness is increased. In those films with observable holes, we also observed the coexistence of fine cellular cracking that is on a much smaller scale of hundreds of nanometres and extends only a few nanometres in depth from the film surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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5
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Sung C, Hearn K, Reid DK, Vidyasagar A, Lutkenhaus JL. A comparison of thermal transitions in dip- and spray-assisted layer-by-layer assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:8907-8913. [PMID: 23789626 DOI: 10.1021/la4016965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spray-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is far more rapid than conventional dip-assisted assembly methods and has gained widespread interest recently. Even so, it has remained unclear as to how the structure and properties of the resulting LbL film vary with processing method. Here, we compared the thermal properties of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and PEO/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) hydrogen-bonded LbL assemblies prepared using both dip-assisted and spray-assisted deposition methods. While the surface morphologies of PEO/PAA LbL assemblies were similar, those of PEO/PMAA LbL assemblies were greatly influenced by deposition method. In both PEO/PAA and PEO/PMAA LbL assemblies, glass transition temperatures were not influenced by deposition method, but the transition's breadth was consistently larger for the spray-assisted LbL films. These results indicate that the internal structure of spray-assisted LbL films is slightly more heterogeneous, possibly arising from the shorter time scale of deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choonghyun Sung
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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6
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Saurer EM, Jewell CM, Roenneburg DA, Bechler SL, Torrealba JR, Hacker TA, Lynn DM. Polyelectrolyte multilayers promote stent-mediated delivery of DNA to vascular tissue. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1696-704. [PMID: 23597075 PMCID: PMC3683994 DOI: 10.1021/bm4005222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report an approach to deliver DNA to vascular tissue in vivo using intravascular stents coated with degradable, DNA-containing polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). Ionically cross-linked multilayers ∼120 nm thick were fabricated layer-by-layer on the surfaces of balloon-mounted stainless steel stents using plasmid DNA and a hydrolytically degradable poly(β-amino ester) (polymer 1). Characterization of stents coated using a fluorescently end-labeled analog of polymer 1 revealed film erosion to be uniform across the surfaces of the stents; differential stresses experienced upon balloon expansion did not lead to faster film erosion or dose dumping of DNA in areas near stent joints when stents were incubated in physiologically relevant media. The ability of film-coated stents to transfer DNA and transfect arterial tissue in vivo was then investigated in pigs and rabbits. Stents coated with films fabricated using fluorescently labeled DNA resulted in uniform transfer of DNA to sub-endothelial tissue in the arteries of pigs in patterns corresponding to the locations and geometries of stent struts. Stents coated with films fabricated using polymer 1 and plasmid DNA encoding EGFP resulted in expression of EGFP in the medial layers of stented tissue in both pigs and rabbits two days after implantation. The results of this study, combined with the modular and versatile nature of layer-by-layer assembly, provide a polymer-based platform that is well suited for fundamental studies of stent-mediated gene transfer. With further development, this approach could also prove useful for the design of nonviral, gene-based approaches for prevention of complications that arise from the implantation of stents and other implantable interventional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Saurer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Zhou L, Chen M, Tian L, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Release of polyphenolic drugs from dynamically bonded layer-by-layer films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3541-3548. [PMID: 23547529 DOI: 10.1021/am4008787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled films have been exploited for surface-mediated drug delivery. The drugs loaded in the films were usually released via diffusion or the degradation of one of the film components. Here we demonstrate that drug release can also be achieved by exploiting the dynamic nature of hydrogen-bonded LbL films. The films were fabricated from tannic acid (TA), a model polyphenolic drug, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVPON). The driving force for the film buildup is the hydrogen bonding between the two components, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The film growth is linear, and the growth rate of the film decreases with increasing assembly temperature. Because of the reversible/dynamic nature of hydrogen bonding, when soaked in aqueous solutions, the PVPON/TA films disassemble gradually and thus release TA to the media. The release rate of TA increases with increasing pH and temperature but decreases with increasing ionic strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies on the surface morphology of the film during TA release reveal that the film surface becomes smoother and then rougher again because of the dewetting of the film. The released TA can scavenge ABTS(+•) cation radicals, indicating it retains its antioxidant activity, a major biological activity of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Bechler SL, Lynn DM. Design and Synthesis of a Fluorescently End-Labeled Poly(β-amino ester): Application to the Characterization of Degradable Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2011; 49:1572-1581. [PMID: 21666772 PMCID: PMC3110734 DOI: 10.1002/pola.24578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a fluorescently end-labeled analog of a synthetic and degradable cationic poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE; polymer 1) used in past studies for the delivery of DNA and the layer-by-layer assembly of erodible polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). The synthesis of an analog of polymer 1 having acrylate functionalized end groups provided a platform for the introduction of fluorescent labels by post-polymerization conjugate addition of amine-functionalized fluorophores. This approach enabled the synthesis of fluorescently end-labeled polymer (polymer 1(FL)) with molecular weights and polydispersities (M(n) = 18,000; PDI ~1.8) similar to those used in past studies for the fabrication of PEMs using polymer 1. Layer-by-layer assembly of PEMs using polymer 1(FL) and poly(styrene sulfonate) enabled characterization of film erosion and, for the first time, direct observation of the release of cationic polymer from these assemblies using fluorescence microscopy and fluorometry. Our results shed new light on the behaviors of the cationic components of these PEMs and could prove useful for the design of thin films for a range of different controlled release applications. Our results also provide new fluorescent cationic polymer probes that could be useful for characterization of the behaviors of PBAEs in other fundamental or applied biotechnological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L. Bechler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Zhang L, Zheng M, Liu X, Sun J. Layer-by-layer assembly of salt-containing polyelectrolyte complexes for the fabrication of dewetting-induced porous coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1346-1352. [PMID: 21114278 DOI: 10.1021/la103953n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of salt-containing nonstoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with oppositely charged uncomplexed polyelectrolyte for the fabrication of dewetting-induced porous polymeric films has been systematically investigated. Salt-containing poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) complexes (noted as PAH-PAA) with a molar excess of PAH were LbL assembled with polyanion poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) to produce PSS/PAH-PAA films. The structure of the PAH-PAA complexes is dependent on the concentration of NaCl added to their aqueous dispersions, which can be used to tailor the structure of the LbL-assembled PSS/PAH-PAA films. Porous PSS/PAH-PAA films are fabricated when salt-containing PAH-PAA complexes with a large amount of added NaCl are used for LbL assembly with PSS. In-situ and ex-situ atomic force microscopy measurements disclose that the dewetting process composed of pore nucleation and pore growth steps leads to the formation of pores in the LbL-assembled PSS/PAH-PAA films. The present study provides a facile way to fabricate porous polymeric films by dewetting LbL-assembled polymeric films comprising salt-containing PECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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10
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Chen Z, Dang XD, Gutacker A, Garcia A, Li H, Xu Y, Ying L, Nguyen TQ, Bazan GC. Reconstruction of Conjugated Oligoelectrolyte Electron Injection Layers. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12160-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1056856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Xuan-Dung Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrea Gutacker
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andrew Garcia
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Huaping Li
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Yunhua Xu
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lei Ying
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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