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Xu Y, Zhao W, Zou D, Li X, Qin M, Wang C, Liu D, Wang M. Effects of Inorganic Substitutions and Different Metal Electrode Materials on Electronic Transport Properties of Organic Molecular Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37307594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating inorganic components into organic molecular devices offers one novel alternative to address challenges existing in the fabrication and integration of nanoscale devices. In this study, using a theoretical method of density functional theory combined with the nonequilibrium Green's function, a series of benzene-based molecules with group III and V substitutions, including borazine molecule and XnB3-nN3H6 (X = Al or Ga, n = 1-3) molecules/clusters, are constructed and investigated. An analysis of electronic structures reveals that the introduction of inorganic components effectively reduces the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, albeit at the cost of reduced aromaticity in these molecules/clusters. Simulated electronic transport characteristics demonstrate that XnB3-nN3H6 molecules/clusters coupled between metal electrodes exhibit lower conductance compared to prototypical benzene molecule. Additionally, the choice of metal electrode materials significantly impacts the electronic transport properties, with platinum electrode devices displaying distinct behavior compared to silver, copper, and gold electrode devices. This distinction arises from the amount of transferred charge, which modulates the alignment between molecular orbitals and the Fermi level of the metal electrodes by shifting the molecular orbitals in energy. These findings provide valuable theoretical insights for the future design of molecular devices incorporating inorganic substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Zhao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, P. R. China
| | - Dongqing Zou
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoteng Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, P. R. China
| | - Ming Qin
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, P. R. China
| | - Desheng Liu
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China
| | - Meishan Wang
- College of Integrated Circuits, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, P. R. China
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Swierczewski M, Bürgi T. Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2135-2151. [PMID: 36739536 PMCID: PMC9933884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently the focus of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique as a method of choice to transfer monolayers from the air/water interface onto solid substrates in a controllable fashion has been shifting toward purely hydrophobic gold and silver nanoparticles. The fundamental interactions between particles that become relevant in the absence of polar groups range from dispersive attractions from the metal cores and repulsions between ligand shells to weaker entropic factors. The layer evolution is explored, starting with interfacial self-assembly upon solution spreading and domain and circular island formation, which subsequently merge into a complete monolayer and finally form multilayers or macroscopic wrinkles. Moreover, structural properties such as the core:ligand size ratio are investigated in the context of dispersive forces, whereby the nanoparticles with small cores and long ligands tend not to aggregate sufficiently to produce continuous films, those with large cores and short ligands were found to aggregate irreversibly, and those in between the two extremes were concluded to be able to form highly organized crystalline films. Similarly, the characteristics of the spreading solution such as the concentration and the solvent type crucially influence the film crystallinity, with the deciding factor being the degree of affinity between the capping ligand and the solvent used for spreading. Finally, the most common strategies employed to enhance the mechanical stability of the metal nanoparticle films along with the recent attempts to functionalize the particles in attempts to improve their applicability in the industry are summarized and evaluated in relation to their future prospects. One of the objectives of this feature article is to elucidate the differences between hydrophobic metal nanoparticles and typical amphiphilic molecules that the majority of the literature in the field describes and to familiarize the reader with the knowledge required to design Langmuir-Blodgett nanoparticle systems as well as the strategies to improve existing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Swierczewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva 4CH-1211, Switzerland
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Mann J, Garnweitner G, Schilde C. Preparation of Self-Assembled Nanoparticle-Polymer Hybrids from Modified Silica Nanoparticles and Polystyrene-Block-Polyacrylic Acid Vesicles via the Co-Precipitation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020444. [PMID: 36679323 PMCID: PMC9867192 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-polymer hybrids are becoming increasingly important because seemingly contrasting properties, such as mechanical stability and high elasticity, can be combined into one material. In particular, hybrids made of self-assembled polymers are of growing interest since they exhibit high structural precision and diversity and the subsequent reorganization of the nanoparticles is possible. In this work, we show, for the first time, how hybrids of silica nanoparticles and self-assembled vesicles of polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid can be prepared using the simple and inexpensive method of co-precipitation, highlighting in particular the challenges of using silica instead of other previously well-researched materials, such as gold. The aim was to investigate the influence of the type of modification and the particle size of the silica nanoparticles on the encapsulation and structure of the polymer vesicles. For this purpose, we first needed to adjust the surface properties of the nanoparticles, which we achieved with a two-step modification procedure using APTES and carboxylic acids of different chain lengths. We found that silica nanoparticles modified only with APTES could be successfully encapsulated, while those modified with APTES and decanoic acid resulted in vesicle agglomeration and poor encapsulation due to their strong hydrophobicity. In contrast, no negative effects were observed when different particle sizes (20 nm and 45 nm) were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jil Mann
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Georg Garnweitner
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carsten Schilde
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Choudhuri M, Datta A. Chain-length dependence of lipophilic force: comparison with the two-body van der Waals' force. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:355002. [PMID: 30027895 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aad4b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic dodecanethiol capped Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) form two-dimensional patterns in monolayers of amphiphilic fatty acids ([Formula: see text]) at the air water interface. An interplay between the various lipophilic interactions, in turn, decides the NP cluster size, where stronger NP-monolayer and monolayer-monolayer attraction in fatty acid monolayers with longer tail length oppose nanoparticle aggregation resulting in a decrease in cluster size in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions. The decrease in the in-plane cluster size is steepest for 14 < n < 18, n being the total number of C atoms in the fatty acid, and levels off for higher fatty acids and cannot be explained on the basis of the two body van der Waals pair potential atleast at initial phases of pattern formation. The potential can be used only at later times, closer to stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Choudhuri
- Surface Physics and Materials Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India
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Chen YT, Su HS, Hung CH, Yang PW, Hu Y, Lin TL, Lee MT, Jeng US. X-ray Reflectivity Studies on the Mixed Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers of Thiol-Capped Gold Nanoparticles, Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10886-10897. [PMID: 28938799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers of thiolated gold nanoparticles mixed with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/sodium dodecyl sulfate (DPPC/SDS) were investigated by combining the X-ray reflectivity, grazing-incident scattering, and TEM analyses to reveal the in-depth and in-plane organization and the 2D morphology of such mixed monolayers. It was found that the addition of a charged single-tail surfactant to the thiolated Au nanoparticle monolayer helps to stabilize the Au nanoparticle monolayer and to strengthen the mechanical property of the mixed monolayer film. For mixing with lipids, it was found that the thiolated gold nanoparticles could be pushed on top of the lipid monolayer when the mixed monolayer is compressed. At a typical comparable total surface area ratio of gold nanoparticle to lipid, the thiolated gold nanoparticles could form a uniform domain on top of the DPPC monolayer. When there are more thiolated gold nanoparticles than that could be supported by the lipid monolayer, domain overlapping could occur to form bilayer gold nanoparticle domains at some regions. At low total surface area ratio of thiolated gold nanoparticle to lipid, the thiolated gold nanoparticles tend to form a connected threadlike aggregation structure. Evidently, the morphology of the thiolated gold nanoparticle monolayer is highly depending on the total surface area ratio of the thiolated gold nanoparticle to lipid. SDS is found to have a dispersion power capable of dispersing the originally uniform Au-8C nanoparticle domain of the mixed Au-8C/DPPC monolayer into a foamlike structure for the mixed Au-8C/SDS/DPPC monolayer. It is evident that not only the concentration ratio but also the size and shape of the template formed by the amphiphilic molecules and their interaction with the thiolated gold nanoparticles can all have great effects on the organizational structure as well as morphology of the thiolated gold nanoparticle monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tang Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Shiou Su
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Hua Hung
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Wei Yang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsang-Lang Lin
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Tao Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, ROC
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, ROC
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Muthukumarasamyvel T, Rajendran G, Santhana Panneer D, Kasthuri J, Kathiravan K, Rajendiran N. Auric Chloride Induced Micellization on Fractal Patterned Dicationic Amphiphiles and Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3539-3550. [PMID: 31457673 PMCID: PMC6641594 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present article reports the development of sunlight-mediated rapid synthesis of bile acid derived dicationic amphiphiles, namely, dicationic cysteamine-conjugated cholic acid (DCaC), dicationic cysteamine-conjugated deoxycholic acid (DCaDC), and dicationic cysteamine-conjugated lithocholic acid (DCaLC) by adopting thiol-yne click chemistry approach. The auric chloride (AuHCl4) induced micellization of amphiphiles from fractal pattern to chainlike aggregates was examined by critical micelle concentration measurements, quenching studies, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy techniques. The micelles thus formed act as ideal templates for the stabilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and exhibit good stability for more than 6 months. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, DLS, zeta potential, and contact angle measurements. These NPs showed high salt tolerance, and the levels were found to be 420, 460, and 580 mM for DCaC-, DCaDC-, and DCaLC-capped AuNPs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganapathy Rajendran
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil
Nadu, India
| | | | - Jayapalan Kasthuri
- Department
of Chemistry, Quaid-E-Millath Government
College for Women (Autonomous), Chennai 600002, Tamil
Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Kathiravan
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil
Nadu, India
| | - Nagappan Rajendiran
- Department
of Polymer Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil
Nadu, India
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Gravelsins S, Hasham M, Lin Y, Yu K, Tie M, Goh C, Dhirani AA. Controlled hierarchical assembly of gold nanoparticles in macroscopic films: from densely packed monolayers to networks of micropores and nanobundles. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2437-2447. [PMID: 28239709 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02586b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the ability of excess, weakly amphiphilic n-alkanethiols (n = 4, 12, 18) and solvent composition to tune through a wide range of large-scale, macroscopic architectures formed by alkanethiol-capped Au nanoparticles (NPs). Both the alkanethiols and NPs are significantly hydrophobic species and compete for surface area at an air-water interface. When solutions of the two species are spread on a large (50 cm2) water surface in a Teflon well, a thin film forms and exhibits co-existing macroscopic regions with various distinct NP self-assembled architectures, namely a close packed monolayer, a network phase characterized by micron-sized pores (micropores) surrounded by quasi-linear bundles of nanoparticles, and finally aggregates. We hypothesize that the co-existence of various NP architectures results from fast, non-uniform evaporation across the large water surface. When solutions are instead deposited on a smaller (5 cm2) water surface contained within a Teflon ring to control the water surface curvature and the evaporation rate is slowed, we show for the first time that NPs form macroscopically uniform self-assemblies whose architectures can be tuned from monolayers → monolayers with micropores → extended micropore/NP bundle networks by varying excess alkanethiol concentration and solvent composition. We propose that competition between NPs and excess alkanethiols for water surface area, and alkanethiol self-assembly as well as solvent dewetting play important roles in the formation of the network phase, and discuss a potential mechanism for its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Gravelsins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Editor: 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Minhal Hasham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Editor: 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Editor: 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Kevin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Editor: 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Monique Tie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Editor: 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Cynthia Goh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Editor: 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Al-Amin Dhirani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Editor: 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Choudhuri M, Datta A. Time-structuring in the evolution of 2D nanopatterns through interactions with substrate. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5867-5875. [PMID: 27313149 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00814c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic dodecanethiol capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are found to self-assemble into two-dimensional patterns in monolayers of amphiphiles spread at the air-water interface of a Langmuir trough. In this communication we investigate the role of the nanoparticle-monolayer (FNMA) and monolayer-monolayer (FMMA) lipophilic attraction in influencing morphology and dynamics of AuNP cluster patterns in fatty acid monolayers. FNMA and FMMA are progressively varied by changing n, where n is the number of -CH2 groups in the alkyl tails of the amphiphilic fatty acid (CH3(CH2)nCOOH) molecules forming the monolayer. Compressibility measurements on the pristine and nanoparticle-laden monolayers show that, while the compressibility of the pristine monolayer decreases with increasing n, pointing to a progressive increase in FMMA, the effect of nanoparticles (increase in compressibility or lowering of FMMA) is discernible only for 14 < n < 22. The corresponding pattern morphology, observed with a Brewster Angle Microscope (BAM) at an in-plane resolution of 450 nm for 6 hours, reveals that there are essentially three stages in pattern evolution, lamellae of Au nanoclusters spread over the fatty-acid monolayer background (the λ state) followed by a network of nanoclusters with high node density (the ν state) and finally rings (circular/elongated) of random sizes with very low node density (the ρ state), evolving from an initial unsegregated state, without appreciable change in the average nanoparticle number density over the field of view. Increasing FNMA alongwith FMMA is found to shift a certain state to later times, thus playing the role of a viscous drag and introducing a delay in the timeline. The mean square fluctuation of BAM intensity remains flat and then decays as f(ξ) = ξ(2H) over smaller length scales, where ξ is the spatial separation and H the Hurst exponent. The study of f(ξ) over time reveals the growth of a sub-diffusive regime (H < 0.5) at the intermediate length scale, in almost all the films coinciding with the emergence of the ρ state. The growth of this sub-diffusive regime is slower for stronger FNMA and FMMA, the interactions thus acting as control parameters in dictating the time structure of the spatio-temporal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Choudhuri
- Surface Physics and Materials Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India.
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McCold CE, Fu Q, Howe JY, Hihath J. Conductance based characterization of structure and hopping site density in 2D molecule-nanoparticle arrays. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14937-14945. [PMID: 26303001 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04460j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Composite molecule-nanoparticle hybrid systems have recently emerged as important materials for applications ranging from chemical sensing to nanoscale electronics. However, creating reproducible and repeatable composite materials with precise properties has remained one of the primary challenges to the implementation of these technologies. Understanding the sources of variation that dominate the assembly and transport behavior is essential for the advancement of nanoparticle-array based devices. In this work, we use a combination of charge-transport measurements, electron microscopy, and optical characterization techniques to determine the role of morphology and structure on the charge transport properties of 2-dimensional monolayer arrays of molecularly-interlinked Au nanoparticles. Using these techniques we are able to determine the role of both assembly-dependent and particle-dependent defects on the conductivities of the films. These results demonstrate that assembly processes dominate the dispersion of conductance values, while nanoparticle and ligand features dictate the mean value of the conductance. By performing a systematic study of the conductance of these arrays as a function of nanoparticle size we are able to extract the carrier mobility for specific molecular ligands. We show that nanoparticle polydispersity correlates with the void density in the array, and that because of this correlation it is possible to accurately determine the void density within the array directly from conductance measurements. These results demonstrate that conductance-based measurements can be used to accurately and non-destructively determine the morphological and structural properties of these hybrid arrays, and thus provide a characterization platform that helps move 2-dimensional nanoparticle arrays toward robust and reproducible electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff E McCold
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Choudhuri M, Iyengar ANS, Datta A, Janaki MS. Evolution of self-organized two-dimensional patterns of nanoclusters through demixing. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:032907. [PMID: 26465540 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.032907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of dodecanethiol-capped Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and the amphiphilic fatty acid, stearic acid, spread as a monomolecular layer on water surface, is observed with Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) to form a two-dimensional network of AuNP clusters through demixing, at concentration of AuNPs by weight (ρ[over ¯])>10% and the surface pressure (π)≥10mNm^{-1}. For π=15mNm^{-1}, the number of nodes (n) remains unchanged till ∼2 hours and then changes over to a lower n state, where the pattern consists of almost perfect circles with greater in-plane thickness of the AuNP lamellae. For the higher n state the mean-square fluctuation of BAM intensity remains flat and then decays as f(ξ)=ξ^{2α} with α∼0.6 (correlated fluctuations) over the length scales of 400μm-6μm and below 6μm, respectively. For the lower n state the fluctuation decays almost over the entire length scale with α=0.3, indicating emergence of aperiodicity from quasiperiodicity and a changeover to anticorrelated fluctuations. These patterns can be looked at as two distinct chaotic trajectories in the I-I^{'} phase space of the system (I being the scattered light intensity at any position of the pattern and I^{'} its gradient) with characteristic Lyapunov exponents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Choudhuri
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - A N Sekar Iyengar
- Plasma Physics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Alokmay Datta
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - M S Janaki
- Plasma Physics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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Maganti L, Jash M, Nair A, Radhakrishnan TP. Nanoparticle assembly following Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics on a Langmuir film and chain networks captured in LB films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:7386-94. [PMID: 25700245 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique is an elegant protocol for the steered assembly of metal nanoparticles, the deposition pressure serving as a convenient parameter to tune the assembly. Adsorption of nanoparticles from the subphase to the air-water interface can provide further control of the process. Citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles in the aqueous subphase are shown to assemble into extended 2-dimensional chain networks following adsorption on a cationic amphiphile Langmuir film at the air-water interface. Kinetic investigations show that the process can be visualized as a surface-catalyzed reaction and explained in terms of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. The LB deposition proves to be a unique route to capture the reaction product together with the amphiphile film. The deposition pressure is used to tune the density of nanoparticle chain networks in the LB film, and their optical extinction spectrum. The unusual blue shift of the extinction observed with increasing deposition pressure is attributed to the impact of the amphiphile monolayer environment. The extent of formation of the chain network is analyzed in terms of the pathways in the corresponding graph representation, and shown to scale with the deposition pressure. The current investigation highlights the use of a charged monolayer as a heterogeneous catalyst surface, provides fundamental insight into the kinetics of nanoparticle assembly at interfaces, and demonstrates the utility of the LB technique in tuning the formation of 2-dimensional nanoparticle chain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasya Maganti
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad - 500046, India.
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Diaz Fernandez YA, Gschneidtner TA, Wadell C, Fornander LH, Lara Avila S, Langhammer C, Westerlund F, Moth-Poulsen K. The conquest of middle-earth: combining top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication for constructing nanoparticle based devices. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14605-16. [PMID: 25208687 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03717k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of top-down nanofabrication techniques has opened many possibilities for the design and realization of complex devices based on single molecule phenomena such as e.g. single molecule electronic devices. These impressive achievements have been complemented by the fundamental understanding of self-assembly phenomena, leading to bottom-up strategies to obtain hybrid nanomaterials that can be used as building blocks for more complex structures. In this feature article we highlight some relevant published work as well as present new experimental results, illustrating the versatility of self-assembly methods combined with top-down fabrication techniques for solving relevant challenges in modern nanotechnology. We present recent developments on the use of hierarchical self-assembly methods to bridge the gap between sub-nanometer and micrometer length scales. By the use of non-covalent self-assembly methods, we show that we are able to control the positioning of nanoparticles on surfaces, and to address the deterministic assembly of nano-devices with potential applications in plasmonic sensing and single-molecule electronics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Diaz Fernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Chao KP, Biswal SL. Evaporative assembly of MEH-PPV rings using mixed solvents at the air/water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4236-4242. [PMID: 24684587 DOI: 10.1021/la404865u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the morphology of conjugated polymers has recently attracted considerable attention because of their applications in photovoltaic (PV) devices and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we describe the self-assembly of a common conjugated polymer, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), into ringlike structures via solvent evaporation on an air/water interface. The films are monitored using Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and transferred onto a solid substrate by either the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) or the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) method and further characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The morphology of the MEH-PPV thin film at the air/water interface can be controlled by the spreading solvent. By mixing solvents of varying spreading coefficients and evaporation rates, such as chloroform and chlorobenzene, MEH-PPV can be assembled into micrometer-sized ring structures. The optical properties of these MEH-PPV ring structures are also characterized. Lastly, MEH-PPV can be used as a soft template to organize microscale structures of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Po Chao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Jayaraman S, Yu LT, Srinivasan MP. Polythiophene-gold nanoparticle hybrid systems: Langmuir-Blodgett assembly of nanostructured films. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2974-2982. [PMID: 23456235 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33385j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a simple method of synthesizing nanoscale polythiophene-gold nanoparticle (AuNP) hybrid systems assembled by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. Regio-regular poly(3-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxymethyl)thiophene-2,5-diyl (PMEEMT) and poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (PDDT) were employed as the polymeric constituents. The presence of PDDT improved the amphiphilicity of PMEEMT by addressing the phase separation that occurred due to convective hydrodynamic instability on the substrate. 4 layer stacks of 90% and 99% PMEEMT films exhibited uniform film structure with a significant reduction in phase separation. A detailed mechanism for minimization of the surface effect has been proposed based on the interaction of polythiophenes with the substrate. For the first time, an ex situ approach has been adopted to incorporate AuNPs into LB films without affecting the film morphology and uniformity. The incorporation of AuNPs into the polythiophene matrix, aided by the affinity of sulphur for gold, was strongly dependent on the molecular arrangement of the matrix, which in turn depended on the composition of the matrix. The hybrid polythiophene films exhibited enhanced conductivity and can be applied in sensors, photovoltaics and memory devices.
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15
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Templating CdSe tetrapods at the air/water interface with POPC lipids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 378:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Paczesny J, Sozański K, Dzięcielewski I, Żywociński A, Hołyst R. Formation of net-like patterns of gold nanoparticles in liquid crystal matrix at the air-water interface. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012; 14:826. [PMID: 22798726 PMCID: PMC3394235 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-012-0826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Controlled patterning and formation of nanostructures on surfaces based on self-assembly is a promising area in the field of "bottom-up" nanomaterial engineering. We report formation of net-like structures of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in a matrix of liquid crystalline amphiphile 4'-n-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl at the air-water interface. After initial compression to at least 18 mN m(-1), decompression of a Langmuir film of a mixture containing both components results in formation of net-like structures. The average size of a unit cell of the net is easily adjustable by changing the surface pressure during the decompression of the film. The net-like patterns of different, desired average unit cell areas were transferred onto solid substrates (Langmuir-Blodgett method) and investigated with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray reflectivity (XRR). Uniform coverage over large areas was proved. XRR data revealed lifting of the Au NPs from the surface during the formation of the film. A molecular mechanism of formation of the net-like structures is discussed. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11051-012-0826-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sozański
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Dzięcielewski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics Unipress, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Żywociński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Hołyst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Jia H, Bai X, Zheng L. One-step synthesis and assembly of gold nanochains using the Langmuir monolayer of long-chain ionic liquids and their applications to SERS. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Morag A, Philosof-Mazor L, Volinsky R, Mentovich E, Richter S, Jelinek R. Self-assembled transparent conductive electrodes from Au nanoparticles in surfactant monolayer templates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4327-4331. [PMID: 22039603 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahiud Morag
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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19
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Mogilevsky A, Jelinek R. Gold nanoparticle self-assembly in two-component lipid Langmuir monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1260-1268. [PMID: 21050012 DOI: 10.1021/la103718v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly processes are considered to be fundamental factors in supramolecular chemistry. Langmuir monolayers of surfactants or lipids have been shown to constitute effective 2D "templates" for self-assembled nanoparticles and colloids. Here we show that alkyl-coated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) adopt distinct configurations when incorporated within Langmuir monolayers comprising two lipid components at different mole ratios. Thermodynamic and microscopy analyses reveal that the organization of the Au NP aggregates is governed by both lipid components. In particular, we show that the configurations of the NP assemblies were significantly affected by the extent of molecular interactions between the two lipid components within the monolayer and the monolayer phases formed by each individual lipid. This study demonstrates that multicomponent Langmuir monolayers significantly modulate the self-assembly properties of embedded Au NPs and that parameters such as the monolayer composition, surface pressure, and temperature significantly affect the 2D nanoparticle organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mogilevsky
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
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20
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Stamatoiu O, Mirzaei J, Feng X, Hegmann T. Nanoparticles in liquid crystals and liquid crystalline nanoparticles. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 318:331-93. [PMID: 21928012 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of liquid crystals and materials with unique features as well as properties at the nanoscale are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to recent developments, i.e., since 2007, in areas ranging from liquid crystal-nanoparticle dispersions to nanomaterials forming liquid crystalline phases after surface modification with mesogenic or promesogenic moieties. Experimental and synthetic approaches are summarized, design strategies compared, and potential as well as existing applications discussed. Finally, a critical outlook into the future of this fascinating field of liquid crystal research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Stamatoiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
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21
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Li JB, Yu XL, Fu J, Liu X, Zeng Y. A novel perylene diimide-based tetrahedral molecule: Synthesis, characterization and self-assembly with gold nanoparticles. J CHEM SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-010-0072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Bai X, Ma H, Li X, Dong B, Zheng L. Patterns of gold nanoparticles formed at the air/water interface: effects of capping agents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14970-14974. [PMID: 20731471 DOI: 10.1021/la102674f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles stabilized with different capping agents were synthesized in a two-phase liquid-liquid system and found to self-assemble into various patterns at the air/water interface. The shapes of the patterns are closely related to the molecule structures of the capping agents. Systems with mixed capping agents were also investigated, and honeycomb patterns can be obtained in this way. T-shape and H-shape patterns were also observed. A possible mechanism based on Marangoni-Benard convection in evaporating droplets is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
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23
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Bai X, Li X, Zheng L. Chiral ionic liquid monolayer-stabilized gold nanoparticles: synthesis, self-assembly, and application to SERS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:12209-14. [PMID: 20499920 DOI: 10.1021/la101602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chiral ionic liquid monolayer-stabilized gold nanoparticles were synthesized in a two-phase liquid-liquid system and found to self-assemble into ringlike structures at the air/water interface. Control experiments with long-chain ILs revealed that the molecular structure of the CIL significantly affects the formation of the gold nanoparticle ring structures. A possible mechanism based on Marangoni-Bénard convection in evaporating droplets was proposed. These gold nanoparticle structures were shown to yield a large SERS enhancement for Rhodamine 6G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
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24
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Wang M, Chen S, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zheng J, Li Z. Nanoassemblies of colloidal gold nanoparticles by oxygen-induced inorganic ligand replacement. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9351-9356. [PMID: 20232809 DOI: 10.1021/la100329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a novel method of the fabrication of floating ultrathin nanoporous films and superlattice-like bottom sediment flakes of colloidal gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) by the oxygen-induced ligand replacement of inorganic species. The two nanoassemblies were realized in a weighing bottle simply by aging the Au colloid, which was synthesized and stabilized using more divalent tin Sn(II) than required for the reduction of HAuCl(4). In situ Raman spectroscopy was employed to trace the assembly process, and we found that the protective Sn(II) species (mostly SnCl(3)(-)) of the gold colloid could be gradually replaced by Cl(-) ions in the solution, while the strongly chemically adsorbed Sn(II) species on the Au NPs was oxidized by O(2) from the air contact. The destabilized colloidal Au NPs by the ligand replacement of SnCl(3)(-) with Cl(-) first assembled into an ultrathin nanoporous film at the air-water interface and then sedimentated to the bottom. Superlattice-like sediment flakes of Au NPs can be obtained at lower temperature (approximately 5 degrees C). Particularly, this method does not involve any organic substances, providing clean ultrathin nanoporous films and superlattice-like flakes of Au NPs. The ultrathin nanoporous films and superlattice-like flakes of Au NPs can serve as SERS substrates with strong and long activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004 China
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25
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Mogilevsky A, Volinsky R, Dayagi Y, Markovich N, Jelinek R. Gold nanoparticle self-assembly in saturated phospholipid monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7893-7898. [PMID: 20151702 DOI: 10.1021/la9047903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of nanostructures on surfaces is a promising area in the emerging field of "bottom-up nanolithography". We describe a systematic analysis of hydrophobically capped gold nanoparticle (Au NP) assemblies created within monolayers of saturated phospholipids deposited at the air/water interface. We show that the Au NPs are segregated within the mixed monolayers, forming distinct configurations. Microscopy analysis reveals that organized Au NP aggregates, including wires, rings, and "doughnut-shape" structures, are observed only within condensed-phase monolayers comprising phospholipids exhibiting longer acyl side-chains. In these monolayers, the Au NPs are localized at the edges of the condensed phospholipid domains. In addition to the pronounced effect of the phospholipid phases at the air/water interface, NP organization was found to depend upon the hydrophobic capping agents of the particles. The Au nanostructures assembled at the air/water interface can be transferred onto solid substrates, suggesting that the self-assembly monolayer approach could be exploited for practical nanoelectronic and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mogilevsky
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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26
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Hsu SJ, Su PYS, Jian LY, Chang AHH, Lin IJB. Vertex and Edge Truncated Octahedron Gold Crystals. N-alkylimidazole and Silver(I) Ion Controlled Morphology Transformation. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:4149-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902201u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Padi Y. S. Su
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - L. Y. Jian
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - A. H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ivan J. B. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
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27
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Marqués-Hueso J, Abargues R, Canet-Ferrer J, Agouram S, Valdés JL, Martínez-Pastor JP. Au-PVA nanocomposite negative resist for one-step three-dimensional e-beam lithography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2825-2830. [PMID: 19883096 DOI: 10.1021/la902915n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Au nanoparticles are synthesized in situ upon the electron beam exposure of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) thin film containing Au(III). The e-beam-irradiated areas are insoluble in water (negative-tone resist), and Au-PVA nanocomposite patterns with a variable profile along the structure can be thus generated (3D lithography) in a single step. A local characterization of the generated patterns is performed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis localized surface plasmon resonance microspectroscopy. This characterization confirms the presence of crystalline nanoparticles and aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marqués-Hueso
- Instituto de Ciencias de los Materiales, Universidad de Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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28
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29
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Markovich N, Volinsky R, Jelinek R. Gold Nanostructures in Diacetylene Monolayer Templates. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2430-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja808718s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Markovich
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Roman Volinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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30
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Dockendorff J, Gauthier M, Mourran A, Möller M. Arborescent Amphiphilic Copolymers as Templates for the Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801320r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 8, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mario Gauthier
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 8, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 8, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 8, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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