Dry tin dioxide hollow microshells and extreme ultraviolet radiation induced by CO2 laser illumination

Easy-handling minimum mass laser target scaffold based on sub-millimeter air bubble -An example of laser plasma extreme ultraviolet generation

Low density materials can control plasma properties of laser absorption, which can enhance quantum beam generation. The recent practical extreme ultraviolet light (EUV) is the first industrial example of laser plasma source with low density targets. Here we propose an easy-handling target source based on a hollow sub-millimeter microcapsule fabricated from polyelectrolyte cationic and anionic surfactant on air bubbles. The lightweight microcapsules acted as a scaffold for surface coating by tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles (22-48%), and then dried. As a proof of concept study, the microcapsules were ablated with a Nd:YAG laser (7.1 × 1010 W/cm2, 1 ns) to generate 13.5 nm EUV relatively directed to laser incidence. The laser conversion efficiency (CE) at 13.5 nm 2% bandwidth from the tin-coated microcapsule (0.8%) was competitive compared with bulk tin (1%). We propose that microcapsule aggregates could be utilized as a potential small scale/compact EUV source, and future quantum beam sources by changing the coating to other elements.

Gallium–tin alloys as a low melting point liquid metal for repetition-pulse-laser-induced high energy density state toward compact pulse EUV sources

We show the near-room-temperature-handling of a liquid gallium–tin alloy (Ga:Sn) as a laser target source for 13.5 nm pulse repetition.

Electrochemically Synthesized Tin/Lithium Alloy To Convert Laser Light to Extreme Ultraviolet Light

This paper describes lithium-tin alloys as a novel target material to enhance the efficiency of 13.5 nm extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light from generated laser-produced plasmas. Both lithium and tin exhibit EUV emission with the same peak at 13.5 nm. We show that lithium-tin (LiSn) alloys exhibit emission also at 13.5 nm and a mixture of tin and lithium emission by illuminating Nd:YAG laser (1 ns, 2.5 × 10¹⁰, 7.1 × 10¹⁰ W/cm²). The emission spectra and emission angular distribution by using phosphor imaging plates were analyzed to obtain the conversion efficiency from laser light to 13.5 nm light. The Li-Sn alloys were slightly higher than planar tin and between tin and lithium. It would be due to the suppression of self-absorption of 13.5 nm light by the tin plasma.

PEG based hyperbranched polymeric hollow nanospheres

The synthesis of a new PEG based hyperbranched copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGMEMA-co-EGDMA) was achieved via a one-step in situ deactivation enhanced atom transfer radical polymerization (DE-ATRP). Then, hollow PEG based nanospheres were fabricated from this polymer using a solvent evaporation method and post-stabilisation strategy. Furthermore, the analysis using a cellular metabolic activity assay proved that the copolymer did not affect cellular metabolism, indicating that this PEG based polymeric nanosphere has potential for use in drug delivery applications.