1
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Shi G, Schweizer KS. Theory of the center-of-mass diffusion and viscosity of microstructured and variable sequence copolymer liquids. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8893-8910. [PMID: 37955602 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01193c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates formed through the phase separation of proteins and nucleic acids are widely observed, offering a fundamental means of organizing intracellular materials in a membrane-less fashion. Traditionally, these condensates have been regarded as homogeneous isotropic liquids. However, in analogy with some synthetic copolymer systems, our recent theoretical research has demonstrated that model biomolecular condensates can exhibit a microemulsion-like internal structure, contingent upon the specific sequence, inter-chain site-site interactions, and concentrated phase polymer density. Motivated by these considerations, here we present a microscopic dynamical theory for the self-diffusion constant and viscosity of a simpler class of model systems - concentrated unentangled A/B regular multiblock copolymer solutions. Our approach integrates static equilibrium local and microdomain scale structural information obtained from PRISM integral equation theory and the time evolution of the autocorrelation function of monomer scale forces at the center-of-mass level to determine the polymer diffusion constant and viscosity in a weak caging regime far from a glass or gel transition. We focus on regular multi-block systems both for simplicity and for its relevance to synthetic macromolecular science. The impact of sequence and inter-chain attraction strength on the slowing down of copolymer mass transport and flow due to local clustering enhanced collisional friction and emergent microdomain scale ordering are established. Analytic analysis and metrics employed in the study of biomolecular condensates are employed to identify key order parameters that quantity how attractive forces, packing structure, multiblock sequence, and copolymer density determine dynamical slowing down above and below the crossover to a fluctuating polymeric microemulsion state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Shi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Kenneth S Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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2
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Moinuddin M, Rane K. Effect of shape anisotropy on the precipitation of dimeric nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8604-8616. [PMID: 37909104 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00827d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
We use grand canonical transition matrix Monte Carlo simulations to study the precipitation of dimeric nanoparticles. The dimers are composed of two particles having different chemical features and separated by a fixed distance. The non-attractive and attractive parts of the dimer are modeled using hard-sphere and square-well potentials, respectively. The shape anisotropy is altered by changing the relative sizes of the two particles. We observe that the stability of the nanosuspension increases with the increase in the size of the non-attractive part of the dimer. The precipitates of dimers having larger non-attractive parts have lower packing densities, contain large cavities, and show evidence of self-assembly in the bulk and on the surface. We also use the results from our simulations and the classical nucleation theory to study the kinetics of precipitation. At a given temperature and relative supersaturation, the rate of homogeneous nucleation increases with the increase in the size of the non-attractive parts. Finally, we use an example to show how our results can guide the design of nanosuspensions containing chemically anisotropic dimers that are stable under particular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moinuddin
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
| | - Kaustubh Rane
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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3
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Moinuddin M, Tripathy M. Effect of Architecture and Topology on the Self-Assembly of Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Moinuddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukta Tripathy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai400076, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Pothukuchi RP, Radhakrishna M. Understanding asymmetry effects at low grafting density on the self-assembly of polyion grafted nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22724-22735. [PMID: 36111558 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02743g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Grafting of spherical nanoparticles (NPs) with polymeric ligands has been an effective way of controlling the dispersion state of NPs either in the matrix or in solution. Despite the fast evolving synthesis techniques, it is still experimentally difficult to precisely control the position of tethers on the surface of NPs. At low grafting density, due to the surface anisotropy, a wide range of assemblies could be achieved depending on the position of the tethers on the NP surface. This may pose a challenge in interpreting data from scattering and electron micrographs. In the current manuscript, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of graft angles (positions) on the self-assembly of NPs grafted with oppositely charged polyions at low grafting density driven by coulombic interactions. Our study shows that the NPs grafted with oppositely charged polyions self-assemble into a wide range of morphologies like dimers, rings, strings, coils, tetramers and aggregates depending on the angle between the grafts. Furthermore, the morphologies obtained in the case of semi-flexible and rigid-chains as tethers are more sensitive to the graft positions (angles) compared to that of flexible chains. Molecular dynamics studies carried out at low grafting densities of the system comprising an equimolar mixture of nanoparticles grafted with polyions at varying grafting angles showed that the polyions grafted at low/high grafting angles preferentially interacted with oppositely charged polyion grafts tethered at low/high graft angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Pavan Pothukuchi
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India.
| | - Mithun Radhakrishna
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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5
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Hao QH, Cheng J, Yang F, Tan HG. Self-assembled morphologies of polyelectrolyte-grafted nanoparticles directed by oppositely charged polymer matrices. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19726-19735. [PMID: 35865210 PMCID: PMC9260519 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00867j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled structure of polymer grafted nanoparticles is an interesting and growing subject in the field of hybrid electronics and high energy density materials. In light of this, the self-assembled morphologies of polyelectrolyte (PE) sparsely grafted nanoparticles tuned by oppositely charged matrix chains are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Our focus is to elucidate the effect of matrix chain polymerization on modulating the stretching properties of tethered PE layers, on the self-assembled structuring of nanoparticles. Through varying the matrix chain length and stiffness as well as electrostatic interaction strength, rich phase behaviors of PE coated nanoparticles are predicted, including spherical micelle-like structures being preferred with short matrix chains and percolating network morphologies favored with long matrix chains, which is more pronounced with an enhanced matrix chain rigidness. To pinpoint the mechanisms of self-assembled structure formation, the thickness of grafted layers, the gyration radius of tethered chains, and pair correlation functions between nanoparticles are analyzed carefully. Additionally, electrostatic correlations, manifested as the bridging via matrix chains, are examined by identifying three states of matrix PE chains. Our simulation results may be useful for designing smart polymer nanocomposites based on PE coated nanoparticles. Self-assembled structure of polymer grafted nanoparticles is an interesting and growing subject in the field of hybrid electronics and high energy density materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hai Hao
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China Tianjin 300300 China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China Tianjin 300300 China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China Tianjin 300300 China
| | - Hong-Ge Tan
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China Tianjin 300300 China
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6
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Abstract
Polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs) are an important component of many advanced materials. The interplay between the nanoparticle surface curvature and spatial confinement by neighboring chains produces a complex set of structural and dynamical behaviors in the polymer corona surrounding the nanoparticle. For example, experiments have shown that the inner portion of the corona is more stretched and relaxes more slowly than the outer region. Here, we perform systematic core-modified dissipative particle dynamics (CM-DPD) simulations and analyze the relaxation dynamics using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the monomer coordinates. We find that grafted chains relax more slowly than free chains and that the relaxation time of the grafted chains scales inversely with the confinement strength. For PGNPs in a polymer melt, the relaxation processes are always Rouse-like. However, we observe either Zimm-like or Rouse-like dynamics for PGNPs in solution depending on the confinement strength.
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7
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Brush-modified materials: Control of molecular architecture, assembly behavior, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Hocken A, Yang Y, Beyer FL, Morgan BF, Kline K, Piper T, Green MD. Photocurable Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Resins with Variable Silica Nanoparticle Loading. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hocken
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Frederick L. Beyer
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Brian F. Morgan
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Katelyn Kline
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | - Matthew D. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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9
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Gong M, Yu Q, Wang C, Wang R. Simulating Surface Patterning of Nanoparticles by Polymers via Dissipative Particle Dynamics Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5534-5540. [PMID: 30925838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Patchy particles are often referred to colloidal particles with physically or chemically patterned surfaces. We investigated the patterning of nanoparticle grafted by polymers, mainly consisting of patchy structures with different numbers of patches ( Npatch) and core-shell structure using the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method in good or poor solvents based on the experiment research. Poor solvent, large nanoparticle, proper grafting density and medium polymer length contribute to the formation of patchy structure. We introduce the effective volume fraction as an indicator to distinguish the patchy structure from core-shell structure. The reversible transition between core-shell (in a good solvent) and patchy structure (in a poor solvent) and the dependency relationship between the nanoparticle diameter and grafting density in experiment are verified. Our results pave the way for preparing the colloids with well-defined patches. The anisotropic patchy particles can self-assemble into elaborate superstructures, which are potential blocking materials for drug delivery, sensors, and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqing Gong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences , Nanjing University , No.163, Xianlin Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qiuyan Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences , Nanjing University , No.163, Xianlin Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences , Nanjing University , No.163, Xianlin Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences , Nanjing University , No.163, Xianlin Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
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10
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Abstract
Grafting polymers to nanoparticle surfaces influences properties from the conformation of the polymer chains to the dispersion and assembly of nanoparticles within a polymeric material. Recently, a small body of work has begun to address the question of how grafting polymers to a nanoparticle surface impacts chain dynamics, and the resulting physical properties of a material. This Review discusses recent work that characterizes the structure and dynamics of polymers that are grafted to nanoparticles and opportunities for future research. Starting from the case of a single polymer chain attached to a nanoparticle core, this Review follows the structure of the chains as grafting density increases, and how this structure slows relaxation of polymer chains and affects macroscopic material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J A Hore
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, USA.
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11
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Staszewski T, Borówko M. Molecular dynamics simulations of mono-tethered particles at solid surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20194-20204. [PMID: 30027950 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the behavior of mono-tethered nanoparticles on solid surfaces. In our model particle-particle and particle-chain interactions are repulsive, while chain-chain interactions are attractive. Two surfaces are considered: the first one attracts particles and the other attracts chains. Excess adsorption isotherms are presented for both the surfaces and different lengths of tethers. The mechanism of adsorption is discussed. We find that depending on the assumed parameters the mono-tethered particles can be adsorbed as single particles or as different aggregates. Our main goal is to explore the structure of surface films. We show that the morphology of the adsorbed layer depends mainly on the type of the surface but the influence of the particle diameter, the chain length and the density is also important. We prove that the shape of aggregates changes near the substrate. For certain parameters the aggregates can break under the influence of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Staszewski
- Department for the Modelling of Physico-Chemical Processes, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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12
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Martin TB, Gartner TE, Jones RL, Snyder CR, Jayaraman A. pyPRISM: A Computational Tool for Liquid-State Theory Calculations of Macromolecular Materials. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Martin
- National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | | | - Ronald L. Jones
- National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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13
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Self-assembly of rarely polymer-grafted nanoparticles in dilute solutions and on a surface: From non-spherical vesicles to graphene-like sheets. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Ginzburg VV. Modeling the Morphology and Phase Behavior of One-Component Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticle Systems. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy V. Ginzburg
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Dow Chemical Company, Building 1702, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
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15
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Gollanapalli V, Manthri A, Sankar UK, Tripathy M. Dispersion, Phase Separation, and Self-Assembly of Polymer-Grafted Nanorod Composites. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Gollanapalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
| | - Anirudh Manthri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
| | - Uma K. Sankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukta Tripathy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra, India
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16
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Tripathy M. Self-assembly of polymer-linked nanoparticles and scaling behavior in the assembled phase. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2475-2482. [PMID: 28294276 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00230k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An entropic depletion-driven phase separation is known to be observed for mixtures of polymers and nanoparticles. While polymer-linked nanoparticles have been synthesized, their phase behavior has only been predicted for chemically specific interactions. We use integral equation theory to determine the structure and phase behavior of chemically isotropic polymer-linked nanoparticles at high densities. When each end of a linear polymer is grafted to a nanoparticle, we predict an entropy-driven microphase separation of locally segregated polymer-rich and nanoparticle-rich domains. The formation of these self-assembled structures is purely a consequence of the shape of the polymer-linked particle species. The depletion-driven demixing of ungrafted polymer-nanoparticle composites (with small amounts of nanoparticles) is enhanced as particle diameter (D) grows compared to the polymer radius of gyration (Rg). However, this study shows that for polymer-linked nanoparticle systems, the transition from a liquid to microphase separated state shifts to higher densities (i.e. is inhibited) as D/Rg increases. The transition volume fractions attain a unique value (of ∼0.69) at D/Rg ∼ 1.13. The repeating length scale (L*) is 1.4-2.2 times the size of the entire species (D + Rg). Surprisingly, L*/(D + Rg) is a non-monotonic function of the polymer radius of gyration. The repeating length scale also displays a remarkable scaling behavior, as a function of the particle diameter and the polymer density. Additionally, our study implies that two different mechanisms of transitioning to the microphase separated state are possible for these systems, which has important implications for the transition density and the kinds of structures formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Tripathy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
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17
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Xu Q, Chen L. Integral equation prediction of structure of nanocomposites with polymer-grafted nanoparticles near solid surface. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Posel Z, Posocco P, Lísal M, Fermeglia M, Pricl S. Highly grafted polystyrene/polyvinylpyridine polymer gold nanoparticles in a good solvent: effects of chain length and composition. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3600-3611. [PMID: 26980360 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the structural features of spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs) decorated with highly grafted poly(styrene) (PS), poly(vinylpyridine) (PVP) and PS-PVP diblock copolymer brushes immersed in a good solvent are investigated by means of Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulations as a function of grafted chain length and of homopolymer and copolymer chain composition. For NPs grafted either by PS or PVP homopolymer brushes (selected as a proof of concept), good agreement between the Daoud-Cotton theory, experimental evidence, and our DPD simulations is observed in the scaling behavior of single chain properties, especially for longer grafted chains, and in brush thickness prediction. On the other hand, for grafted chain lengths comparable to NP dimensions parabolic-like profiles of the end-monomer distributions are obtained. Furthermore, a region of high concentration of polymer segments is observed in the monomer density distribution for long homopolymers. In the case of copolymer-decorated NPs, the repulsion between PS and PVP blocks is found to substantially influence the radius of gyration and the shape of the end-monomer distribution of the relevant polymer shell. Moreover, for diblock chains, the un-swollen region is observed to be thinner (and, correspondingly, the swollen layer thicker) than that of a NP modified with a homopolymer of the same length. Finally, the lateral segregation of PS and PVP blocks is evidenced by our calculations and a detailed analysis of the corona behavior is reported, thus revealing the key parameters in controlling the surface properties and the response of diblock copolymer modified nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyšek Posel
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic and Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Aerosols, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paola Posocco
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy and National Interuniversity Consortium for Material Science and Technology (INSTM), Research Unit MOSE-DEA, University of Trieste, Italy.
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Aerosols, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic and Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy and National Interuniversity Consortium for Material Science and Technology (INSTM), Research Unit MOSE-DEA, University of Trieste, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulations Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy and National Interuniversity Consortium for Material Science and Technology (INSTM), Research Unit MOSE-DEA, University of Trieste, Italy.
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19
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Xu Q, Feng Y, Chen L. Phase separation of comb polymer nanocomposite melts. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1385-1400. [PMID: 26754414 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the spinodal phase demixing of branched comb polymer nanocomposite (PNC) melts is systematically investigated using the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) theory. To verify the reliability of the present method in characterizing the phase behavior of comb PNCs, the intermolecular correlation functions of the system for nonzero particle volume fractions are compared with our molecular dynamics simulation data. After verifying the model and discussing the structure of the comb PNCs in the dilute nanoparticle limit, the interference among the side chain number, side chain length, nanoparticle-monomer size ratio and attractive interactions between the comb polymer and nanoparticles in spinodal demixing curves is analyzed and discussed in detail. The results predict two kinds of distinct phase separation behaviors. One is called classic fluid phase boundary, which is mediated by the entropic depletion attraction and contact aggregation of nanoparticles at relatively low nanoparticle-monomer attraction strength. The second demixing transition occurs at relatively high attraction strength and involves the formation of an equilibrium physical network phase with local bridging of nanoparticles. The phase boundaries are found to be sensitive to the side chain number, side chain length, nanoparticle-monomer size ratio and attractive interactions. As the side chain length is fixed, the side chain number has a large effect on the phase behavior of comb PNCs; with increasing side chain number, the miscibility window first widens and then shrinks. When the side chain number is lower than a threshold value, the phase boundaries undergo a process from enlarging the miscibility window to narrowing as side chain length increases. Once the side chain number overtakes this threshold value, the phase boundary shifts towards less miscibility. With increasing nanoparticle-monomer size ratio, a crossover of particle size occurs, above which the phase separation is consistent with that of chain PNCs. The miscibility window for this condition gradually narrows while the other parameters of the PNCs system are held constant. These results indicate that the present PRISM theory can give molecular-level details of the underlying mechanisms of the comb PNCs. It is hoped that the results can be used to provide useful guidance for the future design control of novel, thermodynamically stable comb PNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhi Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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20
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Ma S, Qi D, Xiao M, Wang R. Controlling the localization of nanoparticles in assemblies of amphiphilic diblock copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:9090-9097. [PMID: 25308862 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We performed a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) approach to study the self-assembly of AB diblock copolymer tethered nanoparticles (P) in dilute solutions. Different morphological aggregates, including spherical micelles, vesicles, disk-like micelles and rod-like micelles, were found by varying the interaction between block copolymers and nanoparticles. Most importantly, the nanoparticles can selectively localize in the different domains within the aggregates. When the repulsive interaction between block copolymers and nanoparticles aPA = aPB = 25, the nanoparticles are evenly distributed within the spherical micelles. While aPA or aPB increases, the nanoparticles gradually aggregate and separate from copolymers and then localize in the central portion of vesicular wall or disk-like and rod-like micelles. The degree of stretching of the tethered copolymer chains gradually grows with the increase of aPA or aPB, while the degree of stretching of solvophobic block B decreases when the morphologies change from spherical to disk-like micelles and further to rod-like micelles. This work illustrates that tuning the miscibility of copolymers and nanoparticles could be used to project the selective localization of nanoparticles within the aggregates self-assembled by diblock copolymer tethered nanoparticles in dilute solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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21
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Martin TB, Jayaraman A. Effect of matrix bidispersity on the morphology of polymer-grafted nanoparticle-filled polymer nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Martin
- Department of Chemical and Biolgical Engineering; UCB 596 University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biolgical Engineering; UCB 596 University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado 80309
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22
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Lafitte T, Kumar SK, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Self-assembly of polymer-grafted nanoparticles in thin films. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:786-794. [PMID: 24834986 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We use large-scale molecular dynamics simulations with a coarse-grained model to investigate the self-assembly of solvent-free grafted nanoparticles into thin free-standing films. Two important findings are highlighted. First, for appropriately chosen values of system parameters the nanoparticles spontaneously assemble into monolayer thick films. Further, the nanoparticles self-assemble into a variety of morphologies ranging from dispersed particles, finite stripes, long strings, to percolating networks. The main driving force for these morphologies is the competition between strong short-range attractions of the particle cores and long-range entropic repulsions of the grafted chains. The grafted nanoparticle systems provide practical means to realize two-length-scale systems that have been previously seen, using a simple two-dimensional model [G. Malescio and G. Pellicane, Nat. Mater., 2003, 2, 97], to generate a variety of morphologies. However, there are only relatively narrow ranges of interaction strengths and chain lengths for which anisotropic self-assembly is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lafitte
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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23
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Feng Y, Ning N, Zhang L, Tian M, Zou H, Mi J. Evolution of conductive network and properties of nanorod/polymer composite under tensile strain. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:024903. [PMID: 23862961 DOI: 10.1063/1.4812752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the conductive network, probability, and percolation threshold of nanorod/polymer composites under tensile strain are investigated using the molecular dynamics simulation. The internal interactions, including polymer-polymer, polymer-nanorod, and nanorod-nanorod interactions, are taken into account in simulations. In particular, the influence of polymer induced depletion force on the orientation of nanorods is analyzed. Under a constant strain, the conductive stability firstly declines and then rises with the increasing concentration of fillers, and the minimum corresponds to the percolation threshold. As strain increases, the result exhibits a strong anisotropy in the stability of conductive property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Feng
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Ganesan V, Jayaraman A. Theory and simulation studies of effective interactions, phase behavior and morphology in polymer nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:13-38. [PMID: 24651842 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51864g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites are a class of materials that consist of a polymer matrix filled with inorganic/organic nanoscale additives that enhance the inherent macroscopic (mechanical, optical and electronic) properties of the polymer matrix. Over the past few decades such materials have received tremendous attention from experimentalists, theoreticians, and computational scientists. These studies have revealed that the macroscopic properties of polymer nanocomposites depend strongly on the (microscopic) morphology of the constituent nanoscale additives in the polymer matrix. As a consequence, intense research efforts have been directed to understand the relationships between interactions, morphology, and the phase behavior of polymer nanocomposites. Theory and simulations have proven to be useful tools in this regard due to their ability to link molecular level features of the polymer and nanoparticle additives to the resulting morphology within the composite. In this article we review recent theory and simulation studies, presenting briefly the methodological developments underlying PRISM theories, density functional theory, self-consistent field theory approaches, and atomistic and coarse-grained molecular simulations. We first discuss the studies on polymer nanocomposites with bare or un-functionalized nanoparticles as additives, followed by a review of recent work on composites containing polymer grafted or functionalized nanoparticles as additives. We conclude each section with a brief outlook on some potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, USA.
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Kumar SK, Jouault N, Benicewicz B, Neely T. Nanocomposites with Polymer Grafted Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanat K. Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| | - Nicolas Jouault
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| | - Brian Benicewicz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Tony Neely
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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26
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Jayaraman A. Polymer grafted nanoparticles: Effect of chemical and physical heterogeneity in polymer grafts on particle assembly and dispersion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Oyerokun FT, Vaia RA. Distribution in the Grafting Density of End-Functionalized Polymer Chains Adsorbed onto Nanoparticle Surfaces. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301218d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Folusho T. Oyerokun
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB,
Ohio 45433-7132, United States
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB,
Ohio 45433-7132, United States
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29
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Jayaraman A, Nair N. Integrating PRISM theory and Monte Carlo simulation to study polymer-functionalised particles and polymer nanocomposites. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2012.683528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Chremos A, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Koch DL. Dynamics of solvent-free grafted nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:044902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3679442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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31
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Chandran S, C. K. S, Kandar AK, Basu JK, Narayanan S, Sandy A. Re-entrant behavior in dynamics of binary mixtures of soft hybrid nanocolloids and homopolymers. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:134901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3644930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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32
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Chremos A, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Yu HY, Koch DL. Structure of solvent-free grafted nanoparticles: Molecular dynamics and density-functional theory. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:114901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3638179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Goel V, Pietrasik J, Dong H, Sharma J, Matyjaszewski K, Krishnamoorti R. Structure of Polymer Tethered Highly Grafted Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200621r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Goel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Joanna Pietrasik
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Technical University of Lodz, 90 924 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hongchen Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jitendra Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Chremos A, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Structural transitions of solvent-free oligomer-grafted nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:105503. [PMID: 21981510 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Novel structural transitions of solvent-free oligomer-grafted nanoparticles are investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations of a coarse-grained bead-spring model. Variations in core size and grafting density lead to self-assembly of the nanoparticles into a variety of distinct structures. At the boundaries between different structures, the nanoparticle systems undergo thermoreversible transitions. This structural behavior, which has not been previously reported, deviates significantly from that of simple liquids. The reversible nature of these transitions in solvent-free conditions offers new ways to control self-assembly of nanoparticles at experimentally accessible conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Chremos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
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Nair N, Wentzel N, Jayaraman A. Effect of bidispersity in grafted chain length on grafted chain conformations and potential of mean force between polymer grafted nanoparticles in a homopolymer matrix. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:194906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3590275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Yu HY, Koch DL. Structure of solvent-free nanoparticle-organic hybrid materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:16801-16811. [PMID: 20954705 DOI: 10.1021/la102815r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We derive the radial distribution function and the static structure factor for the particles in model nanoparticle-organic hybrid materials composed of nanoparticles and attached oligomeric chains in the absence of an intervening solvent. The assumption that the oligomers form an incompressible fluid of bead-chains attached to the particles that is at equilibrium for a given particle configuration allows us to apply a density functional theory for determining the equilibrium configuration of oligomers as well as the distribution function of the particles. A quasi-analytic solution is facilitated by a regular perturbation analysis valid when the oligomer radius of gyration R(g) is much greater than the particle radius a. The results show that the constraint that each particle carries its own share of the fluid attached to itself yields a static structure factor that approaches zero as the wavenumber approaches zero. This result indicates that each particle excludes exactly one other particle from its neighborhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Yu Yu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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37
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Srivastava S, Chandran S, Kandar AK, Sarika CK, Basu JK, Narayanan S, Sandy A. Communication: Unusual dynamics of hybrid nanoparticles and their binary mixtures. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:151105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3495480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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38
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Zhu X, Wang L, Lin J, Zhang L. Ordered nanostructures self-assembled from block copolymer tethered nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2010; 4:4979-4988. [PMID: 20722410 DOI: 10.1021/nn101121n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Combining the self-consistent field theory (SCFT) and the density functional theory (DFT), we investigated the self-assembly behavior of AB diblock copolymer tethered single spherical particle P (ABP molecules). Two cases were studied: one is where the particles are chemically neutral to both A and B blocks, and the other is where the particles are unfavorable to neither of the two blocks. For neutral particles, the ABP molecules self-assemble to typical equilibrium microstructures, such as lamellae and cylinders. The P particles are localized in B block domains, and the size of particles can influence the phase behavior. For unfavorable particles, the ABP molecules microphase separate to form distinct ordered structures. Hierarchical structures, such as cylinders with cylinders at the interfaces and lamellae with cylinders at the interfaces, were observed. These resulting hierarchical structures are mainly determined by two parameters: A block fraction f(A) and particle size R(P). On the basis of the calculation results, phase diagrams were constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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39
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Nair N, Jayaraman A. Self-Consistent PRISM Theory−Monte Carlo Simulation Studies of Copolymer Grafted Nanoparticles in a Homopolymer Matrix. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101229r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Nair
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado UCB 424, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado UCB 424, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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40
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Seifpour A, Spicer P, Nair N, Jayaraman A. Effect of monomer sequences on conformations of copolymers grafted on spherical nanoparticles: A Monte Carlo simulation study. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:164901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3385469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Jiang S, Chen Q, Tripathy M, Luijten E, Schweizer KS, Granick S. Janus particle synthesis and assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1060-71. [PMID: 20401930 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Janus particles, colloid-sized particles with two regions of different surface chemical composition, possess energetic interactions that depend not only on their separation but also on their orientation. Research on Janus and colloidal particles that are chemically patchy in even more complicated fashion has opened a new chapter in the colloid research field. This article highlights recent progress in both experiment and theory regarding synthesis and self-assembly of Janus particles, and tentatively outlines some areas of future opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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42
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Santos A, Singh C, Glotzer SC. Coarse-grained models of tethers for fast self-assembly simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:011113. [PMID: 20365329 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.011113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Long molecular ligands or "tethers" play an important role in the self-assembly of many nanoscale systems. These tethers, whose only interaction may be a hard-core repulsion, contribute significantly to the free energy of the system because of their large conformational entropy. Here, we investigate how simple approximate models can be developed and used to quickly determine the configurations into which tethers will self assemble in nanoscale systems. We derive criteria that determine when these models are expected to be accurate. Finally, we propose a generalized two-body approximation that can be used as a toy model for the self-assembly of tethers in systems of arbitrary geometry and apply this to the self-assembly of self-assembled monolayers on a planar surface. We compare our results to those in the literature obtained via atomistic and dissipative particle dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, USA
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43
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Jayaraman A, Schweizer KS. Liquid state theory of the structure and phase behaviour of polymer-tethered nanoparticles in dense suspensions, melts and nanocomposites. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020902744680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Jayaraman A, Schweizer KS. Effective Interactions, Structure, and Phase Behavior of Lightly Tethered Nanoparticles in Polymer Melts. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801722m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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