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van der Zwan KP, Steinlein C, Kreger K, Schmidt HW, Senker J. Crystal Engineering of Supramolecular 1,4-Benzene Bisamides by Side-Chain Modification - Towards Tuneable Anisotropic Morphologies and Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2585-2593. [PMID: 34643979 PMCID: PMC9299472 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzene bisamides are promising building blocks for supramolecular nano‐objects. Their functionality depends on morphology and surface properties. However, a direct link between surface properties and molecular structure itself is missing for this material class. Here, we investigate this interplay for two series of 1,4‐benzene bisamides with symmetric and asymmetric peripheral substitution. We elucidated the crystal structures, determined the nano‐object morphologies and derived the wetting behaviour of the preferentially exposed surfaces. The crystal structures were solved by combining single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and computational modelling. Bulky side groups, here t‐butyl groups, serve as a structure‐directing motif into a packing pattern, which favours the formation of thin platelets. The use of slim peripheral groups on both sides, in our case linear perfluorinated, alkyl chains, self‐assemble the benzene bisamides into a second packing pattern which leads to ribbon‐like nano‐objects. For both packing types, the preferentially exposed surfaces consist of the ends of the peripheral groups. Asymmetric substitution with bulky and slim groups leads to an ordered alternating arrangement of the groups exposed to the surface. This allows the hydrophobicity of the surfaces to be gradually altered. We thus identified two leitmotifs for molecular packings of benzene bisamides providing the missing link between the molecular structure, the anisotropic morphologies and adjustable surface properties of the supramolecular nano‐objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P van der Zwan
- Inorganic Chemistry III and North Bavarian NMR Center, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christoph Steinlein
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry III and North Bavarian NMR Center, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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Ayzac V, Dirany M, Raynal M, Isare B, Bouteiller L. Energetics of Competing Chiral Supramolecular Polymers. Chemistry 2021; 27:9627-9633. [PMID: 33871118 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chirality can have unexpected consequences including on properties other than spectroscopic. We show herein that a racemic mixture of bis-urea stereoisomers forms thermodynamically stable supramolecular polymers that result in a more viscous solution than for the pure stereoisomer. The origin of this macroscopic property was probed by characterizing the structure and stability of the assemblies. Both racemic and non-racemic bis-urea stereoisomers form two competing helical supramolecular polymers in solution: a double and a single helical structure at low and high temperature, respectively. The transition temperature between these assemblies, as probed by spectroscopic and calorimetric analyses, is strongly influenced by the composition (by up to 70 °C). A simple model that accounts for the thermodynamics of this system, indicates that the stereochemical defects (chiral mismatches and helix reversals) affect much more the stability of single helices. Therefore, the heterochiral double helical structure predominates over the single helical structure (whilst the opposite holds for the homochiral structures), which explains the aforementioned higher viscosity of the racemic bis-urea solution. This rationale constitutes a new basis to tune the macroscopic properties of the increasing number of supramolecular polymers reported to exhibit competing chiral nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Ayzac
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Dirany
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Isare
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
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Rogers MA, Spagnuolo PA, Wang T, Angka L. A potential bioactive hard-stock fat replacer comprised of a molecular gel. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:579-587. [PMID: 28572944 PMCID: PMC5448365 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain ceramides, such as N-acetoyl-d-erythro-sphingosine (C2), have a remarkable ability to structure edible oils, such as canola oil, into self-standing organogels without any added saturated or trans fats. These short-chain ceramides are ubiquitously found in foods ranging from eggs to soybeans. As the ceramide fatty acid chain length increases, there is an increase in the melting temperature of the organogel and a decrease in the elastic modulus. Gelation ability is lost at 2 wt% when the fatty acid chain length increases to six carbons; however, organogels form at 5 wt% up to 18 carbons. Short-chain ceramides, C2, decrease cell viability of colon, prostate, ovarian, and leukemia cell lines, while ceramides with long-chain fatty acids, C18, do not affect the viability of these cancer cell lines. This suggests that a bioactive spreadable fat, with no trans or added saturated fat, with the potential to alter the viability of cancer cell growth, is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tzu‐Min Wang
- Department of Food ScienceRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Leonard Angka
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
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Lin P, Zhang NX, Li JJ, Zhang J, Liu JH, Zhang B, Song J. To gel or not to gel: A prior prediction of gelation in solvent mixtures. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Isare B, Pensec S, Raynal M, Bouteiller L. Bisurea-based supramolecular polymers: From structure to properties11Dedicated to Professor Jean-Pierre Vairon on the occasion of his 78th birthday. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bonnet J, Suissa G, Raynal M, Bouteiller L. Organogel formation rationalized by Hansen solubility parameters: influence of gelator structure. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:2308-2312. [PMID: 25664777 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00017c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some organic compounds form gels in liquids by forming a network of anisotropic fibres. Based on extensive solubility tests of four gelators of similar structures, and on Hansen solubility parameter formalism, we have probed the quantitative effect of a structural variation of the gelator structure on its gel formation ability. Increasing the length of an alkyl group of the gelator obviously reduces its polarity, which leads to a gradual shift of its solubility sphere towards lower δp and δh values. At the same time, its gelation sphere is shifted - to a much stronger extent - towards larger δp and δh values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonnet
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Bonnet J, Suissa G, Raynal M, Bouteiller L. Organogel formation rationalized by Hansen solubility parameters: dos and don'ts. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3154-60. [PMID: 24643414 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00244j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Some organic compounds gelate liquids by forming a network of anisotropic fibres. Hansen solubility parameters can be used to predict the range of liquids that are likely to be gelled by any given gelator. We critically review the various approaches recently proposed in the literature. In particular, we discuss the shape of the gelation domain, the relevance of the Teas plot representation and the use of group contribution calculations. We also propose an improved scheme for the solubility tests, and a detailed procedure for the determination of the gelation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonnet
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8232, IPCM, Chimie des Polymères, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Tong C, Fan K, Niu L, Li J, Guan X, Tao N, Shen H, Song J. Application of solubility parameters in a D-sorbitol-based organogel in binary organic mixtures. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:767-772. [PMID: 24836862 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The gelation behaviour of a low molecular weight gelator 2,4-(3,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-D-sorbitol (DCBS) in a binary solvent system has been studied. DCBS was soluble in pure ethanol and insoluble in pure methylcyclohexane. However, DCBS formed opaque gels in ethanol-methylcyclohexane mixtures when the methylcyclohexane content varied from 50% to 80%. Within this range, an increase in the amount of methylcyclohexane reduced the gelation time and also caused the minimum gelation concentration to decrease. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the three-dimensional network structures of the xerogels became denser (from tape-like structures to uniform fibres) when the methylcyclohexane content increased from 40% to 80%. The precipitates that formed in 90% and 100% methylcyclohexane had rod-like structures. X-ray diffraction of the xerogels showed that in the gel state, the DCBS gelator had lamellar packing, which was different from the structure of the precipitate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the xerogels showed that H-bonding was a driving force for the self-aggregation of the DCBS and it was enhanced as the methylcyclohexane content increased. To estimate the gelator-solvent interactions, the Flory-Huggins parameter was calculated for the DCBS gelator in the binary mixed solvent systems. Based on the values of the Flory-Huggins parameter, the gelation behaviours could be grouped into four domains (solution, partial gel, gel and precipitation). This is a simple method to predict the gelation behaviour of DCBS in some mixed solvents.
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Chen S, Ye F, Tang G, Wang X. High Toughness and Light Transmittance of PMMA Composite Prepared viaIn-SituPolymerization with Incorporating Self-Assembled Dendritic Gel Networks. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2014.864932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gao J, Wu S, Rogers MA. Harnessing Hansen solubility parameters to predict organogel formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32056h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Curcio P, Allix F, Pickaert G, Jamart-Grégoire B. A Favorable, Narrow, δh Hansen-Parameter Domain for Gelation of Low-Molecular-Weight Amino Acid Derivatives. Chemistry 2011; 17:13603-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Raynal M, Bouteiller L. Organogel formation rationalized by Hansen solubility parameters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8271-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13244j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Stone
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - LaShanda T. J. Korley
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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