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Tsukamoto M, Zappala E, Caputo GA, Kikuchi JI, Najarian K, Kuroda K, Yasuhara K. Mechanistic Study of Membrane Disruption by Antimicrobial Methacrylate Random Copolymers by the Single Giant Vesicle Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9982-9995. [PMID: 34378943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cationic amphiphilic polymers have been a platform to create new antimicrobial materials that act by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. While activity characterization and chemical optimization have been done in numerous studies, there remains a gap in our knowledge on the antimicrobial mechanisms of the polymers, which is needed to connect their chemical structures and biological activities. To that end, we used a single giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) method to identify the membrane-disrupting mechanism of methacrylate random copolymers. The copolymers consist of random sequences of aminoethyl methacrylate and methyl (MMA) or butyl (BMA) methacrylate, with low molecular weights of 1600-2100 g·mol-1. GUVs consisting of an 8:2 mixture of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol), sodium salt (POPG) and those with only 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) were prepared to mimic the bacterial (Escherichia coli) or mammalian membranes, respectively. The disruption of bacteria and mammalian cell membrane-mimetic lipid bilayers in GUVs reflected the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of the copolymers, suggesting that the copolymers act by disrupting cell membranes. The copolymer with BMA formed pores in the lipid bilayer, while that with MMA caused GUVs to burst. Therefore, we propose that the mechanism is inherent to the chemical identity or properties of hydrophobic groups. The copolymer with MMA showed characteristic sigmoid curves of the time course of GUV burst. We propose a new kinetic model with a positive feedback loop in the insertion of the polymer chains in the lipid bilayer. The novel finding of alkyl-dependent membrane-disrupting mechanisms will provide a new insight into the role of hydrophobic groups in the optimization strategy for antimicrobial activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Tsukamoto
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
| | - Emanuele Zappala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800, United States
| | - Gregory A Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Jun-Ichi Kikuchi
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
| | - Kayvan Najarian
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800, United States
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 6300192, Japan
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Brodszkij E, Hviid MJ, Ade C, Schattling PS, Burmeister M, Szilagyi S, Gal N, Zhu C, Han X, Städler B. Interaction of pH-responsive polyanions with phospholipid membranes. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00924h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of two acrylate polymers, with carboxylic acid side groups, was investigated with regard to their pH-responsive interaction with phospholipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Brodszkij
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Martin J. Hviid
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Carina Ade
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | | | - Moritz Burmeister
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Sven Szilagyi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Noga Gal
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Chuntao Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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Ding H, Fox I, Patil R, Galstyan A, Black KL, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. Polymalic Acid Tritryptophan Copolymer Interacts with Lipid Membrane Resulting in Membrane Solubilization. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2017; 2017:4238697. [PMID: 29081792 PMCID: PMC5656384 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4238697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anionic polymers with membrane permeation functionalities are highly desirable for secure cytoplasmic drug delivery. We have developed tritryptophan containing copolymer (P/WWW) of polymalic acid (PMLA) that permeates membranes by a mechanism different from previously described PMLA copolymers of trileucine (P/LLL) and leucine ethyl ester (P/LOEt) that use the "barrel stave" and "carpet" mechanism, respectively. The novel mechanism leads to solubilization of membranes by forming copolymer "belts" around planar membrane "packages." The formation of such packages is supported by results obtained from studies including size-exclusion chromatography, confocal microscopy, and fluorescence energy transfer. According to this "belt" mechanism, it is hypothesized that P/WWW first attaches to the membrane surface. Subsequently the hydrophobic tryptophan side chains translocate into the periphery and insert into the lipid bilayer thereby cutting the membrane into packages. The reaction is driven by the high affinity between the tryptophan residues and lipid side chains resulting in a stable configuration. The formation of the membrane packages requires physical agitation suggesting that the success of the translocation depends on the fluidity of the membrane. It is emphasized that the "belt" mechanism could specifically function in the recognition of abnormal cells with high membrane fluidity and in response to hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Irving Fox
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Y. Ljubimova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie der Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Uda RM, Kato Y, Takei M. Photo-triggered release from liposomes without membrane solubilization, based on binding to poly(vinyl alcohol) carrying a malachite green moiety. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:716-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Werner M, Sommer JU. Translocation and Induced Permeability of Random Amphiphilic Copolymers Interacting with Lipid Bilayer Membranes. Biomacromolecules 2014; 16:125-35. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501266x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Werner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Theoretical Physics, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Theoretical Physics, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Amphipols (APols) are short amphipathic polymers that can substitute for detergents at the transmembrane surface of membrane proteins (MPs) and, thereby, keep them soluble in detergent free aqueous solutions. APol-trapped MPs are, as a rule, more stable biochemically than their detergent-solubilized counterparts. APols have proven useful to produce MPs, most noticeably by assisting their folding from the denatured state obtained after solubilizing MP inclusion bodies in either SDS or urea. They facilitate the handling in aqueous solution of fragile MPs for the purpose of proteomics, structural and functional studies, and therapeutics. Because APols can be chemically labeled or functionalized, and they form very stable complexes with MPs, they can also be used to functionalize those indirectly, which opens onto many novel applications. Following a brief recall of the properties of APols and MP/APol complexes, an update is provided of recent progress in these various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zoonens
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-7, 13, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Popot
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-7, 13, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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Amphiphilic macromolecules on cell membranes: from protective layers to controlled permeabilization. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:861-81. [PMID: 24903487 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides have inspired developments of abiotic membrane-active polymers that can coat, penetrate, or break lipid bilayers in model systems. Application to cell cultures is more recent, but remarkable bioactivities are already reported. Synthetic polymer chains were tailored to achieve (i) high biocide efficiencies, and selectivity for bacteria (Gram-positive/Gram-negative or bacterial/mammalian membranes), (ii) stable and mild encapsulation of viable isolated cells to escape immune systems, (iii) pH-, temperature-, or light-triggered interaction with cells. This review illustrates these recent achievements highlighting the use of abiotic polymers, and compares the major structural determinants that control efficiency of polymers and peptides. Charge density, sp. of cationic and guanidinium side groups, and hydrophobicity (including polarity of stimuli-responsive moieties) guide the design of new copolymers for the handling of cell membranes. While polycationic chains are generally used as biocidal or hemolytic agents, anionic amphiphilic polymers, including Amphipols, are particularly prone to mild permeabilization and/or intracell delivery.
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Abstract
Drug-delivery system responses to stimuli have been well investigated recently. As pH decrease is observed in most solid tumors, drug-delivery systems responsive to the slightly acidic extracellular pH environment of solid tumors have been developed as a general strategy for tumor targeting. Drug vehicles that are sensitive to acidic endosome/lysosome pH have been constructed for efficient drug release in tumor cells. This review explains the mechanisms of acidic pH in the tumor microenvironment and endocytic-related organelles, endosomes and lysosomes. Nanoparticle responses to acidic extracellular pH are discussed, along with approaches for improving tumor-specific therapy. Endosome/lysosome pH-triggered vehicles are reviewed, which achieve rapid drug release in tumor cells and overcome multidrug resistance.
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pH-sensitive vesicles, polymeric micelles, and nanospheres prepared with polycarboxylates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:979-92. [PMID: 21996056 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Titratable polyanions, and more particularly polymers bearing carboxylate groups, have been used in recent years to produce a variety of pH-sensitive colloids. These polymers undergo a coil-to-globule conformational change upon a variation in pH of the surrounding environment. This conformational change can be exploited to trigger the release of a drug from a drug delivery system in a pH-dependent fashion. This review describes the current status of pH-sensitive vesicles, polymeric micelles, and nanospheres prepared with polycarboxylates and their performance as nano-scale drug delivery systems, with emphasis on our recent contribution to this field.
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How to conduct and interpret ITC experiments accurately for cyclodextrin–guest interactions. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:623-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Popot JL, Althoff T, Bagnard D, Banères JL, Bazzacco P, Billon-Denis E, Catoire LJ, Champeil P, Charvolin D, Cocco MJ, Crémel G, Dahmane T, de la Maza LM, Ebel C, Gabel F, Giusti F, Gohon Y, Goormaghtigh E, Guittet E, Kleinschmidt JH, Kühlbrandt W, Le Bon C, Martinez KL, Picard M, Pucci B, Sachs JN, Tribet C, van Heijenoort C, Wien F, Zito F, Zoonens M. Amphipols from A to Z. Annu Rev Biophys 2011; 40:379-408. [PMID: 21545287 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-042910-155219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amphipols (APols) are short amphipathic polymers that can substitute for detergents to keep integral membrane proteins (MPs) water soluble. In this review, we discuss their structure and solution behavior; the way they associate with MPs; and the structure, dynamics, and solution properties of the resulting complexes. All MPs tested to date form water-soluble complexes with APols, and their biochemical stability is in general greatly improved compared with MPs in detergent solutions. The functionality and ligand-binding properties of APol-trapped MPs are reviewed, and the mechanisms by which APols stabilize MPs are discussed. Applications of APols include MP folding and cell-free synthesis, structural studies by NMR, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, APol-mediated immobilization of MPs onto solid supports, proteomics, delivery of MPs to preexisting membranes, and vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Popot
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS/Université Paris-7 UMR 7099, Paris, France.
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Sebai SC, Cribier S, Karimi A, Massotte D, Tribet C. Permeabilization of lipid membranes and cells by a light-responsive copolymer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14135-14141. [PMID: 20704336 DOI: 10.1021/la102456z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Membrane permeabilization is achieved via numerous techniques involving the use of molecular agents such as peptides used in antimicrobial therapy. Although high efficiency is reached, the permeabilization mechanism remains global with a noticeable lack of control. To achieve localized control and more gradual increase in membrane perturbation, we have developed hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid) amphiphilic copolymers with light-responsive azobenzene hydrophobic moieties. We present evidence for light triggered membrane permeabilization in the presence azobenzene-modified polymers (AMPs). Exposure to UV or blue light reversibly switches the polarity of the azobenzene (cis-trans isomerization) in AMPs, hence controlling AMP-loaded lipid vesicles permeabilization via in situ activation. Release of encapsulated probes was studied by microscopy on isolated AMP-loaded giant unilamellar vesicles (pol-GUVs). We show that in pH and ionic strength conditions that are biologically relevant pol-GUVs are kept impermeable when they contain predominantly cis-AMPs but become leaky with no membrane breakage upon exposure to blue light due to AMPs switch to a trans-apolar state. In addition, we show that AMPs induce destabilization of plasma membranes when added to mammal cells in their trans-apolar state, with no loss of cell viability. These features make AMPs promising tools for remote control of cell membrane permeabilization in mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra C Sebai
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des polymères et des milieux dispersés, ESPCI, UPMC & CNRS UMR 7615, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
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Walde P, Cosentino K, Engel H, Stano P. Giant Vesicles: Preparations and Applications. Chembiochem 2010; 11:848-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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