1
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Pagliara P, Chirizzi D, Guascito MR. Chemical characterization of red cells from the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27074-27083. [PMID: 35480024 PMCID: PMC9037641 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Red spherula cells (RSC) from sea urchin coelomic fluid have attracted great interest for their specific and intriguing properties, such as for example antimicrobial activities and immune response, that probably tie in with their red characteristic pigments. Although to date different studies have been reported aimed to chemically characterize their pigments extracted from the cells, few data are available about the chemical characterization of the cell surface. In this work, a systematic chemical characterization of the RSC surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is described. The results were compared with data on colorless cells from the same coelomic fluid sample. Our observations evidenced that the two cell types were characterized by the presence of different chemical functional groups. In particular, the colorless cells are dominated by the presence of alkyl, alcohol, amide, and carboxyl groups in accordance with other similar cell types, enriched in Na+ and Cl− ions. Traces of elements like S (sulphonates) and P (phosphates) are also present. On the other hand, the RSC in addition to the alkyl groups show a reduction in the content of amide groups, accompanied by the anomalous presence of keto-enolic groups that probably can be associated with the presence of quinones/hydro-quinones from red pigments. A chemical enrichment in elements such as Cl− and Mg2+ and sulphate groups (–R–O–SO3−), as well as the presence of sulphides and phosphates traces, is evident. The absence of carbonate groups is also observed in both cell populations, confirming the absence of sodium and magnesium carbonate salts. No traces of toxic elements (i.e., heavy metals) have been revealed. Red spherula cells from sea urchin coelomic fluid have attracted great interest for their specific and intriguing properties, such as antimicrobial activities and immune response, that probably tie in with their red characteristic pigments.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pagliara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento S.P. Lecce-Monteroni Lecce Italy
| | - Daniela Chirizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZS_PB) Via Manfredonia 20 Foggia Italy
| | - Maria Rachele Guascito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento S.P. Lecce-Monteroni Lecce Italy
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2
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Lee SW, Phillips KS, Gu H, Kazemzadeh-Narbat M, Ren D. How microbes read the map: Effects of implant topography on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120595. [PMID: 33360301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbes have remarkable capabilities to attach to the surface of implanted medical devices and form biofilms that adversely impact device function and increase the risk of multidrug-resistant infections. The physicochemical properties of biomaterials have long been known to play an important role in biofilm formation. More recently, a series of discoveries in the natural world have stimulated great interest in the use of 3D surface topography to engineer antifouling materials that resist bacterial colonization. There is also increasing evidence that some medical device surface topographies, such as those designed for tissue integration, may unintentionally promote microbial attachment. Despite a number of reviews on surface topography and biofilm control, there is a missing link between how bacteria sense and respond to 3D surface topographies and the rational design of antifouling materials. Motivated by this gap, we present a review of how bacteria interact with surface topographies, and what can be learned from current laboratory studies of microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on specific topographic features and medical devices. We also address specific biocompatibility considerations and discuss how to improve the assessment of the anti-biofilm performance of topographic surfaces. We conclude that 3D surface topography, whether intended or unintended, is an important consideration in the rational design of safe medical devices. Future research on next-generation smart antifouling materials could benefit from a greater focus on translation to real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, United States; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, United States
| | - K Scott Phillips
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States.
| | - Huan Gu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, United States; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, United States
| | - Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Product Evaluation and Quality, Office of Health Technology 6, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States; Musculoskeletal Clinical Regulatory Advisers (MCRA), Washington DC, 20001, United States
| | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, United States; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, United States; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, United States.
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3
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global human health threat, causing routine treatments of bacterial infections to become increasingly difficult. The problem is exacerbated by biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens on the surfaces of indwelling medical and dental devices that facilitate high levels of tolerance to antibiotics. The development of new antibacterial nanostructured surfaces shows excellent prospects for application in medicine as next-generation biomaterials. The physico-mechanical interactions between these nanostructured surfaces and bacteria lead to bacterial killing or prevention of bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation, and thus are promising in circumventing bacterial infections. This Review explores the impact of surface roughness on the nanoscale in preventing bacterial colonization of synthetic materials and categorizes the different mechanisms by which various surface nanopatterns exert the necessary physico-mechanical forces on the bacterial cell membrane that will ultimately result in cell death.
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4
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Yan Y, Soraru C, Keller V, Keller N, Ploux L. Antibacterial and Biofilm-Preventive Photocatalytic Activity and Mechanisms on P/F-Modified TiO2 Coatings. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5687-5698. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yige Yan
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR7515, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR7361, CNRS/Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Charline Soraru
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR7361, CNRS/Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Keller
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR7515, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Keller
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR7515, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Lydie Ploux
- BioMaterials and BioEngineering, U1121, INSERM/Université de Strasbourg-Faculté Dentaire, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), UMR7361, CNRS/Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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5
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Modaresifar K, Kunkels LB, Ganjian M, Tümer N, Hagen CW, Otten LG, Hagedoorn PL, Angeloni L, Ghatkesar MK, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Deciphering the Roles of Interspace and Controlled Disorder in the Bactericidal Properties of Nanopatterns against Staphylococcus aureus. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E347. [PMID: 32085452 PMCID: PMC7075137 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in nano-/micro-fabrication techniques has paved the way for the emergence of synthetic bactericidal patterned surfaces that are capable of killing the bacteria via mechanical mechanisms. Different design parameters are known to affect the bactericidal activity of nanopatterns. Evaluating the effects of each parameter, isolated from the others, requires systematic studies. Here, we systematically assessed the effects of the interspacing and disordered arrangement of nanopillars on the bactericidal properties of nanopatterned surfaces. Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) was used to additively manufacture nanopatterns with precisely controlled dimensions (i.e., a height of 190 nm, a diameter of 80 nm, and interspaces of 100, 170, 300, and 500 nm) as well as disordered versions of them. The killing efficiency of the nanopatterns against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria increased by decreasing the interspace, achieving the highest efficiency of 62 ± 23% on the nanopatterns with 100 nm interspacing. By comparison, the disordered nanopatterns did not influence the killing efficiency significantly, as compared to their ordered correspondents. Direct penetration of nanopatterns into the bacterial cell wall was identified as the killing mechanism according to cross-sectional views, which is consistent with previous studies. The findings indicate that future studies aimed at optimizing the design of nanopatterns should focus on the interspacing as an important parameter affecting the bactericidal properties. In combination with controlled disorder, nanopatterns with contrary effects on bacterial and mammalian cells may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Modaresifar
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands (L.A.)
| | - Lorenzo B. Kunkels
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands (L.A.)
| | - Mahya Ganjian
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands (L.A.)
| | - Nazli Tümer
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands (L.A.)
| | - Cornelis W. Hagen
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Linda G. Otten
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2626HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2626HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Livia Angeloni
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands (L.A.)
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Murali K. Ghatkesar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Lidy E. Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands (L.A.)
| | - Amir A. Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands (L.A.)
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6
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Ganjian M, Modaresifar K, Zhang H, Hagedoorn PL, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Reactive ion etching for fabrication of biofunctional titanium nanostructures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18815. [PMID: 31827149 PMCID: PMC6906493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major problems with the bone implant surfaces after surgery is the competition of host and bacterial cells to adhere to the implant surfaces. To keep the implants safe against implant-associated infections, the implant surface may be decorated with bactericidal nanostructures. Therefore, fabrication of nanostructures on biomaterials is of growing interest. Here, we systematically studied the effects of different processing parameters of inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP RIE) on the Ti nanostructures. The resultant Ti surfaces were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. The specimens etched using different chamber pressures were chosen for measurement of the mechanical properties using nanoindentation. The etched surfaces revealed various morphologies, from flat porous structures to relatively rough surfaces consisting of nanopillars with diameters between 26.4 ± 7.0 nm and 76.0 ± 24.4 nm and lengths between 0.5 ± 0.1 μm and 5.2 ± 0.3 μm. The wettability of the surfaces widely varied in the entire range of hydrophilicity. The structures obtained at higher chamber pressure showed enhanced mechanical properties. The bactericidal behavior of selected surfaces was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria while their cytocompatibility was evaluated with murine preosteoblasts. The findings indicated the potential of such ICP RIE Ti structures to incorporate both bactericidal and osteogenic activity, and pointed out that optimization of the process conditions is essential to maximize these biofunctionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Ganjian
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Khashayar Modaresifar
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hongzhi Zhang
- Department of Materials, Mechanics, Management & Design, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
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7
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Nouri-Goushki M, Sharma A, Sasso L, Zhang S, Van der Eerden BCJ, Staufer U, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Submicron Patterns-on-a-Chip: Fabrication of a Microfluidic Device Incorporating 3D Printed Surface Ornaments. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6127-6136. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Sasso
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram C. J. Van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Urs Staufer
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E. Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A. Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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8
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González-Henríquez CM, Galleguillos-Guzmán SC, Sarabia-Vallejos MA, Santos-Coquillat A, Martínez-Campos E, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Microwrinkled pH-sensitive hydrogel films and their role on the cell adhesion/proliferation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109872. [PMID: 31349409 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, hydrogels based on HEMA and DMAEMA (pH-sensitive monomer) were used to form biocompatible films which present microwrinkled patterns in their surface, with the focus of exploring the role of chemical composition on cell adhesion and proliferation. Three different pH (5.4, 7.4, and 8.3) were employed to prepare these hydrogels. The pre-polymerized hydrogel mixtures were deposited via spin coating, then exposed to vacuum for deswelling the films and finally, to UV-light to spontaneously generate the wrinkled pattern. By following this procedure, is possible to form a thin rigid layer on the top of the soft and incompletely polymerized hydrogel film which generates, in turn, a wrinkled pattern due to strain mismatch in the interface. FE-SEM and AFM micrographs allowed us to characterize the wrinkled pattern dimensions. The results evidenced that chemical composition is directly related to the surface pattern morphologies obtained, not so in the case of pH variation, which does not generate relevant changes in the pattern morphology. Interestingly, these pH variations resulted in significant alterations on the interface-cell interactions. More precisely, a premyoblastic cell monolayer was cultured over the wrinkled pattern, showing an optimal cell proliferation at neutral pH. Also, the variation of DMAEMA amount on the monomer feed composition employed for the preparation of the wrinkle surfaces revealed that a certain amount is required to favor cell attachment and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M González-Henríquez
- Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemáticas y del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, P.O. Box 9845, Correo 21, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Susan C Galleguillos-Guzmán
- Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemáticas y del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, P.O. Box 9845, Correo 21, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Sarabia-Vallejos
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Estructural y Geotecnia, P.O. Box 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ingeniería Biológica y Médica, P.O. Box 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Santos-Coquillat
- Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Associated Unit to the ICTP-CSIC Polymer Functionalization Group, Paseo Juan XXIII, N° 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez-Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Associated Unit to the ICTP-CSIC Polymer Functionalization Group, Paseo Juan XXIII, N° 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernández
- Polymer Functionalization Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTP-CSIC), Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada, Juan de la Cierva N° 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Prévost V, Anselme K, Gallet O, Hindié M, Petithory T, Valentin J, Veuillet M, Ploux L. Real-Time Imaging of Bacteria/Osteoblast Dynamic Coculture on Bone Implant Material in an in Vitro Postoperative Contamination Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3260-3269. [PMID: 33405569 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical implants are an important part of evolving modern medicine but have a potential drawback in the form of postoperative pathogenic infection. Accordingly, the "race for surface" combat between invasive bacteria and host cells determines the fate of implants. Hence, proper in vitro systems are required to assess effective strategies to avoid infection. In this study, we developed a real time observation model, mimicking postoperative contamination, designed to follow E. coli proliferation on a titanium surface occupied by human osteoblastic progenitor cells (STRO). This model allowed us to monitor E. coli invasion of human cells on titanium surfaces coated and uncoated with fibronectin. We showed that the surface colonization of bacteria is significantly enhanced on fibronectin coated surfaces irrespective of whether areas were uncovered or covered with human cells. We further revealed that bacterial colonization of the titanium surfaces is enhanced in coculture with STRO cells. Finally, this coculture system provides a comprehensive system to describe in vitro and in situ bacterial and human cells and their localization but also to target biological mechanisms involved in adhesion as well as in interactions with surfaces, thanks to fluorescent labeling. This system is thus an efficient method for studies related to the design and function of new biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Prévost
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Karine Anselme
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Gallet
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Mathilde Hindié
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Tatiana Petithory
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jules Valentin
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Veuillet
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydie Ploux
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, BIOMAT U1121, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Orapiriyakul W, Young PS, Damiati L, Tsimbouri PM. Antibacterial surface modification of titanium implants in orthopaedics. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9:2041731418789838. [PMID: 30083308 PMCID: PMC6071164 DOI: 10.1177/2041731418789838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biomaterials in orthopaedics for joint replacement, fracture healing and bone regeneration is a rapidly expanding field. Infection of these biomaterials is a major healthcare burden, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the cost to healthcare systems is increasing dramatically. With advances in implant design and production, research has predominately focussed on osseointegration; however, modification of implant material, surface topography and chemistry can also provide antibacterial activity. With the increasing burden of infection, it is vitally important that we consider the bacterial interaction with the biomaterial and the host when designing and manufacturing future implants. During this review, we will elucidate the interaction between patient, biomaterial surface and bacteria. We aim to review current and developing surface modifications with a view towards antibacterial orthopaedic implants for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wich Orapiriyakul
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter S Young
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laila Damiati
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Penelope M Tsimbouri
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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11
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Leuschel B, Gwiazda A, Heni W, Diot F, Yu SY, Bidaud C, Vonna L, Ponche A, Haidara H, Soppera O. Deep-UV photoinduced chemical patterning at the micro- and nanoscale for directed self-assembly. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10444. [PMID: 29992969 PMCID: PMC6041335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-UV (DUV) laser patterning has been widely used in recent years for micro- and nanopatterning, taking advantage of the specific properties of irradiation with high-energy photons. In this paper, we show the usefulness of DUV laser patterning for preparing surfaces with controlled chemical properties at the micro- and nanoscale. Our motivation was to develop a simple and versatile method for chemical patterning at multiscales (from mm to nm) over relatively wide areas (mm2 to cm2). The chemical properties were provided by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), prepared on glass or silicon wafers. We first investigated their modification under our irradiation conditions (ArF laser) using AFM, XPS and contact angle measurements. Photopatterning was then demonstrated with minimum feature sizes as small as 75 nm, and we showed the possibility to regraft a second SAM on the irradiated regions. Finally, we used these chemically patterned surfaces for directed self-assembly of several types of objects, such as block copolymers, sol-gel materials and liquids by vapor condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Leuschel
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Agnieszka Gwiazda
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Wajdi Heni
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Frédéric Diot
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Shang-Yu Yu
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Clémentine Bidaud
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Laurent Vonna
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Arnaud Ponche
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Hamidou Haidara
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France
| | - Olivier Soppera
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057, Mulhouse, France.
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Jijie R, Barras A, Teslaru T, Topala I, Pohoata V, Dobromir M, Dumych T, Bouckaert J, Szunerits S, Dumitrascu N, Boukherroub R. Aqueous medium-induced micropore formation in plasma polymerized polystyrene: an effective route to inhibit bacteria adhesion. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3674-3683. [PMID: 32254830 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02964k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasma polymerized styrene (pPS) films were successfully synthesized by means of an atmospheric pressure plasma technique, using a mixture of argon gas and styrene vapor. The morphology and film thickness of the pPS films, deposited on 1 min argon plasma pre-treated glass substrates, were smooth and uniform without any visible features across the whole length of the substrates, and the films displayed a water contact angle of ∼83°. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of oxygen-containing groups and the intact aromatic ring in the pPS coating. The obtained pPS films were stable for at least 30 days in air without any visible morphological degradation or chemical changes. However, the formation of a topographical pattern with micrometer lateral size and nanometer depth level was observed upon immersion in aqueous media for 72 hours. Micropore formation was believed to originate from the solubility of low cross-linked oligomers and their subsequent extraction in aqueous media. The influence of the microstructured pPS surface in mediating the attachment of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells was further investigated. The micro-structured pPS surface influenced the adhesion and proliferation of mammalian cells. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that these films were efficient in the prevention of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermis) adhesion and biofilm formation. Importantly, the viability of non-adherent cells and of planktonic bacteria was not affected. Post-coating of the microstructured pPS with biocompatible polydopamine did not impact on the antibacterial properties of the surface, suggesting that the polymer topography was the dominant factor. The non-biocidal pPS coating can be useful in applications where micro-organism colonization and biofilm formation need to be prevented, such as food packaging and medical equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Jijie
- Iasi Plasma Advanced Research Center (IPARC), Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I No. 11, Iasi 700506, Romania
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14
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Alalwan H, Nile CJ, Rajendran R, McKerlie R, Reynolds P, Gadegaard N, Ramage G. Nanoimprinting of biomedical polymers reduces candidal physical adhesion. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1045-1049. [PMID: 29408656 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Management of fungal biofilms represents a significant challenge to healthcare. As a preventive approach, minimizing adhesion between indwelling medical devices and microorganisms would be an important step forward. This study investigated the anti-fouling capacity of engineered nanoscale topographies to the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Highly ordered arrays of nano-pit topographies were shown to significantly reduce the physical adherence capacity of C. albicans. This study shows a potential of nanoscale patterns to inhibit and prevent pathogenic biofilm formation on biomedical substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasanain Alalwan
- Oral Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Christopher J Nile
- Oral Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Oral Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences
| | - Robert McKerlie
- Oral Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences
| | - Paul Reynolds
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences.
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Morro A, Catalina F, Pablos J, Corrales T, Marin I, Abrusci C. Surface modification of poly(ε-caprolactone) by oxygen plasma for antibacterial applications. Biocompatibility and monitoring of live cells. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Hasan J, Jain S, Chatterjee K. Nanoscale Topography on Black Titanium Imparts Multi-biofunctional Properties for Orthopedic Applications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41118. [PMID: 28112235 PMCID: PMC5253769 DOI: 10.1038/srep41118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a chlorine based reactive ion etching process to yield randomly oriented anisotropic nanostructures that render the titanium metal surface 'black' similar to that of black silicon. The surface appears black due to the nanostructures in contrast to the conventional shiny surface of titanium. The nanostructures were found to kill bacteria on contact by mechanically rupturing the cells as has been observed previously on wings of certain insects. The etching was optimized to yield nanostructures of ≈1 μm height for maximal bactericidal efficiency without compromising cytocompatibility. Within 4 hours of contact with the black titanium surface, 95% ± 5% of E. coli, 98% ± 2% of P. aeruginosa, 92% ± 5% of M. smegmatis and 22% ± 8% of S. aureus cells that had attached were killed. The killing efficiency for the S. aureus increased to 76% ± 4% when the cells were allowed to adhere up to 24 hours. The black titanium supported the attachment and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and augmented osteogenic lineage commitment in vitro. Thus, the bioinspired nanostructures on black titanium impart multi-biofunctional properties toward engineering the next-generation biomaterials for orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Hasan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shubham Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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17
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Orthopedic implant biomaterials with both osteogenic and anti-infection capacities and associated in vivo evaluation methods. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:123-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Osteogenic and bactericidal surfaces from hydrothermal titania nanowires on titanium substrates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36857. [PMID: 27857168 PMCID: PMC5114696 DOI: 10.1038/srep36857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotopographical cues on Ti have been shown to elicit different cell responses such as cell differentiation and selective growth. Bone remodelling is a constant process requiring specific cues for optimal bone growth and implant fixation. Moreover, biofilm formation and the resulting infection on surgical implants is a major issue. Our aim is to identify nanopatterns on Ti surfaces that would be optimal for both bone remodelling and for reducing risk of bacterial infection. Primary human osteoblast/osteoclast co-cultures were seeded onto Ti substrates with TiO2 nanowires grown under alkaline conditions at 240 °C for different times (2, 2.5 or 3 h). Cell growth and behaviour was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), immunofluorescence microscopy, histochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR methods. Bacterial colonisation of the nanowire surfaces was also assessed by confocal microscopy and SEM. From the three surfaces tested the 2 h nanowire surface supported osteoblast and to a lesser extent osteoclast growth and differentiation. At the same time bacterial viability was reduced. Hence the 2 h surface provided optimal bone remodeling in vitro conditions while reducing infection risk, making it a favourable candidate for future implant surfaces.
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Akhavan B, Wise SG, Bilek MMM. Substrate-Regulated Growth of Plasma-Polymerized Films on Carbide-Forming Metals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10835-10843. [PMID: 27676094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although plasma polymerization is traditionally considered as a substrate-independent process, we present evidence that the propensity of a substrate to form carbide bonds regulates the growth mechanisms of plasma polymer (PP) films. The manner by which the first layers of PP films grow determines the adhesion and robustness of the film. Zirconium, titanium, and silicon substrates were used to study the early stages of PP film formation from a mixture of acetylene, nitrogen, and argon precursor gases. The correlation of initial growth mechanisms with the robustness of the films was evaluated through incubation of coated substrates in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37° for 2 months. It was demonstrated that the excellent zirconium/titanium-PP film adhesion is linked to the formation of metallic carbide and oxycarbide bonds during the initial stages of film formation, where a 2D-like, layer-by-layer (Frank-van der Merwe) manner of growth was observed. On the contrary, the lower propensity of the silicon surface to form carbides leads to a 3D, island-like (Volmer-Weber) growth mode that creates a sponge-like interphase near the substrate, resulting in inferior adhesion and poor film stability in SBF. Our findings shed light on the growth mechanisms of the first layers of PP films and challenge the property of substrate independence typically attributed to plasma polymerized coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Akhavan
- School of Physics, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Steven G Wise
- The Heart Research Institute , Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela M M Bilek
- School of Physics, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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20
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Multifunctional commercially pure titanium for the improvement of bone integration: Multiscale topography, wettability, corrosion resistance and biological functionalization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 60:384-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Direct Laser Interference Patterning: Tailoring of Contact Area for Frictional and Antibacterial Properties. LUBRICANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Frenzel N, Maenz S, Sanz Beltrán V, Völpel A, Heyder M, Sigusch BW, Lüdecke C, Jandt KD. Template assisted surface microstructuring of flowable dental composites and its effect on microbial adhesion properties. Dent Mater 2016; 32:476-87. [PMID: 26775012 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite their various advantages, such as good esthetic properties, absence of mercury and adhesive bonding to teeth, modern dental composites still have some drawbacks, e.g., a relatively high rate of secondary caries on teeth filled with composite materials. Recent research suggests that microstructured biomaterials surfaces may reduce microbial adhesion to materials due to unfavorable physical material-microbe interactions. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to test the hypotheses that (i) different surface microstructures can be created on composites by a novel straightforward approach potentially suitable for clinical application and (ii) that these surface structures have a statistically significant effect on microbial adhesion properties. METHODS Six different dental composites were initially tested for their suitability for microstructuring by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) templates. Each composite was light-cured between a glass slide and a microstructured PDMS template. The nano-hybrid composite Grandio Flow was the only tested composite with satisfying structurability, and was therefore used for the bacterial adhesion tests. Composites samples were structured with four different microstructures (flat, cubes, linear trapezoid structures, flat pyramids) and incubated for 4h in centrifuged saliva. The bacterial adherence was then characterized by colony forming units (CFUs) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS All four microstructures were successfully transferred from the PDMS templates to the composite Grandio Flow. The CFU-test as well as the quantitative analysis of the SEM images showed the lowest bacterial adhesion on the flat composite samples. The highest bacterial adhesion was observed on the composite samples with linear trapezoid structures, followed by flat pyramids and cubes. The microstructure of dental composite surfaces statistically significantly influenced the adhesion of oral bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE Modifying the composite surface structure may be a clinically suitable approach to control the microbial adhesion and thus, to reduce the risk of secondary caries at dental composite restorations. Smaller composite surface structures may be useful for accomplishing this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Frenzel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Maenz
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University, Löbdergraben 32, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vanesa Sanz Beltrán
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University, Löbdergraben 32, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Völpel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Heyder
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd W Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Lüdecke
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University, Löbdergraben 32, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Jena School for Microbial Communication (JSMC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jenergasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jandt
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University, Löbdergraben 32, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Jena School for Microbial Communication (JSMC), Friedrich Schiller University, Jenergasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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23
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Self-organised nanoarchitecture of titanium surfaces influences the attachment of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6831-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Izquierdo-Barba I, García-Martín JM, Álvarez R, Palmero A, Esteban J, Pérez-Jorge C, Arcos D, Vallet-Regí M. Nanocolumnar coatings with selective behavior towards osteoblast and Staphylococcus aureus proliferation. Acta Biomater 2015; 15:20-8. [PMID: 25573448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on orthopedic implants is one of the worst scenarios in orthopedic surgery, in terms of both patient prognosis and healthcare costs. Tailoring the surfaces of implants at the nanoscale to actively promote bone bonding while avoiding bacterial colonization represents an interesting challenge to achieving better clinical outcomes. Herein, a Ti6Al4V alloy of medical grade has been coated with Ti nanostructures employing the glancing angle deposition technique by magnetron sputtering. The resulting surfaces have a high density of nanocolumnar structures, which exhibit strongly impaired bacterial adhesion that inhibits biofilm formation, while osteoblasts exhibit good cell response with similar behavior to the initial substrates. These results are discussed on the basis of a "lotus leaf effect" induced by the surface nanostructures and the different sizes and biological characteristics of osteoblasts and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Izquierdo-Barba
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - José Miguel García-Martín
- IMM-Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid (CNM-CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, PTM, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla), Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Palmero
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla), Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Jaime Esteban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez-Jorge
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Arcos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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25
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Yu C, Ma J, Zhang J, Lou J, Wen D, Li Q. Modulating particle adhesion with micro-patterned surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:8199-8207. [PMID: 24773375 DOI: 10.1021/am500887w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental study on the modulation of adhesion force distribution by surface micro-patterns and its impact on particle attachment. The effect of substratum topography on particle adhesion was evaluated using well-defined microscopic surface patterns consisting of orthogonal arrays of cuboid pillars or pits with different sizes and spacing fabricated by the conventional photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE). Adhesion of carboxyl modified poly(styrene-co-acrylic-acid) particles of 6 μm in diameter under favorable deposition conditions was found to be markedly lower on all the micro-patterned surfaces compared with that on the smooth control surface, and particle adhesion depended on the characteristic dimensions of the surface micro-structures relative to the particle size. Particle adhesion was minimal when the pillar cross-sectional dimension was below a critical value close to the diameter of the particle while the spacing between pillars was less important. Meanwhile, particles adhered displayed unique distribution on the micro-patterned surfaces. The majority of particles preferentially adhered on or close to the edge of the pillars (in the valley). Atomic force microscopy measurements using a colloidal probe revealed that the surface features strongly modulated the spatial and probability distribution of adhesion forces on the micro-patterned surfaces. Micro-sized pillars changed the adhesion force probability distribution from monomodal to bimodal, with significantly reduced maximum adhesion force. This was hypothesized to be responsible for the reduced total particle adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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27
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Böhmler J, Ponche A, Anselme K, Ploux L. Self-assembled molecular platforms for bacteria/material biointerface studies: importance to control functional group accessibility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10478-10488. [PMID: 24107186 DOI: 10.1021/am401976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly controlled mixed molecular layers are crucial to study the role of material surface chemistry in biointerfaces, such as bacteria and subsequent biofilms interacting with biomaterials. Silanes with non-nucleophilic functional groups are promising to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) due to their low sensitivity to side-reactions. Nevertheless, the real control of surface chemistry, layer structure, and organization has not been determined. Here, we report a comprehensive synthesis and analysis of undecyltrichlorosilane- and 11-bromoundecyltrichlorosilane-based mixed SAMs on silicon substrates. The impact of the experimental conditions on the control of surface chemistry, layer structure, and organization was investigated by combining survey and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, wettability measurements, and ellipsometry. The most appropriate conditions were first determined for elaborating highly reproducible, but easily made, pure 11-bromoundecyltrichlorosilane SAMs. We have demonstrated that the control is maintained on more complex surfaces, i.e., surfaces revealing various chemical densities, which were obtained with different ratios of undecyltrichlorosilane and 11-bromoundecyltrichlorosilane. The control is also maintained after bromine to amine group conversion via SN2 bromine-to-azide reactions. The appropriateness of such highly controlled amino- and methyl-group revealing platforms (NH2-X%/CH3) for biointerface studies was shown by the higher reproducibility of bacterial adhesion on NH2-100%/CH3 SAMs compared to bacterial adhesion on molecular layers of overall similar surface chemistry but less control at the molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Böhmler
- Institut of Materials Science of Mulhouse (CNRS UMR7361), Mulhouse, France
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28
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Nanostructured medical device coatings based on self-assembled poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3018-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yao C, Webster TJ, Hedrick M. Decreased bacteria density on nanostructured polyurethane. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1823-8. [PMID: 23784968 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As is well known, medical device infections are a growing clinical problem with no clear solution due to previous failed attempts of using antibiotics to decrease bacteria functions for which bacteria quickly develop a resistance toward. Because of their altered surface energetics, the objective of the present in vitro study was to create nanoscale surface features on polyurethane (PU) by soaking PU films in HNO3 and to determine bacteria (specifically, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. mirabilis) colony forming units after 1 h. Such bacteria frequently infect numerous medical devices. Results provided the first evidence that without using antibiotics, S. epidermidis density decreased by 5 and 13 times, E. coli density decreased by 6 and 20 times, and P. mirabilis density decreased by 8 and 35 times compared to conventional PU and a tissue engineering control small intestine submucosa (SIS), respectively. Material characterization studies revealed significantly greater nanoscale roughness and hydrophobicity for the HNO3-treated nanostructured PU compared to conventional PU (albeit, still hydrophilic) which may provide a rationale for the observed decreased bacteria responses. In addition, significantly greater amounts of fibronectin adsorption from serum were measured on nanorough compared conventional PU which may explain the decreased bacteria growth. In summary, this study provides significant promise for the use of nanostructured PU to decrease bacteria functions without the use of antibiotics, clearly addressing the wide spread problem of increased medical device infections observed today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yao
- Nanovis, LLC, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
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Heister E, Brunner EW, Dieckmann GR, Jurewicz I, Dalton AB. Are carbon nanotubes a natural solution? Applications in biology and medicine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1870-1891. [PMID: 23427832 DOI: 10.1021/am302902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes and materials based on carbon nanotubes have many perceived applications in the field of biomedicine. Several highly promising examples have been highlighted in the literature, ranging from their use as growth substrates or tissue scaffolds to acting as intracellular transporters for various therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In addition, carbon nanotubes have a strong optical absorption in the near-infrared region (in which tissue is transparent), which enables their use for biological imaging applications and photothermal ablation of tumors. Although these advances are potentially game-changing, excitement must be tempered somewhat as several bottlenecks exist. Carbon nanotube-based technologies ultimately have to compete with and out-perform existing technologies in terms of performance and price. Moreover, issues have been highlighted relating to toxicity, which presents an obstacle for the transition from preclinical to clinical use. Although many studies have suggested that well-functionalized carbon nanotubes appear to be safe to the treated animals, mainly rodents, long-term toxicity issues remains to be elucidated. In this report, we systematically highlight some of the most promising biomedical application areas of carbon nanotubes and review the interaction of carbon nanotubes with cultured cells and living organisms with a particular focus on in vivo biodistribution and potential adverse health effects. To conclude, future challenges and prospects of carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heister
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Crawford RJ, Webb HK, Truong VK, Hasan J, Ivanova EP. Surface topographical factors influencing bacterial attachment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 179-182:142-9. [PMID: 22841530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substratum surface roughness is known to be one of the key factors in determining the extent of bacterial colonization. Understanding the way by which the substratum topography, especially at the nanoscale, mediates bacterial attachment remains ambiguous at best, despite the volume of work available on the topic. This is because the vast majority of bacterial attachment studies do not perform comprehensive topographical characterization analyses, and typically consider roughness parameters that describe only one aspect of the surface topography. The most commonly reported surface roughness parameters are average and root mean square (RMS) roughness (R(a) and R(q) respectively), which are both measures of the typical height variation of the surface. They offer no insights into the spatial distribution or shape of the surface features. Here, a brief overview of the current state of research on topography-mediated bacterial adhesion is presented, as well as an outline of the suite of roughness characterization parameters that are available for the comprehensive description of the surface architecture of a substratum. Finally, a set of topographical parameters is proposed as a new standard for surface roughness characterization in bacterial adhesion studies to improve the likelihood of identifying direct relationships between substratum topography and the extent of bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Crawford
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.
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Steinbach A, Tautzenberger A, Schaller A, Kalytta-Mewes A, Tränkle S, Ignatius A, Volkmer D. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of n-heptane and methyl methacrylate for potential cell alignment applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5196-5203. [PMID: 22992135 DOI: 10.1021/am301124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited polymers (plasma polymers) are promising candidates for biomaterials applications. In the present study, plasma deposition as a fast and easily scalable method was adapted to deposit coatings from n-heptane and methyl methacrylate monomers onto glass substrates. Linear patterns with line and groove widths between 1.25 and 160 μm were introduced by degrative UV-lithography for cell alignment. Differential interference contrast optical microscopy, profilometry and atomic force microscopy revealed that the patterned surfaces had a smooth, homogeneous appearance and a pattern height of 8 and 45 nm for plasma deposited n-heptane and methyl methacrylate, respectively. UV-lithography increased the oxygen content on the surface drastically as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. After immersion in simulated body fluid for 21 days, the pattern was still intact, and the ester groups were also maintained for the most part as shown by infrared spectroscopy. To test the coatings' potential applicability for biomaterial surfaces in a preliminary experiment, we cultured murine preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells on these coatings. Light and electron microscopically, a normal spindle-shaped and aligned cell morphology was observed. At the mRNA level, cells showed no signs of diminished proliferation or elevated expression of apoptosis markers. In conclusion, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited polymers can be patterned with a fast and feasible method and might be suitable materials to guide cell alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Steinbach
- Chair of Solid State Chemistry, Institute of Physics, Universitätstrasse 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
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Efficient surface modification of biomaterial to prevent biofilm formation and the attachment of microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:299-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ivanova EP, Truong VK, Webb HK, Baulin VA, Wang JY, Mohammodi N, Wang F, Fluke C, Crawford RJ. Differential attraction and repulsion of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on molecularly smooth titanium films. Sci Rep 2011; 1:165. [PMID: 22355680 PMCID: PMC3240996 DOI: 10.1038/srep00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetron sputtering techniques were used to prepare molecularly smooth titanium thin films
possessing an average roughness between 0.18 nm and 0.52 nm over 5 μm × 5 μm AFM scanning
areas. Films with an average roughness of 0.52 nm or lower were found to restrict the extent
of P. aeruginosa cell attachment, with less than 0.5% of all available cells being
retained on the surface. The attachment of S. aureus cells was also limited on films
with an average surface roughness of 0.52 nm, however they exhibited a remarkable propensity
for attachment on the nano-smoother 0.18 nm average surface roughness films, with the
attachment density being almost twice as great as that observed on the nano-rougher film.
The difference in attachment behaviour can be attributed to the difference in morphology of
the rod-shaped P. aeruginosa compared to the spherical S. aureus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P Ivanova
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia.
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Bazaka K, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Do bacteria differentiate between degrees of nanoscale surface roughness? Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1103-14. [PMID: 21910258 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the employment of nanotechnology in electronics and optics engineering is relatively well established, the use of nanostructured materials in medicine and biology is undoubtedly novel. Certain nanoscale surface phenomena are being exploited to promote or prevent the attachment of living cells. However, as yet, it has not been possible to develop methods that completely prevent cells from attaching to solid surfaces, since the mechanisms by which living cells interact with the nanoscale surface characteristics of these substrates are still poorly understood. Recently, novel and advanced surface characterisation techniques have been developed that allow the precise molecular and atomic scale characterisation of both living cells and the solid surfaces to which they attach. Given this additional capability, it may now be possible to define boundaries, or minimum dimensions, at which a surface feature can exert influence over an attaching living organism.This review explores the current research on the interaction of living cells with both native and nanostructured surfaces, and the role that these surface properties play in the different stages of cell attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Bazaka
- Electronic Materials Research Lab, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Response to comment on “The interaction of cells and bacteria with surfaces structures at the nanoscale”. Acta Biomater 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ponche A, Bigerelle M, Anselme K. Relative influence of surface topography and surface chemistry on cell response to bone implant materials. Part 1: physico-chemical effects. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2011; 224:1471-86. [PMID: 21287832 DOI: 10.1243/09544119jeim900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the complexity of cell-material interactions is essential for the future of biomaterials and tissue engineering, but we are still far from achieving a clear understanding, as illustrated in this review. Many factors of the cellular or the material aspect influence these interactions and must be controlled systematically during experiments. On the material side, it is essential to illustrate surface topography by parameters describing the roughness amplitude as well as the roughness organization, and at the scales pertinent for the cell response, i.e., from the nano-scale to the micro-scale. Authors interested in this field must be careful to develop surfaces or methods systematically, allowing perfect control of the relative influences of surface topography and surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ponche
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M), CNRS LRC7228, Université de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
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Probe technology for the direct measurement and sampling of Ellsworth Subglacial Lake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010gm001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Anselme K, Davidson P, Popa A, Giazzon M, Liley M, Ploux L. The interaction of cells and bacteria with surfaces structured at the nanometre scale. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3824-46. [PMID: 20371386 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current development of nanobiotechnologies requires a better understanding of cell-surface interactions on the nanometre scale. Recently, advances in nanoscale patterning and detection have allowed the fabrication of appropriate substrates and the study of cell-substrate interactions. In this review we discuss the methods currently available for nanoscale patterning and their merits, as well as techniques for controlling the surface chemistry of materials at the nanoscale without changing the nanotopography and the possibility of truly characterizing the surface chemistry at the nanoscale. We then discuss the current knowledge of how a cell can interact with a substrate at the nanoscale and the effect of size, morphology, organization and separation of nanofeatures on cell response. Moreover, cell-substrate interactions are mediated by the presence of proteins adsorbed from biological fluids on the substrate. Many questions remain on the effect of nanotopography on protein adsorption. We review papers related to this point. As all these parameters have an influence on cell response, it is important to develop specific studies to point out their relative influence, as well as the biological mechanisms underlying cell responses to nanotopography. This will be the basis for future research in this field. An important topic in tissue engineering is the effect of nanoscale topography on bacteria, since cells have to compete with bacteria in many environments. The limited current knowledge of this topic is also discussed in the light of using topography to encourage cell adhesion while limiting bacterial adhesion. We also discuss current and prospective applications of cell-surface interactions on the nanoscale. Finally, based on questions raised previously that remain to be solved in the field, we propose future directions of research in materials science to help elucidate the relative influence of the physical and chemical aspects of nanotopography on bacteria and cell response with the aim of contributing to the development of nanobiotechnologies.
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Díaz C, Salvarezza RC, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele MA, Schilardi PL. Organization of Pseudomonas fluorescens on chemically different nano/microstructured surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:2530-2539. [PMID: 20726529 DOI: 10.1021/am100313z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes bacterial organization on nano/micropatterned surfaces with different chemical properties, which show different interactions with the biological systems (inert, biocompatible, and bactericide). These surfaces were prepared by molding techniques and exposed to Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) cultures. Results from atomic force microscopy and optical imaging demonstrate that the structure of P. fluorescens aggregates is strongly dependent on the surface topography while there is no clear linking with the physical-chemical surface properties (charge and contact angle) of the substrate immersed in abiotic culture media. We observe that regardless of the material when the surface pattern matches the bacterial size, bacterial assemblages involved in surface colonization are disorganized. The fact there is not a relationship between surface chemistry and bacterial organization can be explained by the coverage of the surfaces by adsorbed organic species coming from the culture medium. Viability assays indicate that copper behaves as a toxic substrate despite the presence of adsorbed molecules. The combination of surface traps and biocidal activity could act synergistically as a suitable strategy to limit bacterial spreading on implant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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