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Huffman BL, Bredar ARC, Dempsey JL. Origins of non-ideal behaviour in voltammetric analysis of redox-active monolayers. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00629-8. [PMID: 39039210 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Disorder in redox-active monolayers convolutes electrochemical characterization. This disorder can come from pinhole defects, loose packing, heterogeneous distribution of redox-active headgroups, and lateral interactions between immobilized redox-active molecules. Identifying the source of non-ideal behaviour in cyclic voltammograms can be challenging as different types of disorder often cause similar non-ideal cyclic voltammetry behaviour such as peak broadening, large peak-to-peak separation, peak asymmetry and multiple peaks for single redox processes. This Review provides an overview of ideal voltammetric behaviour for redox-active monolayers, common manifestations of disorder on voltammetric responses, common experimental parameters that can be varied to interrogate sources of disorder, and finally, examples of different types of disorder and how they impact electrochemical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandria R C Bredar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Huffman BL, Bein GP, Atallah H, Donley CL, Alameh RT, Wheeler JP, Durand N, Harvey AK, Kessinger MC, Chen CY, Fakhraai Z, Atkin JM, Castellano FN, Dempsey JL. Surface Immobilization of a Re(I) Tricarbonyl Phenanthroline Complex to Si(111) through Sonochemical Hydrosilylation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:984-996. [PMID: 36548441 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A sonochemical-based hydrosilylation method was employed to covalently attach a rhenium tricarbonyl phenanthroline complex to silicon(111). fac-Re(5-(p-Styrene)-phen)(CO)3Cl (5-(p-styrene)-phen = 5-(4-vinylphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline) was reacted with hydrogen-terminated silicon(111) in an ultrasonic bath to generate a hybrid photoelectrode. Subsequent reaction with 1-hexene enabled functionalization of remaining atop Si sites. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms attachment of the organometallic complex to silicon without degradation of the organometallic core, supporting hydrosilylation as a strategy for installing coordination complexes that retain their molecular integrity. Detection of Re(I) and nitrogen by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further support immobilization of fac-Re(5-(p-styrene)-phen)(CO)3Cl. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under white light illumination indicate that fac-Re(5-(p-styrene)-phen)(CO)3Cl undergoes two electron reductions. Mott-Schottky analysis indicates that the flat band potential is 239 mV more positive for p-Si(111) co-functionalized with both fac-Re(5-(p-styrene)-phen)(CO)3Cl and 1-hexene than when functionalized with 1-hexene alone. XPS, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky analysis show that functionalization with fac-Re(5-(p-styrene)-phen)(CO)3Cl and 1-hexene introduces a negative interfacial dipole, facilitating reductive photoelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gabriella P Bein
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Hala Atallah
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Carrie L Donley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Reem T Alameh
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan P Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Nicolas Durand
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Alexis K Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Matthew C Kessinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Cindy Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joanna M Atkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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3
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Sondhi P, Neupane D, Bhattarai JK, Demchenko AV, Stine KJ. Facile fabrication of hierarchically nanostructured gold electrode for bio-electrochemical applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022; 924:116865. [PMID: 36405880 PMCID: PMC9673609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) is one of the most extensively investigated nanomaterials owing to its tunable pore size, ease of surface modification, and range of applications from catalysis, actuation, and molecular release to the development of electrochemical sensors. In an effort to improve the usefulness of NPG, a simple and robust method for the fabrication of hierarchical and bimodal nanoporous gold electrodes (hb-NPG) containing both macro-and mesopores is reported using electrochemical alloying and dealloying processes to engineer a bicontinuous solid/void morphology. Scanning electron microscopy (color SEM) images depict the hierarchical pore structure created after the multistep synthesis with an ensemble of tiny pores below 100 nm in size located in ligaments spanning larger pores of several hundred nanometers. Smaller-sized pores are exploited for surface modification, and the network of larger pores aids in molecular transport. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to compare the electrochemically active surface area of the hierarchical bimodal structure with that of the regular unimodal NPG with an emphasis on the critical role of both dealloying and annealing in creating the desired structure. The adsorption of different proteins was followed using UV-vis absorbance measurements of solution depletion revealing the high loading capacity of hb-NPG. The surface coverage of lipoic acid on the hb-NPG was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and reductive desorption. The roughness factor determinations suggest that the fabricated hb-NPG electrode has tremendous potential for biosensor development by changing the scaling relations between volume and surface area which may lead to improved analytical performance. We have chosen to take advantage of the surface architectures of hb-NPG due to the presence of a large specific surface area for functionalization and rapid transport pathways for faster response. It is shown that the hb-NPG electrode has a higher sensitivity for the amperometric detection of glucose than does an NPG electrode of the same geometric surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Sondhi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Dharmendra Neupane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Jay K. Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | | | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
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4
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Keough M, McLeod JF, Salomons T, Hillen P, Pei Y, Gibson G, McEleney K, Oleschuk R, She Z. Realizing new designs of multiplexed electrode chips by 3-D printed masks. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21600-21606. [PMID: 35478805 PMCID: PMC9034153 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03482k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating small and portable analytical methods is a fast-growing field of research. Devices capable of performing bio-analytical detection are especially desirable with the onset of the global pandemic. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies, including rapid point-of-care (POC) devices such as glucose sensors, are attractive for applications in resource-poor settings. There are many challenges in creating such devices, from sensitive molecular designs to stable conditions for storing the sensor chips. In this study we have explored using three-dimensional (3D) printing to create shadow masks as a low-cost method to produce multiplexed electrodes by physical vapour deposition. Although the dimensional resolution of the electrodes produced by using 3D printed masks is inferior to those made through photolithography-based techniques, their dimensions can be readily tailored ranging from 1 mm to 3 mm. Multiple mask materials were tested, such as polylactic acid and polyethylene terephthalate glycol, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene shown to be the best. Simple strategies in making chip holders by 3D printing and controlling working electrode surface area with epoxy glue were also investigated. The prepared chips were tested by performing surface chemistry with thiol-containing molecules and monitoring the signals electrochemically. Preparation of multiplexed electrodes by combining physical vapour deposition with 3-D printed masks.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Keough
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Jennifer F McLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada .,Beaty Water Research Centre, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Timothy Salomons
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Phillip Hillen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Yu Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada .,Beaty Water Research Centre, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Graham Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada .,NanoFabrication Kingston, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 0E9 Canada
| | - Kevin McEleney
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Richard Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Zhe She
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada .,Beaty Water Research Centre, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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Dhar D, McKenas CG, Huang CW, Atkin JM, Dempsey JL, Lockett MR. Quantitative Effects of Disorder on Chemically Modified Amorphous Carbon Electrodes. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2020; 3:8038-8047. [PMID: 32968715 PMCID: PMC7505236 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Real materials are disordered. This disorder influences the properties of these materials and the chemical processes that occur at their interfaces. Gaining a molecular-level understanding of the underlying physical manifestations caused by disordered materials is crucial to unraveling and ultimately controlling the efficiency and performance of these materials in a range of energy-related devices. This understanding necessitates measurement techniques through which disorder can be detected, quantified, and monitored. However, such quantitative measurements are notoriously difficult, as effects often average out in ensemble measurements. In this work, we describe how a combination of electrochemical and spatially resolved surface spectroscopy measurements illuminate a molecular-level picture of disorder in materials. Using amorphous carbon as an intrinsically disordered material, we covalently attached a monolayer of ferrocene. Interfacial electron transfer across the amorphous carbon-ferrocene interface is highly sensitive to disruptions of order. By systematically varying linker properties and surface loadings, the influence of lateral interactions between nonuniformly distributed ferrocene headgroups on ensemble electrochemical measurements is demonstrated. Electrochemical and imaging data collectively indicate that conformational flexibility of the ferrocene moieties provides a mechanism to elude repulsive and unbalanced lateral interactions, while rigid linkages provide direct information about the underlying disorder of the material. This study is the first of its kind to quantify and visualize molecular disorder and heterogeneity with an experimental model accessed through ensemble measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Catherine G McKenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Chiung-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Joanna M Atkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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6
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Drozd M, Pietrzak MD, Malinowska E. SPRi-Based Biosensing Platforms for Detection of Specific DNA Sequences Using Thiolate and Dithiocarbamate Assemblies. Front Chem 2018; 6:173. [PMID: 29872654 PMCID: PMC5972272 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The framework of presented study covers the development and examination of the analytical performance of surface plasmon resonance-based (SPR) DNA biosensors dedicated for a detection of model target oligonucleotide sequence. For this aim, various strategies of immobilization of DNA probes on gold transducers were tested. Besides the typical approaches: chemisorption of thiolated ssDNA (DNA-thiol) and physisorption of non-functionalized oligonucleotides, relatively new method based on chemisorption of dithiocarbamate-functionalized ssDNA (DNA-DTC) was applied for the first time for preparation of DNA-based SPR biosensor. The special emphasis was put on the correlation between the method of DNA immobilization and the composition of obtained receptor layer. The carried out studies focused on the examination of the capability of developed receptors layers to interact with both target DNA and DNA-functionalized AuNPs. It was found, that the detection limit of target DNA sequence (27 nb length) depends on the strategy of probe immobilization and backfilling method, and in the best case it amounted to 0.66 nM. Moreover, the application of ssDNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as plasmonic labels for secondary enhancement of SPR response is presented. The influence of spatial organization and surface density of a receptor layer on the ability to interact with DNA-functionalized AuNPs is discussed. Due to the best compatibility of receptors immobilized via DTC chemisorption: 1.47 ± 0.4 · 1012 molecules · cm-2 (with the calculated area occupied by single nanoparticle label of ~132.7 nm2), DNA chemisorption based on DTCs is pointed as especially promising for DNA biosensors utilizing indirect detection in competitive assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Drozd
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz D Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Malinowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Marquez MD, Zenasni O, Jamison AC, Lee TR. Homogeneously Mixed Monolayers: Emergence of Compositionally Conflicted Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8839-8855. [PMID: 28562051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate interfaces at the nanoscale via a variety of thin-film technologies offers a plethora of avenues for advancing surface applications. These include surfaces with remarkable antibiofouling properties as well as those with tunable physical and electronic properties. Molecular self-assembly is one notably attractive method used to decorate and modify surfaces. Of particular interest to surface scientists has been the thiolate-gold system, which serves as a reliable method for generating model thin-film monolayers that transform the interfacial properties of gold surfaces. Despite widespread interest, efforts to tune the interfacial properties using mixed adsorbate systems have frequently led to phase-separated domains of molecules on the surface with random sizes and shapes depending on the structure and chemical composition of the adsorbates. This feature article highlights newly emerging methods for generating mixed thin-film interfaces, not only to enhance the aforementioned properties of organic thin films, but also to give rise to interfacial compositions never before observed in nature. An example would be the development of monolayers formed from bidentate adsorbates and other unique headgroup architectures that provide the surface bonding stability necessary to allow the assembly of interfaces that expose mixtures of chains that are fundamentally different in character (i.e., either phase-incompatible or structurally dissimilar), producing compositionally "conflicted" interfaces. By also exploring the prior efforts to produce such homogeneously blended interfaces, this feature article seeks to convey the relationships between the methods of film formation and the overall properties of the resulting interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Marquez
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Oussama Zenasni
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Andrew C Jamison
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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8
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Mamontov E, O'Neill H. Microscopic relaxations in a protein sustained down to 160K in a non-glass forming organic solvent. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3513-3519. [PMID: 27154287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have studied microscopic dynamics of a protein in carbon disulfide, a non-glass forming solvent, down to its freezing temperature of ca. 160K. METHODS We have utilized quasielastic neutron scattering. RESULTS A comparison of lysozyme hydrated with water and dissolved in carbon disulfide reveals a stark difference in the temperature dependence of the protein's microscopic relaxation dynamics induced by the solvent. In the case of hydration water, the common protein glass-forming solvent, the protein relaxation slows down in response to a large increase in the water viscosity on cooling down, exhibiting a well-known protein dynamical transition. The dynamical transition disappears in non-glass forming carbon disulfide, whose viscosity remains a weak function of temperature all the way down to freezing at just below 160K. The microscopic relaxation dynamics of lysozyme dissolved in carbon disulfide is sustained down to the freezing temperature of its solvent at a rate similar to that measured at ambient temperature. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that protein dynamical transition is not merely solvent-assisted, but rather solvent-induced, or, more precisely, is a reflection of the temperature dependence of the solvent's glass-forming dynamics. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We hypothesize that, if the long debated idea regarding the direct link between the microscopic relaxations and the biological activity in proteins is correct, then not only the microscopic relaxations, but also the activity, could be sustained in proteins all the way down to the freezing temperature of a non-glass forming solvent with a weak temperature dependence of its viscosity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mamontov
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States.
| | - H O'Neill
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
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9
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Choi SR, Seo JS, Bohaty RFH, Poulter CD. Regio- and chemoselective immobilization of proteins on gold surfaces. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:269-75. [PMID: 24437976 PMCID: PMC3983139 DOI: 10.1021/bc400413d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein chips are powerful tools as analytical and diagnostic devices for detection of biomolecular interactions, where the proteins are covalently or noncovalently attached to biosensing surfaces to capture and detect target molecules or biomarkers. Thus, fabrication of biosensing surfaces for regio- and chemoselective immobilization of biomolecules is a crucial step for better biosensor performance. In our previous studies, a regio- and chemoselective immobilization strategy was demonstrated on glass surfaces. This strategy is now used to regioselectively attach proteins to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces. Recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and antibody-binding protein G, bearing a C-terminal CVIA motif, were prepared and a farnesyl analogue with an ω-alkyne moiety was attached to the sulfhydryl moiety in the cysteine side chain by protein farnesyltransferase. The proteins, modified with the bioorthogonal alkyne functional group, were covalently and regioselectively immobilized on thiol or dithiocarbamate (DTC) SAMs on a gold surface by a Huigsen [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with minimal nonspecific binding. A concentration-dependent increase of fluorescence intensity was observed in wells treated with GFP on both thiol- and DTC-SAMs. The highly ordered, densely packed layer allowed for a high loading of immobilized protein, with a concomitant increase in substrate binding capacity. The DTC-SAMs were substantially more resistant to displacement of the immobilized proteins from the gold surface by β-mercaptoethanol than alkane-thiol SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-ryoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Utah, RM
2020, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jin-soo Seo
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Utah, RM
2020, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Rochelle F. H. Bohaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Utah, RM
2020, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Utah, RM
2020, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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10
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Darwish N, Paddon-Row MN, Gooding JJ. Surface-bound norbornylogous bridges as molecular rulers for investigating interfacial electrochemistry and as single molecule switches. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:385-95. [PMID: 24160945 DOI: 10.1021/ar400127g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) reactions through molecules attached to surfaces, whether they are through single molecules or ensembles, are the subject of much research in molecular electronics, bioelectronics, and electrochemistry. Therefore, understanding the factors that govern ET is of high importance. The availability of rigid hydrocarbon molecular scaffolds possessing well-defined configurations and lengths that can be systematically varied is crucial to the development of such devices. In this Account, we demonstrate how suitably functionalized norbornylogous (NB) systems can provide important insights into interfacial ET processes and electrical conduction through single molecules. To this end, we created NB bridges with vic-trans-bismethylenethiol groups at one end so they can assemble on gold electrodes and redox species at the distal ends. With these in hand, we then formed mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing a small proportion of the NB bridges diluted with alkanethiols. As such, the NB bridges served as molecular rulers for probing the environment above the surface defined by the diluent species. Using this construct, we were able to measure the interfacial potential distribution above the diluent surface, and track how variation in the ionic distribution in the electrical double layer impacts ET kinetics. Using the same construct, but with a redox molecule that remains neutral in both oxidized and reduced states, we could explore the impact of the chemical environment near a surface on ET processes. These results are important, because with conventional surface constructs, ET occurs across this interfacial region. Such knowledge is therefore relevant to the design of molecular systems at surfaces involving ET. With a second family of molecules, we investigated aspects of single-molecule electrical conduction using NB bridges bearing vic-trans-bismethylenethiol groups at both ends of the bridge. This gave us insights into distance-dependent electron transport through single molecules and introduced a method of boosting the conductance of saturated molecules by incorporating aromatic moieties in their backbone. These partially conjugated NB molecules represent a new class of molecular wires with far greater stability than conventional completely conjugated molecular wires. Of particular note was our demonstration of a single molecule switch, using a NB bridge containing an embedded anthraquinone redox group, the switching mechanism being via electrochemically controlled quantum interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Darwish
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael N. Paddon-Row
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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11
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Variable temperature study of electro-reduction of 3-nitrophenolate via cyclic and square wave voltammetry: Molecular insights into electron transfer processes based on the asymmetric Marcus–Hush model. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Metal complex oligomer and polymer wires on electrodes: Tactical constructions and versatile functionalities. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Niu Y, Matos AI, Abrantes LM, Viana AS, Jin G. Antibody oriented immobilization on gold using the reaction between carbon disulfide and amine groups and its application in immunosensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:17718-17725. [PMID: 23210719 DOI: 10.1021/la303032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon disulfide (CS(2)) can spontaneously react with amine groups to form dithiocarbamates on gold surface, providing the possibility to immobilize some compounds with primary or secondary amine groups in one step. Using this principle, an immunosensor interface prepared for immunoglobulin G (IgG) sensing surface toward anti-IgG has been fabricated for the first time by simply immersing gold slides into a mixed aqueous solution of CS(2) and protein A, followed by incubation in immunoglobulin G solution. The reaction between CS(2) and protein A has been followed by UV-vis spectroscopy, whereas cyclic voltammetry has been employed in the characterization of the modified gold surface with CS(2) and protein A, both methods indicating that protein A immobilization is implemented by CS(2). Conventional ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have been used to evaluate the specific binding of protein A with IgG and IgG with anti-IgG, revealing that IgG is specifically captured to form the biosensing interface, maintaining its bioactivity. Compared to direct adsorption of IgG on the gold surface, the IgG sensing surface constructed of CS(2) and protein A is far more sensitive to capture anti-IgG as its target molecule. In addition, the modified surface is proven to have good capability to inhibit nonspecific adsorption, as supported by control experiments using lysozyme and BSA. To conclude, antibody immobilization using this one-step method has potential as a simple and convenient surface modification approach for immunosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Niu
- NML, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
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14
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Henstridge MC, Laborda E, Rees NV, Compton RG. Marcus–Hush–Chidsey theory of electron transfer applied to voltammetry: A review. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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15
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Almeida I, Ferreira V, Montemor M, Abrantes L, Viana A. One-pot approach to modify nanostructured gold surfaces through in situ dithiocarbamate linkages. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Suwatchara D, Rees NV, Henstridge MC, Laborda E, Compton RG. Molecular insights into electron transfer processes via variable temperature cyclic voltammetry. Application of the asymmetric Marcus–Hush model. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Gupta RK, Pandey R, Singh R, Srivastava N, Maiti B, Saha S, Li P, Xu Q, Pandey DS. Heteroleptic Dipyrrinato Complexes Containing 5-Ferrocenyldipyrromethene and Dithiocarbamates as Coligands: Selective Chromogenic and Redox Probes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:8916-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300900m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221
005 (U.P.), India
| | - Rampal Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221
005 (U.P.), India
| | - Roopshikha Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221
005 (U.P.), India
| | - Nitin Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221
005 (U.P.), India
| | - Biswajit Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221
005 (U.P.), India
| | - Satyen Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221
005 (U.P.), India
| | - Peizhou Li
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Daya Shankar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221
005 (U.P.), India
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Laborda E, Henstridge MC, Compton RG. Giving physical insight into the Butler–Volmer model of electrode kinetics: Part 2 – Nonlinear solvation effects on the voltammetry of heterogeneous electron transfer processes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Henstridge MC, Laborda E, Compton RG. Asymmetric Marcus–Hush model of electron transfer kinetics: Application to the voltammetry of surface-bound redox systems. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Henstridge MC, Laborda E, Wang Y, Suwatchara D, Rees N, Molina Á, Martínez-Ortiz F, Compton RG. Giving physical insight into the Butler–Volmer model of electrode kinetics: Application of asymmetric Marcus–Hush theory to the study of the electroreductions of 2-methyl-2-nitropropane, cyclooctatetraene and europium(III) on mercury microelectrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Laborda E, Henstridge MC, Compton RG. Asymmetric Marcus theory: Application to electrode kinetics. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Feld DJ, Hsu HT, Eckermann AL, Meade TJ. Trinuclear ruthenium clusters as bivalent electrochemical probes for ligand-receptor binding interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:939-49. [PMID: 22053821 PMCID: PMC3254724 DOI: 10.1021/la202882k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite their popularity, electrochemical biosensors often suffer from low sensitivity. One possible approach to overcome low sensitivity in protein biosensors is to utilize multivalent ligand-receptor interactions. Controlling the spatial arrangement of ligands on surfaces is another crucial aspect of electrochemical biosensor design. We have synthesized and characterized five biotinylated trinuclear ruthenium clusters as potential new biosensor platforms: [Ru(3)O(OAc)(6)CO(4-BMP)(py)](0) (3), [Ru(3)O(OAc)(6)CO(4-BMP)(2)](0) (4), [Ru(3)O(OAc)(6)L(4-BMP)(py)](+) (8), [Ru(3)O(OAc)(6)L(4-BMP)(2)](+) (9), and [Ru(3)O(OAc)(6)L(py)(2)](+) (10) (OAc = acetate, 4-BMP = biotin aminomethylpyridine, py = pyridine, L = pyC16SH). HABA/avidin assays and isothermal titration calorimetry were used to evaluate the avidin binding properties of 3 and 4. The binding constants were found to range from (6.5-8.0) × 10(6) M(-1). Intermolecular protein binding of 4 in solution was determined by native gel electrophoresis. QM, MM, and MD calculations show the capability for the bivalent cluster, 4, to intramolecularly bind to avidin. Electrochemical measurements in solution of 3a and 4a show shifts in E(1/2) of -58 and -53 mV in the presence of avidin, respectively. Self-assembled monolayers formed with 8-10 were investigated as a model biosensor system. Diluent/cluster ratio and composition were found to have a significant effect on the ability of avidin to adequately bind to the cluster. Complexes 8 and 10 showed negligible changes in E(1/2), while complex 9 showed a shift in E(1/2) of -43 mV upon avidin addition. These results suggest that multivalent interactions can have a positive impact on the sensitivity of electrochemical protein biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Feld
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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23
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Henstridge MC, Batchelor-McAuley C, Gusmão R, Compton RG. Marcus–Hush–Chidsey theory of electron transfer to and from species bound at a non-uniform electrode surface: Theory and experiment. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Li X, Hou Y, Zhao Q, Chen G. Synthesis and photoinduced charge-transfer properties of a ZnFe2O4-sensitized TiO2 nanotube array electrode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3113-3120. [PMID: 21332125 DOI: 10.1021/la2000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanotube arrays sensitized with ZnFe2O4 nano-crystals were successfully fabricated by a two-step process of anodization and a vacuum-assistant impregnation method followed by annealing. The sample was studied by an environmental scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction to characterize its morphology and chemical composition. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra and a photoelectrochemical measurement approved that the ZnFe2O4 sensitization enhanced the probability of photoinduced charge separation and extended the range of the photoresponse of TiO2 nanotube arrays from the UV to visible region. In addition, the behaviors of photoinduced charge transfer in a TiO2 nanotube array electrode before and after sensitization by ZnFe2O4 nanocrystals were comparatively studied. The photoluminescence of the TiO2 nanotube array electrode became suppressed, and the surface photovoltage responses on the spectrum were significantly enhanced after the introduction of ZnFe2O4 nanocrystals. The transfer dynamics of the photoinduced charges were observed directly by a transient photovoltage measurement, which revealed a fast charge separation at the interface between ZnFe2O4 nanocrystals and TiO2 nanotubes upon light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE), and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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Leonov AP, Wei A. Photolithography of Dithiocarbamate-Anchored Monolayers and Polymers on Gold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:4371-4376. [PMID: 21894240 DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04153j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamate (DTC)-anchored monolayers and polymers were investigated as positive resists for UV photolithography on planar and roughened Au surfaces. DTCs were formed in situ by the condensation of CS(2) with monovalent or polyvalent amines such as linear polyethyleneimine (PEI) under mildly basic aqueous conditions, just prior to surface passivation. The robust adsorption of the polyvalent PEI-DTC to Au surfaces supported high levels of resistance to photoablation, providing opportunities to generate thin films with gradient functionality. Treatment of photopatterned substrates with alkanethiols produced binary coatings, enabling a direct visual comparison of DTC- and thiol-passivated surfaces against chemically induced corrosion using confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei P Leonov
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084
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26
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Almeida I, Cascalheira AC, Viana AS. One step gold (bio)functionalisation based on CS2-amine reaction. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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