1
|
Kohri M. Progress in polydopamine-based melanin mimetic materials for structural color generation. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 21:833-848. [PMID: 33536837 PMCID: PMC7832497 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1852057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural color is a color derived from optical interaction between light and a microstructure and is often seen in nature. Natural melanin plays an important role in bright structural coloration. For example, the vivid colors of peacock feathers are due to structural colors. The periodic arrangement of melanin granules inside the feathers leads to light interference, and the black granules absorb scattered light well, resulting in bright structural color. In recent years, polydopamine (PDA) has attracted attention as a melanin mimetic material. This review article summarizes recent research on structural coloration using PDA-based artificial melanin materials. It also outlines possible applications using bright structural colors realized by artificial melanin materials and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Kohri
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of Surface Functional Groups on the Adhesion of SiO 2 Nanospheres to Bio-Based Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101411. [PMID: 31623332 PMCID: PMC6835522 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between nanoparticles and materials must be considered when preparing functional materials. Although researchers have studied the interactions between nanoparticles and inorganic materials, little attention has been paid to those between nanoparticles and bio-based protein materials, like leather. In this study, organically modified silica nanospheres (SiO2 nanospheres) loaded with rose fragrance were prepared using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), (3-mercaptopropyl) triethoxysilane (MPTES), or 3-(2, 3-epoxypropyloxy) propyl triethoxysilane (GPTES) using the sol-gel method. To study the interactions between the modified SiO2 nanospheres and leather, a non-cross-linking adsorption experiment was conducted. According to the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm calculation, we found that the adsorption process of leather fiber and organically modified silica nanospheres is physical. The average adhesion energies of APTES-, MPTES-, and GPTES-modified SiO2 nanospheres on the leather are 1.34016, 0.97289, and 2.09326 kJ/mol, respectively. The weight gain, adsorption capacity, and average adhesion energy show that the modified SiO2 nanospheres can be adsorbed on leather in large quantities. The sensory evaluation confirmed that GPTES-modified SiO2 nanospheres endowed the leather with an obvious rose aroma.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang H, Li W, Li Z. Preparation of fluorinated PCL porous microspheres and a super-hydrophobic coating on fabrics via electrospraying. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18857-18868. [PMID: 30277254 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, fluorinated polycaprolactone (PCL) block polymers with different fluorine contents were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). An electrospraying technique was used to prepare fluorinated PCL microspheres with different microstructures. In contrast to the golf ball shape of unmodified PCL microspheres displaying porous pits on the surface, block polymer PCL-PTFOA(2 h) and PCL-PTFOA(6 h) microsphere surfaces displayed regular honeycomb-like pore structures. Thermally induced and evaporation-induced phase separations are proposed as the main mechanisms involved in the formation of the porous microstructures. The micro-phase separation between the two blocks of the fluorinated PCL copolymer is another factor that promoted the uniform collapse on the microsphere surface and the formation of its rugged wall. The surface roughness of the porous microspheres significantly improved their hydrophobicity, generating coating contact angles on aluminium foil substrates that measured as high as 162.4 ± 1.5°, which revealed that the surfaces were super-hydrophobic. Lastly, cotton fabric was directly coated with the fluorinated polymer microspheres via electrospraying, resulting in super-hydrophobic surfaces and CAs reaching 160.0 ± 1.3°. The results demonstrate that electrospraying is a simple, innovative and cost-effective method for preparing polymer microspheres with controllable microstructures for fabric coating applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Genistein Loaded Nanofibers Protect Spinal Cord Tissue Following Experimental Injury in Rats. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040096. [PMID: 30287760 PMCID: PMC6316236 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative drug-delivery systems offer a unique approach to effectively provide therapeutic drug dose over the needed time to achieve better tissue protection and enhanced recovery. The hypothesis of the current study was to test the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of genistein and nanofibers on the spinal cord tissue following experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were treated post SCI with genistein that is loaded on chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) nanofibers as an implantable drug-delivery system. SCI caused marked oxidative damage and inflammation, as is evident by the reduction in the super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in injured spinal cord tissue, as well as the significant increase in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Treatment of rats post SCI with genistein and CS/PVA nanofibers improved most of the above-mentioned biochemical parameters and shifted them toward the control group values. Genistein induced an increase in the activity of SOD and the level of IL-10, while causing a decrease in NO, MDA, and TNF-α in injured spinal cord tissue. Genistein and CS/PVA nanofibers provide a novel combination for treating inflammatory nervous tissue conditions, especially when combined as an implantable drug-delivery system.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang C, Yu F, Zhu M, Shi Y, Dan J, Lv Y, Guo X, Dai B. Up-scaled flash nano-precipitation production route to develop a MnOx–CeO2–Al2O3 catalyst with enhanced activity and H2O resistant performance for NOx selective catalytic reduction with NH3. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Kohri M, Yanagimoto K, Kawamura A, Hamada K, Imai Y, Watanabe T, Ono T, Taniguchi T, Kishikawa K. Polydopamine-Based 3D Colloidal Photonic Materials: Structural Color Balls and Fibers from Melanin-Like Particles with Polydopamine Shell Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:7640-7648. [PMID: 28661653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nature creates beautiful structural colors, and some of these colors are produced by nanostructural arrays of melanin. Polydopamine (PDA), an artificial black polymer produced by self-oxidative polymerization of dopamine, has attracted extensive attention because of its unique properties. PDA is a melanin-like material, and recent studies have reported that photonic materials based on PDA particles showed structural colors by enhancing color saturation through the absorption of scattered light. Herein, we describe the preparation of three-dimensional (3D) colloidal photonic materials, such as structural color balls and fibers, from biomimetic core-shell particles with melanin-like PDA shell layers. Structural color balls were prepared through the combined use of membrane emulsion and heating. We also demonstrated the use of microfluidic emulsification and solvent diffusion for the fabrication of structural color fibers. The obtained 3D colloidal materials, i.e., balls and fibers, exhibited angle-independent structural colors due to the amorphous assembly of PDA-containing particles. These findings provide new insight for the development of dye-free technology for the coloration of various 3D colloidal architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Kohri
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Kenshi Yanagimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Ayaka Kawamura
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Kosuke Hamada
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Takaichi Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ono
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| | - Keiki Kishikawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho , Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao J, Huang X, Wang L, Zheng N, Li W, Xue H, Li RK, Mai YW. Super-hydrophobic coatings based on non-solvent induced phase separation during electro-spraying. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 506:603-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
8
|
Ding H, Zhu C, Tian L, Liu C, Fu G, Shang L, Gu Z. Structural Color Patterns by Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printed Photonic Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11933-11941. [PMID: 28120613 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of photonic crystal patterns with controllable morphologies and structural colors utilizing electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing with colloidal crystal inks. The final shape of photonic crystal units is controlled by the applied voltage signal and wettability of the substrate. Optical properties of the structural color patterns are tuned by the self-assembly of the silica nanoparticle building blocks. Using this direct printing technique, it is feasible to print customized functional patterns composed of photonic crystal dots or photonic crystal lines according to relevant printing mode and predesigned tracks. This is the first report for E-jet printing with colloidal crystal inks. Our results exhibit promising applications in displays, biosensors, and other functional devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Cun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Cihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guangbin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang X, Gao J, Zheng N, Li W, Xue H, Li RK. Influence of humidity and polymer additives on the morphology of hierarchically porous microspheres prepared from non-solvent assisted electrospraying. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Xie J, Jiang J, Davoodi P, Srinivasan MP, Wang CH. Electrohydrodynamic atomization: A two-decade effort to produce and process micro-/nanoparticulate materials. Chem Eng Sci 2015; 125:32-57. [PMID: 25684778 PMCID: PMC4322784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), also called electrospray technique, has been studied for more than one century. However, since 1990s it has begun to be used to produce and process micro-/nanostructured materials. Owing to the simplicity and flexibility in EHDA experimental setup, it has been successfully employed to generate particulate materials with controllable compositions, structures, sizes, morphologies, and shapes. EHDA has also been used to deposit micro- and nanoparticulate materials on surfaces in a well-controlled manner. All these attributes make EHDA a fascinating tool for preparing and assembling a wide range of micro- and nanostructured materials which have been exploited for use in pharmaceutics, food, and healthcare to name a few. Our goal is to review this field, which allows scientists and engineers to learn about the EHDA technique and how it might be used to create, process, and assemble micro-/nanoparticulate materials with unique and intriguing properties. We begin with a brief introduction to the mechanism and setup of EHDA technique. We then discuss issues critical to successful application of EHDA technique, including control of composition, size, shape, morphology, structure of particulate materials and their assembly. We also illustrate a few of the many potential applications of particulate materials, especially in the area of drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Next, we review the simulation and modeling of Taylor cone-jet formation for a single and co-axial nozzle. The mathematical modeling of particle transport and deposition is presented to provide a deeper understanding of the effective parameters in the preparation, collection and pattering processes. We conclude this article with a discussion on perspectives and future possibilities in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Pooya Davoodi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585
| | - M. P. Srinivasan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Structurally coloured secondary particles composed of black and white colloidal particles. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2371. [PMID: 23917891 PMCID: PMC3734480 DOI: 10.1038/srep02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the colourful secondary particles formed by controlling the aggregation states of colloidal silica particles and the enhancement of the structural colouration of the secondary particles caused by adding black particles. We obtained glossy, partially structurally coloured secondary particles in the absence of NaCl, but matte, whitish secondary particles were obtained in the presence of NaCl. When a small amount of carbon black was incorporated into both types of secondary particles, the incoherent multiple scattering of light from the amorphous region was considerably reduced. However, the peak intensities in the reflection spectra, caused by Bragg reflection and by coherent single wavelength scattering, were only slightly decreased. Consequently, a brighter structural colour of these secondary particles was observed with the naked eye. Furthermore, when magnetite was added as a black particle, the coloured secondary particles could be moved and collected by applying an external magnetic field.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kuo YC, Chen MC, Lin TT, Shiu YR, Chen H. Rapid fabrication of organic/organic photonic bandgap films with tuneable mechanical properties using blended polymer spheres. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Jhongli Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Meng-Chu Chen
- Department of Applied Science; National Taitung University; Taitung Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Te Lin
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Atomic Energy Council Taoyuan Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ru Shiu
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Atomic Energy Council Taoyuan Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Jhongli Taiwan Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Self-assembly of colloidal spheres and application as solvent responding polymer film. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 389:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Yuan W, Zhang KQ. Structural evolution of electrospun composite fibers from the blend of polyvinyl alcohol and polymer nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:15418-15424. [PMID: 23039272 DOI: 10.1021/la303312q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning provides a versatile method for generating fibrous materials from a large variety of substances, including polymers, composites, proteins, and nano/microcolloids. In particular, the incorporation of nano/microparticles with polymeric materials is beneficial to many of electrospun fibers with multiple functionalities. This report evaluates the spinnability of a polymer solution containing polymer nanoparticles obtained through electrospinning. Tunable structures of electrospun composite fibers were obtained from a blended solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polystyrene nanospheres (PSNs). The in-fiber arrangements of polymer nanoparticle fibers, influenced by the PVA:PSN weight ratio, and the viscosity of the blended solution and the size of PSNs were systemically studied. Once PVA was determined to dominate the solution, the diameter of the electrospun PVA fibers was comparable to the diameters of the colloidal particles, which confined the nanospheres into string-on-bead and necklace-like structures. When PSNs occupied a large portion of the solution, PVA wrapped the PSNs, forming a blackberry-like aggregate and a uniform colloidal fiber. The results from the colloid electrospinning serve as references in the creation of novel composite fibers involving various polymer nanoparticles via electrospinning. The obtained composite fibers of the polymers and colloids are expected to have potential application in various areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College for Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu Z, Wang CF, Ling L, Chen L, Chen S. Triphase Microfluidic-Directed Self-Assembly: Anisotropic Colloidal Photonic Crystal Supraparticles and Multicolor Patterns Made Easy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
16
|
Yu Z, Wang CF, Ling L, Chen L, Chen S. Triphase Microfluidic-Directed Self-Assembly: Anisotropic Colloidal Photonic Crystal Supraparticles and Multicolor Patterns Made Easy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:2375-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Shen Z, Shi L, You B, Wu L, Zhao D. Large-scale fabrication of three-dimensional ordered polymer films with strong structure colors and robust mechanical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30546a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Song Y, Jiang L. Fabrication of functional colloidal photonic crystals based on well-designed latex particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10977d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Zhang Y, Hao X, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Song Y, Jiang L. Tough and Hydrophilic Photonic Crystals Obtained from Direct UV Irradiation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:2115-20. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|