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Abstract
Surface modification is recognized as one of the fundamental techniques to fabricate biosensing interfaces. This review focuses on the surface modification of carbon substrates (GC and HOPG) and silica with a close-packed monolayer, in particular. In the cases of carbon substrates, GC and HOPG, it was demonstrated that surface modification of carbon substrates with diazonium derivatives could create a close-packed monolayer similar to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation with mercapto derivatives. Similarly, the potential of trialkoxysilanes to form a close-packed monolayer was evaluated, and modification with a close-packed monolayer tended to occur under milder conditions when the trialkoxysilanes had a longer alkyl chain. In these studies, we synthesized surface modification materials having ferrocene as a redox active moiety to explore features of the modified surfaces by an electrochemical method using cyclic voltammetry, where surface concentrations of immobilized molecules and blocking effect were studied to obtain insight for density leading to a close-packed layer. Based on those findings, fabrication of a biosensing interface on the silica sensing chip of the waveguide-mode sensor was carried out using triethoxysilane derivatives bearing succinimide ester and oligoethylene glycol moieties to immobilize antibodies and to suppress nonspecific adsorption of proteins, respectively. The results demonstrate that the waveguide-mode sensor powered by the biosensing interface fabricated with those triethoxysilane derivatives and antibody has the potential to detect several tens ng/mL of biomarkers in human serum with unlabeled detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Department of Life Science & Green Chemistry, Saitama Institute of Technology
| | - Osamu Niwa
- Advanced Science Research Laboratory, Saitama Institute of Technology
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Médard J, Decorse P, Mangeney C, Pinson J, Fagnoni M, Protti S. Simultaneous Photografting of Two Organic Groups on a Gold Surface by using Arylazo Sulfones as Single Precursors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2786-2793. [PMID: 32090577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arylazo sulfones have been exploited as photoactivatable substrates for the simultaneous photografting of both aryl and methanesulfonyl groups on a gold surface. The obtained samples have been characterized by different spectroscopic techniques including ellipsometry and electrochemistry, infrared reflection absorption, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and AFM. Grafting occurs through a simple N-S cleavage and not, as usually observed with aromatic precursors, by electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Médard
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Philippe Decorse
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Claire Mangeney
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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Guselnikova OA, Postnikov PS, Fitl P, Tomecek D, Sajdl P, Elashnikov R, Kolska Z, Chehimi MM, Švorčík V, Lyutakov O. Tuning of PEDOT:PSS Properties Through Covalent Surface Modification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Guselnikova
- Department of Solid State Engineering; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague 16628 Czech Republic
- Department of Technology of Organic Substances and Polymer Materials; Tomsk Polytechnic University; Tomsk 634050 Russia
| | - Pavel S. Postnikov
- Department of Technology of Organic Substances and Polymer Materials; Tomsk Polytechnic University; Tomsk 634050 Russia
| | - Premysl Fitl
- Department of Physics and Measurements; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague 16628 Czech Republic
| | - David Tomecek
- Department of Physics and Measurements; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague 16628 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sajdl
- Department of Power Engineering; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague 16628 Czech Republic
| | - Roman Elashnikov
- Department of Solid State Engineering; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague 16628 Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Kolska
- Faculty and Science; J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem; Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed M. Chehimi
- Université Paris Est, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE) (UMR7182), CNRS, UPEC; Thiais F-94320 France
| | - Vaclav Švorčík
- Department of Solid State Engineering; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague 16628 Czech Republic
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague 16628 Czech Republic
- Department of Technology of Organic Substances and Polymer Materials; Tomsk Polytechnic University; Tomsk 634050 Russia
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Danhel A, Trosanova Z, Balintova J, Havran L, Hocek M, Barek J, Fojta M. Voltammetric analysis of 5-(4-Azidophenyl)-2′-deoxycytidine nucleoside and azidophenyl-labelled single- and double-stranded DNAs. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lehr J, Tropiano M, Beer PD, Faulkner S, Davis JJ. Ratiometric oxygen sensing using lanthanide luminescent emitting interfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15944-7. [PMID: 26376829 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05738h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the first example of a ratiometric lanthanide luminescent oxygen sensing interface. Immobilisation of terbium and europium cyclen complexes on glass substrates was achieved by a novel aryl nitrene photografting approach. The resulting interfaces demonstrated a ratiometric oxygen response between 0 and 0.2 atm partial oxygen pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lehr
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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Lehr J, Tropiano M, Beer PD, Faulkner S, Davis JJ. Reversible redox modulation of a lanthanide emissive molecular film. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6515-7. [PMID: 25773962 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01097g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate redox switchable emission from a sensitised, europium-ferrocene containing, molecular film assembled by a novel nitrene-based strategy. Electrochemical modulation of europium emission upon switching the ferrocene moiety's redox state is ascribed to the reversible generation of a quenching ferrocenium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lehr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.
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Brumbach MT, Jaye C, Ohlhausen JT, Fischer D. Imaging, work function, and compositional changes of thiols on gold via shadow mask ozonolysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cherno Jaye
- National Institute for Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | | | - Daniel Fischer
- National Institute for Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
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Viel P, Walter J, Bellon S, Berthelot T. Versatile and nondestructive photochemical process for biomolecule immobilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:2075-2082. [PMID: 23317333 DOI: 10.1021/la304941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Covalent immobilization of unmodified biological materials as proteins has been performed through a one-step and soft method. This process is based on a polyazidophenylene layer derived from the electroreduction of the parent salt 4-azidobenzenediazonium tetrafluoborate on gold substrates. The wavelength used (365 nm) for the photochemical grafting of a large variety of molecules as biomolecules is a key point to this nondestructive immobilization method. This simple process is also versatile and could be used for covalently binding a wide range of molecules such as polyethylene glycol moieties, for example. To validate this approach for biochip or microarray fabrication, a surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) platform for immobilization of various antibody families was created by grafting G-protein through this process. This SPRi antibodies platform was tested with several consecutive cycles of antigen injections/regeneration steps without loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Viel
- CEA, IRAMIS, SPCSI Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces Group, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Nickel (II) tetraphenylporphyrin modified surfaces via electrografting of an aryldiazonium salt. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Kibena E, Mäeorg U, Matisen L, Tammeveski K. Electrochemical behaviour of ABTS on aryl-modified glassy carbon electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Gross AJ, Downard AJ. Regeneration of pyrolyzed photoresist film by heat treatment. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2397-402. [PMID: 21344943 DOI: 10.1021/ac103264v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple, time-, and cost-effective procedure is described for regenerating film-modified or deactivated pyrolyzed photoresist film (PPF) surfaces. Heating for 30 min at 545 ± 25 °C in argon at a flow rate of 1 L min(-1) removes covalently bound thin organic films, attached via electrografting from aryldiazonium salt solutions. The heat-treated surfaces exhibit improved electrochemical characteristics compared to those prior to modification and can be reused for solution-based electrochemical measurements and for electrografting. The same treatment reactivates PPF electrodes that have been deactivated by exposure to adsorbates from air or solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy, and water contact angle measurements establish that the regeneration procedure does not lead to significant changes in oxygen content, roughness, or hydrophobicity of PPF surfaces. XPS measurements also confirm the complete removal of covalently attached organic films after heat treatment but reveal a specific interaction between grafted nitrophenyl films and PPF which results in a small amount of N incorporation in the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gross
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Tanaka M, Sawaguchi T, Sato Y, Yoshioka K, Niwa O. Surface modification of GC and HOPG with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:170-178. [PMID: 21117684 DOI: 10.1021/la1035757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of glassy carbon (GC) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was carried out with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives bearing ferrocene as an electroactive moiety. Features of the modified surfaces were evaluated by surface concentrations of immobilized molecule, blocking effect of the modified surface against redox reaction, and surface observation using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM). The measurement of surface concentrations of immobilized molecule revealed the following three aspects: (i) Diazonium and olefin derivatives could modify substrates with the dense-monolayer concentration. (ii) The surface concentration of immobilized amine derivative did not reach to the dense-monolayer concentration reflecting their low reactivity. (iii) The surface modification with the dense-monolayer concentration was also possible with azide derivative, but the modified surface contained some oligomers produced by the photoreaction of azides. Besides, the blocking effect against redox reaction was observed for GC modified with diazonium derivative and for HOPG modified with diazonium and azide derivatives, suggesting fabrication of a densely modified surface. Finally, the surface observation for HOPG modified with diazonium derivative by EC-STM showed a typical monolayer structure, in which the ferrocene moieties were packed densely at random. On the basis of those results, it was demonstrated that surface modification of carbon substrates with diazonium could afford a dense monolayer similar to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Biomedical Research Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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Mahouche-Chergui S, Gam-Derouich S, Mangeney C, Chehimi MM. Aryl diazonium salts: a new class of coupling agents for bonding polymers, biomacromolecules and nanoparticles to surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4143-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Fontaine O, Ghilane J, Martin P, Lacroix JC, Randriamahazaka H. Ionic liquid viscosity effects on the functionalization of electrode material through the electroreduction of diazonium. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18542-18549. [PMID: 21062077 DOI: 10.1021/la103000u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of 4-nitrophenyl diazonium, NPD, in different ionic liquids presenting different viscosities has been investigated. The electrochemical studies show that the reduction of diazonium leading to the formation of its corresponding radical occurs whatever the viscosity of the grafting media. Following that, the presence of an organic layer attached to the electrode after electrochemical treatment was evidenced by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in acidic media thanks to the presence of nitro groups. Moreover, infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm the presence of a nitrophenyl (NP) layer attached to the electrode material. Next, the examination of the electrochemical data through the measurement of the charge, corresponding to the reduction of the attached nitrophenyl (NP) moieties, shows that the surface concentration of NP, Γ(NP), decreases when the viscosity, η, of the grafting media increases. Additionally, in the case of the more viscous ionic liquid, N-tributyl-N-methylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bu(3)MeN] [NTf(2)], a cosolvent has been added leading to fine decrease of the viscosity. The IR and CV investigations of the modified electrodes demonstrate the decrease of the amount of the attached molecules when the viscosity of the grafting media increases. In addition, a correlation between Γ(NP) as function of 1/η was observed. Finally, XPS and AFM experiments lead to an estimate of the thickness of the attached layer. As a result, both methods are in perfect agreement and thicknesses of 4 and 1 nm are measured after grafting in acetonitrile and in pure ionic liquid [Bu(3)MeN] [NTf(2)], respectively. By comparison with classical solvent, the use of viscous ionic liquid for the grafting leads to a decrease in the amount of the attached molecules and conduce to the formation of thinner or less dense layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fontaine
- Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS Laboratory, NanoElectroChemistry Group, CNRS, UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
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Lehr J, Garrett DJ, Paulik MG, Flavel BS, Brooksby PA, Williamson BE, Downard AJ. Patterning of Metal, Carbon, and Semiconductor Substrates with Thin Organic Films by Microcontact Printing with Aryldiazonium Salt Inks. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7027-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101785c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lehr
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - David J. Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew G. Paulik
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bryce E. Williamson
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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