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Zhang G, Zhang L, Gao W, Xu R, Ding K. Efficient Preparation of Poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) (PADC) Nuclear Track Detectors: UV Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1891. [PMID: 39000746 PMCID: PMC11243999 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The decay of radon gas in soil and buildings produces alpha radiation, which is the second leading cause of lung cancer in humans. Therefore, by conveniently detecting radon gas in the environment, potential sources of danger can be identified early, and necessary measures can be taken to protect human health. Solid-state nuclear track detectors prepared from polyallyl diglycol carbonate (PADC) resin are the most sensitive detectors for alpha radiation released by radon gas. The traditional method of preparing PADC resin involves free radical thermal polymerization, which suffers from issues such as low polymerization efficiency, long processing time, and the occurrence of defects in the product. In this study, PADC resin was efficiently prepared using a UV initiator. Starting from the polymerization mechanism, experiments were designed using a controlled variable approach, and a rational polymerization apparatus was devised. By comparing the double bond conversion rate, transparency, hardness, and yellowness index of the polymers, the optimal initiator for PADC resin, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone (1173), was selected. The influence of irradiation intensity, irradiation time, and UV initiator dosage was investigated. The performance of the polymers, including double bond conversion rate, optical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, etching rate, and track detection efficiency, was analyzed. The experimental conditions for preparing PADC resin were optimized: irradiation intensity of 12 mW/cm2, irradiation time of 25 min, and UV initiator dosage of 5 parts. The resulting resin polymer had a double bond conversion rate of 93.2% and a track detection efficiency of 0.714.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; (G.Z.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wencheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; (G.Z.)
| | - Riwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; (G.Z.)
| | - Kuke Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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2
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Radka BP, Pande GK, White TJ. The contribution of network elasticity to electro-optic response in polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37161870 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00225j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymer stabilization of cholesteric liquid crystals can enable dynamic reconfiguration of the selective reflection of the CLC phase. Here, we explore how the contribution of the elasticity of the polymer stabilizing network affects the ion-mediated, electromechanical deformation and associated electro-optic response in PSCLCs. We utilize a free-radical chain transfer reaction between acrylate and thiol monomers that has been used to prepare elastomeric networks. This work maps the compositional contributions of total concentration and crosslink density to tuning and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Radka
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Gaurav K Pande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Photoinitiation abilities of indeno- and indoloquinoxaline derivatives and mechanical properties of dental fillings based on multifunctional acrylic monomers and glass ionomer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Recent Advances in Smart Hydrogels Prepared by Ionizing Radiation Technology for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204377. [PMID: 36297955 PMCID: PMC9608571 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials with excellent biocompatibility and targeting can be widely used in the biomedical field. Hydrogels are an excellent biomedical material, which are similar to living tissue and cannot affect the metabolic process of living organisms. Moreover, the three-dimensional network structure of hydrogel is conducive to the storage and slow release of drugs. Compared to the traditional hydrogel preparation technologies, ionizing radiation technology has high efficiency, is green, and has environmental protection. This technology can easily adjust mechanical properties, swelling, and so on. This review provides a classification of hydrogels and different preparation methods and highlights the advantages of ionizing radiation technology in smart hydrogels used for biomedical applications.
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Goulart M, Fugolin AP, Lewis SH, Rodrigues JA, Erhardt MC, Pfeifer CS. Thiourethane filler functionalization for dental resin composites: Concentration-dependent effects on toughening, stress reduction and depth of cure. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 118:111535. [PMID: 33255088 PMCID: PMC7708674 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to modify the surface of fillers used in dental composites by the synthesis of two novel thiourethane oligomeric silanes, used to functionalize the silica-containing inorganic particles. Several thiourethane silane concentrations were tested during the silanization process to systematically assess the effect of silane coverage on experimental composite conversion, polymerization stress and fracture toughness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two different thiourethane silanes were synthesized based either on 1,6-hexanediol-diissocynate (HDDI), or 1,3-bis(1-isocyanato-1-methylethyl) benzene (BDI). Conventional 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate was used as the control. Glass fillers were silanized with 1, 2 or 4 wt% of each thiourethane silane, then evaluated by thermogravimetrical analysis. Photopolymerizable resin composites were prepared with Bis-GMA/UDMA/TEGDMA and 50 wt% silanized glass filler. Polymerization kinetics and degree of conversion were tested using Near-IR. Bioman was used to test polymerization stress. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA/Tukey's test (α = 5%). RESULTS The mass of silane coupled to the filler increased with the concentrations of thiourethane in the silanizing solution, as expected. Thiourethane-containing groups exhibited significantly higher degree of conversion compared to control groups, except for BDI 4%. HDDI 4%, BDI 2% and BDI 4% showed significantly lower polymerization stress than control groups. HDDI 4% exhibited significantly higher fracture toughness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Novel filler functionalization with thiourethane silanes may be a promising alternative for improving dental composites properties by significantly increasing the degree of conversion, fracture toughness and reducing the polymerization stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goulart
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A P Fugolin
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - S H Lewis
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - J A Rodrigues
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M C Erhardt
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C S Pfeifer
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
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Fugolin AP, Costa AR, Kono E, Quirk E, Ferracane JL, Pfeifer CS. Influence of the organic matrix composition on the polymerization behavior and bulk properties of resin composites containing thiourethane-functionalized fillers. Eur Polym J 2020; 130:109664. [PMID: 32405085 PMCID: PMC7219823 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incorporation of thiourethane-based oligomeric additives into resin composite formulations leads to improvement in mechanical properties and reduction in polymerization stress, but may increase viscosity. The objective of this study was to functionalize filler particle surfaces with thiourethane silane molecules and determine the impact of the inorganic filler loading and surface treatment on the behavior of experimental resin composites with systematically-varied organic matrices. METHODS Thiourethane oligomer was synthesized de novo, and grafted to the surface of 0.7um barium glass. BisGMA and TEGDMA (BT) were combined (at 30:70, 50:50 or 70:30 wt%) to 50 or 75 wt% of methacrylate (MA-Sil - control) or thiourethane-silanized (TU-Sil) particles. Composites were made polymerizable by the addition of 0.2 wt% BAPO and 0.05 wt% BHT was added as inhibitor. A mercury arc lamp (320-500 nm) at 800 mW/cm2 was used for all curing procedures. Kinetics of polymerization was assessed by near-IR spectroscopy in real time. Polymerization stress was determined with a cantilever system in real time (Bioman). Flexural modulus and strength were determined in 3-point bending (25x2x2 mm). Water sorption and solubility and film thickness were tested according to ISO 4049. Polymeric network characteristics were analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Data was analyzed with two-way ANOVA/Tukey's test (95%). RESULTS Viscosity increased with the increase in BisGMA and/or filler amounts. Overall, TU-Sil containing composites showed delayed vitrification and higher final DC. Filler concentration did not affect DC neither flexural strength. DC decreased with increasing BisGMA content. Polymerization stress reduced and flexural modulus increased for higher filler content, especially for formulations containing TU-Sil particles. The water stability was positively affected by the increase in amount of BisGMA and inorganic filler particles. In terms of polymeric network, the addition of TU-Sil particles increased the Tg and decreased the E' and cross-link density. CONCLUSIONS With the exception of flexural modulus, all tested properties were significantly impacted by the matrix viscosity and/or the addition of TU-Sil filler particles. In general, the use of thiourethane oligomers as a silane coupling agent was able to reinforce the materials and reduce the polymerization stress without negatively affecting the viscosity of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Fugolin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics – Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, US
| | - Ana Rosa Costa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Materials – Piracicaba Dental School - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, BRA
| | - Emilie Kono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics – Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, US
| | - Eleanor Quirk
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics – Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, US
| | - Jack L. Ferracane
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics – Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, US
| | - Carmem S. Pfeifer
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics – Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, US
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7
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The Organic Matrix of Restorative Composites and Adhesives. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vidil T, Cloître M, Tournilhac F. Control of Gelation and Network Properties of Cationically Copolymerized Mono- and Diglycidyl Ethers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vidil
- Matière Molle et Chimie, UMR 7167 CNRS ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Cloître
- Matière Molle et Chimie, UMR 7167 CNRS ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francois Tournilhac
- Matière Molle et Chimie, UMR 7167 CNRS ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
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Roose P, Van den Bergen H, Houben A, Bontinck D, Van Vlierberghe S. A Semiempirical Scaling Model for the Solid- and Liquid-State Photopolymerization Kinetics of Semicrystalline Acrylated Oligomers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Roose
- allnex Belgium, Anderlechtstraat 33, Drogenbos B-1620, Belgium
| | | | - Annemie Houben
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Bontinck
- allnex Belgium, Anderlechtstraat 33, Drogenbos B-1620, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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Lim HJ, Khan Z, Lu X, Perera TH, Wilems TS, Ravivarapu KT, Smith Callahan LA. Mechanical stabilization of proteolytically degradable polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate hydrogels through peptide interaction. Acta Biomater 2018. [PMID: 29526829 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Balancing enhancement of neurite extension against loss of matrix support in synthetic hydrogels containing proteolytically degradable and bioactive signaling peptides to optimize tissue formation is difficult. Using a systematic approach, polyethylene glycol hydrogels containing concurrent continuous concentration gradients of the laminin derived bioactive signaling peptide, Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (IKVAV), and collagen derived matrix metalloprotease degradable peptide, GPQGIWGQ, were fabricated and characterized. During proteolytic degradation of the concentration gradient hydrogels, the IKVAV and IWGQ cleavage fragment from GPQGIWGQ were found to interact and stabilize the bulk Young's Modulus of the hydrogel. Further testing of discrete samples containing GPQGIWGQ or its cleavage fragments, GPQG and IWGQ, indicates hydrophobic interactions between the peptides are not necessary for mechanical stabilization of the hydrogel, but changes in the concentration ratio between the peptides tethered in the hydrogel and salts and ions in the swelling solution can affect the stabilization. Encapsulation of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural stem cells did not reduce the mechanical properties of the hydrogel over a 14 day neural differentiation culture period, and IKVAV was found to maintain concentration dependent effects on neurite extension and mRNA gene expression of neural cytoskeletal markers, similar to previous studies. As a result, this work has significant implications for the analysis of biological studies in matrices, as the material and mechanical properties of the hydrogel may be unexpectedly temporally changing during culture due to interactions between peptide signaling elements, underscoring the need for greater matrix characterization during the degradation and cell culture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Greater emulation of the native extracellular matrix is necessary for tissue formation. To achieve this, matrices are becoming more complex, often including multiple bioactive signaling elements. However, peptide signaling in polyethylene glycol matrices and amino acids interactions between peptides can affect hydrogel material and mechanical properties, but are rarely studied. The current study identifies such an interaction between laminin derived peptide, IKVAV, and collagen derived matrix metalloprotease degradable peptide, GPQGIWGQ. Previous studies using these peptides did not identify their interactions' ability to mechanically stabilize the hydrogel during degradation. This work underscores the need for greater matrix characterization and consideration of bioactive signaling element effects temporally on the matrix's material and mechanical properties, as they can contribute to cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Lim
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - Zara Khan
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - Xi Lu
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - T Hiran Perera
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - Thomas S Wilems
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - Krishna T Ravivarapu
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - Laura A Smith Callahan
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; The Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States; The MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States.
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Wilems TS, Lu X, Kurosu YE, Khan Z, Lim HJ, Smith Callahan LA. Effects of free radical initiators on polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate hydrogel properties and biocompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:3059-3068. [PMID: 28744952 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have utilized Irgacure 2959 photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels for tissue engineering application development. Due to the limited penetration of ultraviolet light through tissue, Irgacure 2959 polymerized hydrogels are not suitable for use in tissues where material injection is desirable, such as the spinal cord. To address this, several free radical initiators (thermal initiator VA044, ammonium persulfate (APS)/TEMED reduction-oxidation reaction, and Fenton chemistry) are evaluated for their effects on the material and mechanical properties of PEG hydrogels compared with Irgacure 2959. To emulate the effects of endogenous thiols on in vivo polymerization, the effects of chain transfer agent (CTA) dithiothreitol on gelation rates, material properties, Young's and shear modulus, are examined. Mouse embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural stem cells were used to investigate the cytocompatibility of each polymerization. VA044 and Fenton chemistry polymerization of PEG hydrogels both had gelation rates and mechanical properties that were highly susceptible to changes in CTA concentration and showed poor cytocompatibility. APS/TEMED polymerized hydrogels maintained consistent gelation rates and mechanical properties at high CTA concentration and had a similar cytocompatibility as Irgacure 2959 when cells were encapsulated within the PEG hydrogels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3059-3068, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Wilems
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Xi Lu
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Yuki E Kurosu
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Zara Khan
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Hyun Ju Lim
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Laura A Smith Callahan
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,The Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
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12
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Martim GC, Pfeifer CS, Girotto EM. Novel urethane-based polymer for dental applications with decreased monomer leaching. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 72:192-201. [PMID: 28024577 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize new multifunctional-urethane-methacrylate monomers to be used as the organic matrix in restorative dental composites, and evaluate the main physical-chemical properties of the resulting material. Bis-GMA (bisphenol-A-diglycidylmethacrylate) and GDMA (glycerol dimethacrylate) were modified by reacting the hydroxyl groups with isocyanate groups of urethane-methacrylate precursors to result in the new monomeric systems U-(bis-GMA)-Mod and U-(GDMA)-Mod, U=Urethane and Mod=Modified. The modifications were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. The final monomeric synthesized system was used to prepare dental resins and composites. The physical-chemical properties were evaluated and compared with those of bis-GMA composites with varying filler contents or unfilled resins. U-(bis-GMA)-Mod and U-(GDMA)-Mod can be used to prepare dental restorative composites, with some foreseeable advantages compared with bis-GMA composites. One significant advantage is that these composites have the potential to be less toxic, once they presented a reduction of 50% in leaching of unreacted monomers extracted by solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gedalias C Martim
- Materials Chemistry and Sensors Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carmem S Pfeifer
- Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Oregon Health and Science University, 611 SW Campus Dr, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Emerson M Girotto
- Materials Chemistry and Sensors Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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13
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Szczepanski CR, Stansbury JW. Modification of linear prepolymers to tailor heterogeneous network formation through photo-initiated Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation. POLYMER 2015; 70:8-18. [PMID: 26190865 PMCID: PMC4503221 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) was studied in ambient photopolymerizations of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) modified by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The molecular weight of PMMA and the rate of network formation (through incident UV-irradiation) were varied to influence both the promotion of phase separation through increases in overall free energy, as well as the extent to which phase development occurs during polymerization through diffusion prior to network gelation. The overall free energy of the polymerizing system increases with PMMA molecular weight, such that PIPS is promoted thermodynamically at low loading levels (5 wt%) of a higher molecular weight PMMA (120 kDa), while a higher loading level (20 wt%) is needed to induce PIPS with lower PMMA molecular weight (11 kDa), and phase separation was not promoted at any loading level tested of the lowest molecular weight PMMA (1 kDa). Due to these differences in overall free energy, systems modified by PMMA (11 kDa) underwent phase separation via Nucleation and Growth, and systems modified by PMMA (120 kDa), followed the Spinodal Decomposition mechanism. Despite differences in phase structure, all materials form a continuous phase rich in TEGDMA homopolymer. At high irradiation intensity (Io=20mW/cm2), the rate of network formation prohibited significant phase separation, even when thermodynamically preferred. A staged curing approach, which utilizes low intensity irradiation (Io=300µW/cm2) for the first ~50% of reaction to allow phase separation via diffusion, followed by a high intensity flood-cure to achieve a high degree of conversion, was employed to form phase-separated networks with reduced polymerization stress yet equivalent final conversion and modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R. Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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14
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The reciprocity law concerning light dose relationships applied to BisGMA/TEGDMA photopolymers: theoretical analysis and experimental characterization. Dent Mater 2014; 30:605-12. [PMID: 24674341 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A model BisGMA/TEGDMA unfilled resin was utilized to investigate the effect of varied irradiation intensity on the photopolymerization kinetics and shrinkage stress evolution, as a means for evaluation of the reciprocity relationship. METHODS Functional group conversion was determined by FTIR spectroscopy and polymerization shrinkage stress was obtained by a tensometer. Samples were polymerized with UV light from an EXFO Acticure with 0.1wt% photoinitiator. A one-dimensional kinetic model was utilized to predict the conversion-dose relationship. RESULTS As irradiation intensity increased, conversion decreased at a constant irradiation dose and the overall dose required to achieve full conversion increased. Methacrylate conversion ranged from 64±2% at 3mW/cm(2) to 78±1% at 24mW/cm(2) while the final shrinkage stress varied from 2.4±0.1MPa to 3.0±0.1MPa. The ultimate conversion and shrinkage stress levels achieved were dependent not only upon dose but also the irradiation intensity, in contrast to an idealized reciprocity relationship. A kinetic model was utilized to analyze this behavior and provide theoretical conversion profiles versus irradiation time and dose. SIGNIFICANCE Analysis of the experimental and modeling results demonstrated that the polymerization kinetics do not and should not be expected to follow the reciprocity law behavior. As irradiation intensity is increased, the overall dose required to achieve full conversion also increased. Further, the ultimate conversion and shrinkage stress that are achieved are not dependent only upon dose but rather upon the irradiation intensity and corresponding polymerization rate.
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Taki K, Watanabe Y, Ito H, Ohshima M. Effect of Oxygen Inhibition on the Kinetic Constants of the UV-Radical Photopolymerization of Diurethane Dimethacrylate/Photoinitiator Systems. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402437q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Taki
- Department
of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyoku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa,
Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyoku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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16
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Salian VD, Byrne ME. Crosslinking diversity on network morphology, template binding, and template transport of molecularly imprinted polymers prepared via living radical polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal D. Salian
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials; Biomedical Devices; and Drug Delivery Laboratories; Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn; Alabama; 36849
| | - Mark E. Byrne
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials; Biomedical Devices; and Drug Delivery Laboratories; Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn; Alabama; 36849
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17
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Investigation of termination reactions in free radical photopolymerization of UV powder formulations. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Fróes-Salgado NRG, Boaro LC, Pick B, Pfeifer CS, Francci CE, Méier MM, Braga RR. Influence of the base and diluent methacrylate monomers on the polymerization stress and its determinants. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Pfeifer CS, Wilson ND, Shelton ZR, Stansbury JW. Delayed Gelation Through Chain-Transfer Reactions: Mechanism For Stress Reduction In Methacrylate Networks. POLYMER 2011; 52:3295-3303. [PMID: 21799544 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chain-transfer reactions from thiols to methacrylates are expected to delay gelation and possibly reduce stress at the bonded interface of dental restorations. Thiol additives with varying structures were combined with a dimethacrylate commonly used in dental materials. Polymerization stress/modulus development were monitored by a tensometer/rheometer, respectively, both coupled with RT-NIR. For all thiol-modified materials, conversion and modulus were 5-25 % higher than the control, and maximum reaction rate was 25-50 % lower. Gel point conversions were 12-22 % (control=5 %), and deceleration was observed at later stages in conversion (30-60 %; control=15 %). Consequently, even with increased conversion/modulus, stress values were either equal or reduced compared to the control. This approach does not require any modification in the bonding/photoactivation procedures, and seems promising for stress management not only in polymeric dental materials, but also for other applications of glassy, crosslinked photopolymers, as long as thiol volatility is addressed.
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20
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Berron BJ, Johnson LM, Ba X, McCall JD, Alvey NJ, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Glucose oxidase-mediated polymerization as a platform for dual-mode signal amplification and biodetection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1521-8. [PMID: 21337335 PMCID: PMC3098304 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the first use of a polymerization-based ELISA substrate solution employing enzymatically mediated radical polymerization as a dual-mode amplification strategy. Enzymes are selectively coupled to surfaces to generate radicals that subsequently lead to polymerization-based amplification (PBA) and biodetection. Sensitivity and amplification of the polymerization-based detection system were optimized in a microwell strip format using a biotinylated microwell surface with a glucose oxidase (GOx)–avidin conjugate. The immobilized GOx is used to initiate polymerization, enabling the detection of the biorecognition event visually or through the use of a plate reader. Assay response is compared to that of an enzymatic substrate utilizing nitroblue tetrazolium in a simplified assay using biotinylated wells. The polymerization substrate exhibits equivalent sensitivity (2 µg/mL of GOx-avidin) and over three times greater signal amplification than this traditional enzymatic substrate since each radical that is enzymatically generated leads to a large number of polymerization events. Enzyme-mediated polymerization proceeds in an ambient atmosphere without the need for external energy sources, which is an improvement upon previous PBA platforms. Substrate formulations are highly sensitive to both glucose and iron concentrations at the lowest enzyme concentrations. Increases in amplification time correspond to higher assay sensitivities with no increase in non-specific signal. Finally, the polymerization substrate generated a signal to noise ratio of 14 at the detection limit (156 ng/mL) in an assay of transforming growth factor-beta. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1521–1528. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Berron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ECCH 111, UCB 424, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, USA
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21
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Pilkenton M, Lewman J, Chartoff R. Effect of oxygen on the crosslinking and mechanical properties of a thermoset formed by free-radical photocuring. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Johnson LM, Fairbanks BD, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Enzyme-mediated redox initiation for hydrogel generation and cellular encapsulation. Biomacromolecules 2010; 10:3114-21. [PMID: 19821604 DOI: 10.1021/bm900846m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, water-soluble enzyme-mediated radical chain initiation system involving glucose oxidase and Fe(2+) generated hydrogels within minutes at 25 degrees C and in ambient oxygen. The initiation components were evaluated for their effect on polymerization rates of hydroxyethyl acrylate-poly(ethylene glycol)(575) diacrylate comonomer solutions using near-infrared spectroscopy. Increasing glucose concentration increased polymerization rates until reaching a rate plateau above 1 x 10(-3) M of glucose. A square root dependence of the initial polymerization rate on Fe(2+) concentration was observed between 1.0 x 10(-4) M and 5.0 x 10(-4) M of Fe(2+), whereupon excess Fe(2+) reduced final acrylate conversions. The glucose oxidase-mediated initiation system was employed for encapsulation of fibroblasts (NIH3T3s) into a poly(ethylene glycol) tetra-acrylate (M(n) approximately 20000) hydrogel scaffold demonstrating 96% (+/-3%) viability at 24 h postencapsulation. This first use of enzyme-mediated redox radical chain initiation for cellular encapsulation demonstrates polymerization of hydrogels in situ with kinetic control, minimal oxygen inhibition issues, and utilization of low initiator concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ECCH 111 CB 424, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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23
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Xing W, Song L, Lv X, Wang X, Hu Y. Preparation, combustion and thermal behaviors of UV-cured coatings containing organically modified α-ZrP. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-010-9405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Xing W, Song L, Hu Y, Zhou S, Wu K, Chen L. Thermal properties and combustion behaviors of a novel UV-curable flame retarded coating containing silicon and phosphorus. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Kilambi H, Reddy SK, Schneidewind L, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Influence of the secondary functionality on the radical-vinyl chemistry of highly reactive monoacrylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Xing W, Hu Y, Song L, Chen X, Zhang P, Ni J. Thermal degradation and combustion of a novel UV curable coating containing phosphorus. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Berchtold KA, Nie J, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Reactivity of Monovinyl (Meth)Acrylates Containing Cyclic Carbonates. Macromolecules 2008; 41:9035-9043. [PMID: 20011055 DOI: 10.1021/ma801644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tremendous diversity of materials properties available with polymers is due in large part to the ability to design structures from the monomeric state. The ease of use of comonomer mixtures only expands this versatility. While final polymer properties are obviously important in the selection or development of a material for a given purpose, for a number of applications, such as optical fiber coatings, photolithography and microelectronics, the additional requirement of a very rapid polymerization process may be equally critical. A class of unusually reactive mono-(meth)acrylate monomers bearing secondary functionality that includes carbonates, carbamates and oxazolidones, has been demonstrated but not fully explained. Here, the influence of an integral cyclic carbonate functional group on (meth)acrylate photopolymerization kinetics is examined in detail with respect to monomers with a wide variety of alternative secondary functionality structure as well as in comparison to conventional mono- and di-(meth)acrylates. The kinetic results from full cure studies of several cyclic carbonate-containing monomers clearly highlight specific structural variations that effectively promote monomer reactivity. Copolymerizations with tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate reflect similar dramatic kinetic effects associated with the novel monomers while partial cure homopolymerization studies reveal exceptional dark cure behavior linked to observations of uncommonly low ratios of termination to propagation rates throughout the conversion profile. Temperature effects on reaction kinetics, including both reaction rate and the individual kinetic parameters, as well as the temperature dependence of hydrogen bonding interactions specifically involving the secondary functional groups are probed as a means to understand better the fundamentally interesting and practically important behavior of these monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Berchtold
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E-549, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 USA
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28
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Bowman CN, Kloxin CJ. Toward an enhanced understanding and implementation of photopolymerization reactions. AIChE J 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Mechanisms, polymerization rate scaling, and oxygen inhibition with an ultra-rapid monovinyl urethane acrylate. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Chen X, Hu Y, Song L, Jiao C. Preparation and thermal properties of a novel UV-cured star polyurethane acrylate coating. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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32
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Kilambi H, Reddy SK, Bowman CN. Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of Photopolymerizations of Acrylates in the Presence of Iniferters. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070187f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harini Kilambi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, and Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dentistry, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Sirish K. Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, and Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dentistry, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, and Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dentistry, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508
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33
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Bryant SJ, Cuy JL, Hauch KD, Ratner BD. Photo-patterning of porous hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2007; 28:2978-86. [PMID: 17397918 PMCID: PMC1950475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since pore size and geometry strongly impact cell behavior and in vivo reaction, the ability to create scaffolds with a wide range of pore geometries that can be tailored to suit a particular cell type addresses a key need in tissue engineering. In this contribution, we describe a novel and simple technique to design porous, degradable poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel scaffolds with well-defined architectures using a unique photolithography process and optimized polymer chemistry. A sphere-template was used to produce a highly uniform, monodisperse porous structure. To create a patterned and porous hydrogel scaffold, a photomask and initiating light were employed. Open, vertical channels ranging in size from 360+/-25 to 730+/-70 microm were patterned into approximately 700 microm thick hydrogels with pore diameters of 62+/-8 or 147+/-15 microm. Collagen type I was immobilized onto the scaffolds to facilitate cell adhesion. To assess the potential of these novel scaffolds for tissue engineering, a skeletal myoblast cell line (C2C12) was seeded onto scaffolds with 147 microm pores and 730 microm diameter channels, and analyzed by histology and digital volumetric imaging. Cell elongation, cell spreading and fibrillar formation were observed on these novel scaffolds. In summary, 3D architectures can be patterned into porous hydrogels in one step to create a wide range of tissue engineering scaffolds that may be tailored for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Bryant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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34
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35
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White TJ, Liechty WB, Guymon CA. The influence ofN-vinyl pyrrolidone on polymerization kinetics and thermo-mechanical properties of crosslinked acrylate polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Reddy SK, Cramer NB, Bowman CN. Thiol−Vinyl Mechanisms. 1. Termination and Propagation Kinetics in Thiol−Ene Photopolymerizations. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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38
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Soulé E, Borrajo J, Williams R. Kinetics of the free-radical copolymerization of isobornyl methacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the entire composition range. POLYM ENG SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Beckel ER, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Evaluation of a Potential Ionic Contribution to the Polymerization of Highly Reactive (Meth)acrylate Monomers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Beckel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424; Anteon Corporation, 5100 Springfield Pike, Suite 509, Dayton, Ohio 45433; and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424; Anteon Corporation, 5100 Springfield Pike, Suite 509, Dayton, Ohio 45433; and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424; Anteon Corporation, 5100 Springfield Pike, Suite 509, Dayton, Ohio 45433; and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
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40
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Berchtold KA, Randolph TW, Bowman CN. Propagation and Termination Kinetics of Cross-Linking Photopolymerizations Studied Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Conjunction with Near IR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0506482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Berchtold
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, Materials Science & Technology Division, MST-7, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E-549, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Theodore W. Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, Materials Science & Technology Division, MST-7, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E-549, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, Materials Science & Technology Division, MST-7, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E-549, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
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41
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Lovestead TM, Burdick JA, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Understanding multivinyl monomer photopolymerization kinetics through modeling and GPC investigation of degradable networks. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Lovestead TM, Berchtold KA, Bowman CN. An Investigation of Chain Length Dependent Termination and Reaction Diffusion Controlled Termination during the Free Radical Photopolymerization of Multivinyl Monomers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050519l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Lovestead
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424; Materials Science & Technology Division, MST-7, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E-549, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545; and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Kathryn A. Berchtold
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424; Materials Science & Technology Division, MST-7, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E-549, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545; and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424; Materials Science & Technology Division, MST-7, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E-549, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545; and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
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43
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Kilambi H, Beckel ER, Berchtold KA, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Influence of molecular dipole on monoacrylate monomer reactivity. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Lovestead TM, Bowman CN. A Modeling Investigation of Chain Length Dependent Termination during Multivinyl Free Radical Chain Photopolymerizations: Accounting for the Gel. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Lovestead
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
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45
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Johnson PM, Reynolds TB, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. High throughput kinetic analysis of photopolymer conversion using composition and exposure time gradients. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Beckel ER, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Effect of Aliphatic Spacer Substitution on the Reactivity of Phenyl Carbamate Acrylate Monomers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma048359l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Beckel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, and Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80045-0508
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47
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Andrzejewska E, Zych-Tomkowiak D, Bogacki MB, Andrzejewski M. Photoinduced Cross-Linking Polymerization in the Presence of Aromatic Thiols. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Andrzejewska
- Poznań University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Zych-Tomkowiak
- Poznań University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz B. Bogacki
- Poznań University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Andrzejewski
- Poznań University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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48
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Effect of Aryl Substituents on the Reactivity of Phenyl Carbamate Acrylate Monomers. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma030536f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Berchtold KA, Nie J, Stansbury JW, Hacioǧlu B, Beckel ER, Bowman CN. Novel Monovinyl Methacrylic Monomers Containing Secondary Functionality for Ultrarapid Polymerization: Steady-State Evaluation. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035862+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Jansen JFGA, Houben EEJE, Tummers PHG, Wienke D, Hoffmann J. Real-Time Infrared Determination of Photoinitiated Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios: Application of the Hilbert Transform and Critical Evaluation of Data Analysis Techniques. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035587r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John Hoffmann
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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