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Dolan GK, Yakubov GE, Bonilla MR, Lopez-Sanchez P, Stokes JR. Friction, lubrication, and in situ mechanics of poroelastic cellulose hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3592-3601. [PMID: 28443922 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The tribology between biphasic materials is challenging to predict and interpret due to the interrelationship between mechanical properties, microstructure and movement of the fluid phase contained within. A new approach is presented to deconvolute these effects for cellulose hydrogels, which have a fibrous network that is akin to the microstructure of articular cartilage and plant cell walls. This is achieved by developing a tribo-rheological technique that uniquely incorporates in situ mechanical characterisation (compression-relaxation and small amplitude oscillatory shear) immediately prior to measuring the tribological response between pairs of hydrogels. A radial pressure gradient is generated upon compression-relaxation of the poroelastic hydrogels that results in a non-uniform film thickness at the interface between them. Simulations of this process show that contact between gels occurs in an outer annulus region. Accounting for the predicted contact area between hydrogels varying in cellulose density and pectin solution viscosity causes measured tribology data to collapse onto a single curve; the apparent static friction between hydrogel tribopairs increases with the storage modulus of the hydrogels according to a power law with exponent 0.67. The method is used to compare the influence of plant cell wall polysaccharides, xyloglucan and arabinoxylan, on the interactive forces between cellulose fibres; xyloglucan is found to reduce the static friction between the hydrogels while arabinoxylan had no significant effect. The methodologies presented should provide a new framework for studying the friction between gels and other biphasic soft materials and polymeric surface films.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Dolan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - G E Yakubov
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - M R Bonilla
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - P Lopez-Sanchez
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - J R Stokes
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Liu XJ, Ren XY, Guan S, Li HQ, Song ZK, Gao GH. Highly stretchable and tough double network hydrogels via molecular stent. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Vives CM, Pastoriza A. Poly(N-vinyl imidazole) hydrogels polymerized in molds of different materials. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ren HY, Mizukami M, Tanabe T, Furukawa H, Kurihara K. Friction of polymer hydrogels studied by resonance shear measurements. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6192-6200. [PMID: 26098710 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The friction between an elastomer and a hard surface typically has two contributors, i.e., the interfacial and deformation components. The friction of viscoelastic hydrogel materials has been extensively studied between planar gel and planar substrate surfaces from the viewpoint of an interfacial interaction. However, the geometry of the contact in practical applications is much more complex. The contribution of geometric and elastic deformation terms of a gel to friction could not be neglected. In this study, we used resonance shear measurements (RSMs) for characterizing the shear response of a glass sphere on a flat polymer hydrogel, a double network (DN) gel of 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and N,N-dimethylacrylamide. The contact mechanics conformed to the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory. The observed resonance curves exhibited rather sharp peaks when the DN gel and the silica sphere were brought into contact, and their intensity and frequency increased with the increase in the normal load. We proposed a simple physical model of the shearing system, and the elastic (k2) and viscous (b2) parameters of the interface between a silica sphere and a flat DN gel were obtained. The friction force from elastic deformation and viscous dissipation terms was then estimated using the obtained parameters. It was revealed that the elastic parameter (k2) increased up to 1780 N m(-1) at a normal load of 524 mN, while the viscous parameter (b2) was zero or quite low (<0.1 N s m(-1)) for a silica sphere (radius of 18.4 mm). Thus, the friction force between a flat DN gel and a silica sphere in air was dominated by the elastic term due to the local deformation by contact with the silica sphere. By adding water, the elastic parameter (k2) remained the same, while the viscous parameter (b2) slightly increased. However, the viscous term fviscous was still much smaller than felastic. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first quantitative estimation of the contribution of the elastic deformation term to the friction in the case when deformation of non-flat contact regions occurs. The obtained results can be basic knowledge for designing gels for applications such as artificial cartilages and sliding bearings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Yin Ren
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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Ahmed J, Guo H, Yamamoto T, Kurokawa T, Takahata M, Nakajima T, Gong JP. Sliding Friction of Zwitterionic Hydrogel and Its Electrostatic Origin. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500382y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Ahmed
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Honglei Guo
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tetsurou Yamamoto
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | | | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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Ahmed N, Murosaki T, Kurokawa T, Kakugo A, Yashima S, Nogata Y, Gong JP. Prolonged morphometric study of barnacles grown on soft substrata of hydrogels and elastomers. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:271-279. [PMID: 24447274 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.863280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A long-term investigation of the shell shape and the basal morphology of barnacles grown on tough, double-network (DN) hydrogels and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer was conducted in a laboratory environment. The elastic modulus of these soft substrata varied between 0.01 and 0.47 MPa. Polystyrene (PS) (elastic modulus, 3 GPa) was used as a hard substratum control. It was found that the shell shape and the basal plate morphology of barnacles were different on the rigid PS substratum compared to the soft substrata of PDMS and DN hydrogels. Barnacles on the PS substratum had a truncated cone shape with a flat basal plate while on soft PDMS and DN gels, barnacles had a pseudo-cylindrical shape and their basal plates showed curvature. In addition, a large adhesive layer was observed under barnacles on PDMS, but not on DN gels. The effect of substratum stiffness is discussed in terms of barnacle muscle contraction, whereby the relative stiffness of the substratum compared to that of the muscle is considered as the key parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmed
- a Laboratory of Soft & Wet Matter, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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Sudre G, Hourdet D, Cousin F, Creton C, Tran Y. Structure of surfaces and interfaces of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12282-12287. [PMID: 22823739 DOI: 10.1021/la301417x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the surface structure of hydrogels of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) hydrogels synthesized and cross-linked simultaneously by redox free radical polymerization. We demonstrate the existence of a less cross-linked layer at the surface of the gel at least at two different length scales characterized by shear rheology and by neutron reflectivity, suggesting the existence of a gradient in cross-linking. The composition of the layer is shown to depend on the degree of hydrophobicity of the mold surface and is weaker for more hydrophobic molds. While the macroscopic tests proved the existence of a relatively thick under-cross-linked layer, we also demonstrated by neutron reflectivity that the gel surface at the submicrometric scale (500 nm) was also affected by the surface treatment of the mold. These results should have important implications for the measurement of macroscopic surface properties of these hydrogels such as friction or adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sudre
- Laboratoire de Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, UMR 7615 CNRS/UPMC/ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
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Nakano Y, Kurokawa T, Du M, Liu J, Tominaga T, Osada Y, Gong JP. Effect of Hyaluronan Solution on Dynamic Friction of PVA Gel Sliding on Weakly Adhesive Glass Substrate. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201522q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nakano
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Miao Du
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jian Liu
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Taiki Tominaga
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Osada
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Kamada K, Furukawa H, Kurokawa T, Tada T, Tominaga T, Nakano Y, Gong JP. Surfactant-induced friction reduction for hydrogels in the boundary lubrication regime. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:284107. [PMID: 21709329 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/28/284107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the ability of surfactants to reduce friction by boundary lubrication for a bulk hydrogel sliding on a solid surface in an aqueous solution. A piece of negatively charged polyelectrolyte hydrogel was slid across solid surfaces with various levels of hydrophobicity, using a strain-controlled parallel-plate rheometer in water. A dramatic reduction in the sliding friction, especially in the low velocity region, was detected by the addition of a surfactant to the water medium. This friction reduction was only observed in gel-solid friction but not in solid-solid friction, indicating that the soft and wet nature of the gel surface was crucial for this surfactant-induced friction reduction. This phenomenon reveals that surfactants can remain at the gel-mated interface, thus preventing direct interfacial interaction between the sliding surfaces, and significantly decreasing the frictional stress. The reported dramatic reduction in friction highlights the frictional characteristics of soft and wet hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kamada
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Yang JJ, Chen YM, Kurokawa T, Gong JP, Onodera S, Yasuda K. Gene expression, glycocalyx assay, and surface properties of human endothelial cells cultured on hydrogel matrix with sulfonic moiety: Effect of elasticity of hydrogel. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 95:531-42. [PMID: 20681030 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We measured the gene expression, glycocalyx content, and surface properties of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) cultured on poly(sodium p-styrene sulfonate) (PNaSS) hydrogels with various levels of elasticity ranged in 3-300 kPa. We found that all HCAECs reached confluence on these hydrogels while retaining the similar expression of EC-specific markers to that on polystyrene (PS), a widely used scaffold in cell culture in vitro. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay showed that the amount of EC-specific glycocalyx secreted by HCAECs cultured on PNaSS gels was higher than that cultured on PS, and it increased with an increase of gel elasticity. Furthermore, the HCAECs cultured on PNaSS gels showed excellent property against platelet adhesion and lower surface friction than that on PS. The platelet adhesion and surface friction of HCAECs cultured on PNaSS gels also depend on the elasticity of gels. The largest amount of EC-specific glycocalyx, excellent blood compatibility, and the lowest friction were observed when the elastic modulus of the gel was larger than 60 kPa. Overall, HCAECs cultured on these hydrogels have better properties than those cultured on PS scaffold, demonstrating the PNaSS gels can be used as potential tissue engineering material for blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing Yang
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Nakajima T, Takedomi N, Kurokawa T, Furukawa H, Gong JP. A facile method for synthesizing free-shaped and tough double network hydrogels using physically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) as an internal mold. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nanoscale mechanical measurement determination of the glass transition temperature of poly(lactic acid)/everolimus coated stents in air and dissolution media. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 36:493-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tanaka Y, Kawauchi Y, Kurokawa T, Furukawa H, Okajima T, Gong JP. Localized Yielding Around Crack Tips of Double-Network Gels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Du M, Maki Y, Tominaga T, Furukawa H, Gong JP, Osada Y, Zheng Q. Friction of Soft Gel in Dilute Polymer Solution. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0702187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Du
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; SORST, JST, Japan; and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
| | - Yasuyuki Maki
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; SORST, JST, Japan; and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
| | - Taiki Tominaga
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; SORST, JST, Japan; and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
| | - Hidemitsu Furukawa
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; SORST, JST, Japan; and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; SORST, JST, Japan; and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
| | - Yoshihito Osada
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; SORST, JST, Japan; and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; SORST, JST, Japan; and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
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Kagata G, Gong JP. Surface sliding friction of negatively charged polyelectrolyte gels. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007; 56:296-302. [PMID: 17137762 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The friction between two polyelectrolyte gels carrying the same or opposite sign of charges has been investigated using a rheometer. It is found that the friction was strongly dependent on the interfacial interaction between two gel surfaces. In the repulsive interaction case, especially, the friction was extremely low. The friction behavior is attempted to be described in terms of the hydrodynamic lubrication of the solvent layer between two like-charged gel surfaces, which is formed due to the electrostatic repulsion of the two gel surfaces. From the theoretical analysis (hydrodynamic mechanism), the friction behaviors were explained qualitatively, all of the experimental results, nevertheless, could not be understood well. The viscoelastic feature of the gel and the non-Newtonian behavior of water at the friction interface are considered to be important to elucidate the gel friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Kagata
- Creative Research Initiative SOUSEI, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Gong JP. Friction and lubrication of hydrogels-its richness and complexity. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:544-552. [PMID: 32680232 DOI: 10.1039/b603209p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological connective tissues, such as cartilage and corneal stroma, are essentially hydrogels consisting of fibrous collagen and proteoglycans. Little is known of the surface properties of the hydrogel, although we observe fascinating tribological behavior in biological soft tissues, such as extremely low friction between animal cartilages. We consider that the role of the solvated polymer network existing in the extracellular matrix as a gel state is critically important in the specific frictional behavior of cartilages. In order to elucidate the general tribological features of a solvated polymer matrix, the friction of various kinds of hydrogels has been investigated, and very rich and complex frictional behaviors are observed. The friction force and its dependence on the load differ with the chemical structure of the gels, surface properties of the opposing substrates, and the measurement conditions, which are totally different from those of solids. Most importantly, the coefficient of friction of gels, , varies over a wide range and exhibits very low values (≈ 10-10), which cannot be obtained from the friction between two solid materials. A repulsion-adsorption model has been proposed to explain the gel friction, which says that the friction is due to lubrication of a hydrated layer of polymer chains when the polymer chain of the gel is non-adhesive (repulsive) to the substrate, and the friction is due to elastic deformation of the adsorbed polymer chain when it is adhesive to the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ping Gong
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, JAPAN and SORST, JST, Sapporo, 060-0810, JAPAN.
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Kheirandish S, Jabbari E. Effect of surface polarity on wettability and friction coefficient of silicone rubber/poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel composite. Colloid Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-006-1513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kurokawa T, Tominaga T, Katsuyama Y, Kuwabara R, Furukawa H, Osada Y, Gong JP. Elastic-hydrodynamic transition of gel friction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8643-8. [PMID: 16142942 DOI: 10.1021/la050635h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the surface sliding friction of a high strength gel against a glass substrate under a normal pressure range of 0.01-2.5 MPa. The friction of the gel swollen with different viscous solvents is investigated over a wide velocity range. A velocity-viscosity conversion relationship is established. From the velocity-viscosity conversion relationship, a master curve that is characteristic to the elastic-hydrodynamic transition is observed. The results indicate that the adsorption model proposed by our previous work is valid even under a pressure up to MPa orders, which is the order of pressure that a cartilage sustains in the articular joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Benz M, Chen N, Israelachvili J. Lubrication and wear properties of grafted polyelectrolytes, hyaluronan and hylan, measured in the surface forces apparatus. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 71:6-15. [PMID: 15368250 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is believed to have an important function in the boundary biolubrication of articular cartilage. Using a Surface Forces Apparatus, we tested the tribological properties of surface bound, rather than "free" hyaluronan. The grafting process of the polyelectrolyte included either a biological route via an HA-binding protein or a chemical reaction to covalently bind the polymer to a lipid bilayer coated surface. In another reaction, we constructed a surface with covalently grafted hylan (crosslinked hyaluronan). We studied the normal and shear forces between these surfaces. None of the systems demonstrated comparable lubrication to that found between cartilage surfaces except at very low loads. Both grafted hyaluronan and hylan generated coefficients of friction between 0.15 and 0.3. Thus, the polysaccharide, which is a constituent of the lamina splendens (outermost cartilage layer), is not expected to be the responsible molecule for the great lubricity of cartilage; however, it may contribute to the load bearing and wear protection of these surfaces. This was concluded from the results with hylan, where a thin gel layer was sufficient to shield the underlying surfaces from damage even at applied pressures of over 200 atmospheres during shear. Our study shows that a low coefficient of friction is not a requirement for, or necessarily a measure of, wear protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Benz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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23
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Kampf N, Raviv U, Klein J. Normal and Shear Forces between Adsorbed and Gelled Layers of Chitosan, a Naturally Occurring Cationic Polyelectrolyte. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0303263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wei M, Bullions TA, Rusa CC, Wang X, Tonelli AE. Unique morphological and thermal behaviors of reorganized poly(ethylene terephthalates). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kagata G, Gong JP, Osada Y. Friction of Gels. 7. Observation of Static Friction between Like-Charged Gels. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022463s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Go Kagata
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Osada
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, JST, Tokyo, Japan
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Peng M, Ping Gong J, Osada Y. Substrate effect on the formation of hydrogels with heterogeneous network structure. CHEM REC 2003; 3:40-50. [PMID: 12552530 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It was found that when an aqueous solution of vinyl monomers is polymerized on a hydrophobic substrate, obvious heterogeneity occurs in the region of the interface. This substrate effect was observed on polytetrafluroethylene (Teflon), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinylchloride (PVC), but not on hydrophilic substrates. Compared with synthesis on hydrophilic surfaces, the surfaces of hydrogels synthesized on a hydrophobic substrate exhibit a larger degree of swelling, a lower surface coefficient of friction and elastic modulus, weaker interfacial adhesion, and reduced interaction with biological cells. This substrate effect has been observed for many types of aqueous monomer solutions. It was found that the above properties are related to the loosely cross-linked architecture, containing some graft-like polymer chains, that is formed on the gel surface when the gel is prepared on a hydrophobic substrate. To understand the mechanism of the substrate effect, two novel optical methods, electric speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) and real-time laser sheet refraction (RT-LSR), were developed. It was found that oxygen trapped in the composite interface between the monomer solution and rough hydrophobic substrates played an important role in the substrate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Peng
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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