1
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Jarrett TWJ, Svaneborg C. SEB: a computational tool for symbolic derivation of the small-angle scattering from complex composite structures. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:587-601. [PMID: 38596723 PMCID: PMC11001407 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Analysis of small-angle scattering (SAS) data requires intensive modeling to infer and characterize the structures present in a sample. This iterative improvement of models is a time-consuming process. Presented here is Scattering Equation Builder (SEB), a C++ library that derives exact analytic expressions for the form factors of complex composite structures. The user writes a small program that specifies how the sub-units should be linked to form a composite structure and calls SEB to obtain an expression for the form factor. SEB supports e.g. Gaussian polymer chains and loops, thin rods and circles, solid spheres, spherical shells and cylinders, and many different options for how these can be linked together. The formalism behind SEB is presented and simple case studies are given, such as block copolymers with different types of linkage, as well as more complex examples, such as a random walk model of 100 linked sub-units, dendrimers, polymers and rods attached to the surfaces of geometric objects, and finally the scattering from a linear chain of five stars, where each star is built up of four diblock copolymers. These examples illustrate how SEB can be used to develop complex models and hence reduce the cost of analyzing SAS data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Svaneborg
- University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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2
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Heo TY, Choi SH. Ionic Strength-Dependent Structure of Complex Coacervate Core Micelles. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1256-1265. [PMID: 38288748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Salt concentration-dependent structure of complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms), formed by polyether-based block copolyelectrolytes containing cationic ammonium (A) or anionic sulfonate (S) groups in aqueous media, is investigated by light scattering and small-angle X-ray/neutron scattering (SAX/NS). As the salt concentration increases, both a core radius (Rcore) and an aggregation number (Nagg) significantly decrease, but a corona thickness (Lcorona) is nearly unchanged. Larger salt concentrations can lower the interfacial tension between the coacervate cores and aqueous media, resulting in an increased interfacial area per chain and a more relaxed conformation of the core blocks. Based on the structure characterization, the scaling relationship between structure parameters (i.e., Rcore, Nagg, and Lcorona) and salt concentration is obtained and compared to the theoretical description estimated by the free energy balance between the entropic penalty of core stretching and the interfacial energy. We propose that the free energy contribution of the core block stretching is not negligible in C3Ms because of the highly swollen cores caused by water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
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3
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Liao G, Derry MJ, Smith AJ, Armes SP, Mykhaylyk OO. Determination of Reaction Kinetics by Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-ray Scattering during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: Direct Evidence for Monomer-Swollen Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312119. [PMID: 37996999 PMCID: PMC10952692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of heterogeneous polymerization is determined directly using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This important advancement is exemplified for the synthesis of sterically-stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in mineral oil at 90 °C. The principle of mass balance is invoked to derive a series of equations for the analysis of the resulting time-resolved SAXS patterns. Importantly, there is a continuous change in the X-ray scattering length density for the various components within the reaction mixture. This enables the volume fraction of unreacted BzMA monomer to be calculated at any given time point, which enables the polymerization kinetics to be monitored in situ directly without relying on supplementary characterization techniques. Moreover, SAXS enables the local concentration of both monomer and solvent within the growing swollen nanoparticles to be determined during the polymerization. Data analysis reveals that the instantaneous rate of BzMA polymerization is proportional to the local monomer concentration within the nanoparticles. In principle, this powerful new time-resolved SAXS approach can be applicable to other heterogeneous polymerization formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Liao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldDainton BuildingSheffieldS3 7HFUK
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and TechnologySchool of Emergent Soft MatterGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldDainton BuildingSheffieldS3 7HFUK
- Aston Advanced Materials Research CentreAston UniversityAston TriangleBirminghamB4 7ETUK
| | - Andrew J. Smith
- Beamline I22Diamond Light Source LtdDiamond HouseDidcotOX11 0DEUK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldDainton BuildingSheffieldS3 7HFUK
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4
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Heo TY, Audus DJ, Choi SH. Scaling Relationship of Complex Coacervate Core Micelles: Role of Core Block Stretching. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1396-1402. [PMID: 37782013 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The scaling relationship of complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms) has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The C3Ms are formed by mixing two oppositely charged block copolyelectrolyte solutions (i.e., AB + AC system) and are characterized by small-angle neutron (SANS) and X-ray scattering (SAXS). Scaling relationships for micellar structure parameters, including core radius, total radius, corona thickness, and aggregation number, all with respect to the core block length, are determined. A scaling theory is also proposed by minimizing the free energy per chain, leading to four regimes depending on the core and corona chain conformations. Although the corona block is significantly longer than the core block, the structure of our C3Ms is consistent with that of the crew-cut I regime. A highly swollen core by water enables the core blocks to be stretched significantly and corona chains to be minimally overlapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Debra J Audus
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Soo-Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
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5
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Guild J, Knox ST, Burholt SB, Hilton E, Terrill NJ, Schroeder SL, Warren NJ. Continuous-Flow Laboratory SAXS for In Situ Determination of the Impact of Hydrophilic Block Length on Spherical Nano-Object Formation during Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2023; 56:6426-6435. [PMID: 37637307 PMCID: PMC10448749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful technique for characterizing block-copolymer nano-object formation during polymerization-induced self-assembly. To work effectively in situ, it requires high intensity X-rays which enable the short acquisition times required for real-time measurements. However, routine access to synchrotron X-ray sources is expensive and highly competitive. Flow reactors provide an opportunity to obtain temporal resolution by operating at a consistent flow rate. Here, we equip a flow-reactor with an X-ray transparent flow-cell at the outlet which facilitates the use of a low-flux laboratory SAXS instrument for in situ monitoring. The formation and morphological evolution of spherical block copolymer nano-objects was characterized during reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of diacetone acrylamide in the presence of a series of poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm) macromolecular chain transfer agents with varying degrees of polymerization. SAXS analysis indicated that during the polymerization, highly solvated, loosely defined aggregates form after approximately 100 s, followed by expulsion of solvent to form well-defined spherical particles with PDAAm cores and PDMAm stabilizer chains, which then grow as the polymerization proceeds. Analysis also indicates that the aggregation number (Nagg) increases during the reaction, likely due to collisions between swollen, growing nanoparticles. In situ SAXS conducted on PISA syntheses using different PDMAm DPs indicated a varying conformation of the chains in the particle cores, from collapsed chains for PDMAm47 to extended chains for PDMAm143. At high conversion, the final Nagg decreased as a function of increasing PDMAm DP, indicating increased steric stabilization afforded by the longer chains which is reflected by a decrease in both core diameter (from SAXS) and hydrodynamic diameter (from DLS) for a constant core DP of 400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
D. Guild
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Stephen T. Knox
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sam B. Burholt
- Diamond
House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Eleanor.M. Hilton
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Diamond
House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Sven L.M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- School
of Chemical and Processing Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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6
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Levin I, Radulescu A, Liberman L, Cohen Y. Block Copolymer Adsorption on the Surface of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Dispersion in N, N Dimethyl Formamide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:838. [PMID: 36903716 PMCID: PMC10004759 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to characterize the adsorption morphology of block copolymer dispersants of the styrene-block-4-vinylpyridine family (S4VP) on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in a polar organic solvent, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF). Good, unagglomerated dispersion is important in several applications such as fabricating CNT nanocomposites in a polymer film for electronic or optical devices. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements, using the contrast variation (CV) method, are used to evaluate the density and extension of the polymer chains adsorbed on the nanotube surface, which can yield insight into the means of successful dispersion. The results show that the block copolymers adsorb onto the MWCNT surface as a continuous coverage of low polymer concentration. Poly(styrene) (PS) blocks adsorb more tightly, forming a 20 Å layer containing about 6 wt.% PS, whereas poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) blocks emanate into the solvent, forming a thicker shell (totaling 110 Å in radius) but of very dilute (<1 wt.%) polymer concentration. This indicates strong chain extension. Increasing the PS molecular weight increases the thickness of the adsorbed layer but decreases the overall polymer concentration within it. These results are relevant for the ability of dispersed CNTs to form a strong interface with matrix polymers in composites, due to the extension of the 4VP chains allowing for entanglement with matrix chains. The sparse polymer coverage of the CNT surface may provide sufficient space to form CNT-CNT contacts in processed films and composites, which are important for electrical or thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Levin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-4) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yachin Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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7
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Barnsley LC, Nandakumaran N, Feoktystov A, Dulle M, Fruhner L, Feygenson M. A reverse Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate two-dimensional small-angle scattering intensities. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:1592-1602. [PMID: 36570657 PMCID: PMC9721324 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle scattering (SAS) experiments are a powerful method for studying self-assembly phenomena in nanoscopic materials because of the sensitivity of the technique to structures formed by interactions on the nanoscale. Numerous out-of-the-box options exist for analysing structures measured by SAS but many of these are underpinned by assumptions about the underlying interactions that are not always relevant for a given system. Here, a numerical algorithm based on reverse Monte Carlo simulations is described to model the intensity observed on a SAS detector as a function of the scattering vector. The model simulates a two-dimensional detector image, accounting for magnetic scattering, instrument resolution, particle polydispersity and particle collisions, while making no further assumptions about the underlying particle interactions. By simulating a two-dimensional image that can be potentially anisotropic, the algorithm is particularly useful for studying systems driven by anisotropic interactions. The final output of the algorithm is a relative particle distribution, allowing visualization of particle structures that form over long-range length scales (i.e. several hundred nanometres), along with an orientational distribution of magnetic moments. The effectiveness of the algorithm is shown by modelling a SAS experimental data set studying finite-length chains consisting of magnetic nanoparticles, which assembled in the presence of a strong magnetic field due to dipole interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester C. Barnsley
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton 3168, Australia,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85748 Garching, Germany,Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Nileena Nandakumaran
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI), JARA-FIT, 52425 Jülich, Germany,Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik IVc, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Artem Feoktystov
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lisa Fruhner
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mikhail Feygenson
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany,European Spallation Source ERIC, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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8
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Spanjers JM, Brodszkij E, Gal N, Skov Pedersen J, Städler B. On the assembly of zwitterionic block copolymers with phospholipids. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Pickett PD, Ma Y, Lueckheide M, Mao Y, Prabhu VM. Temperature dependent single-chain structure of poly[3-(acrylamidopropyl-dimethyl-ammonium) propyl-1-sulfonate] via small-angle neutron scattering. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:214904. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0093158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Responsive polyzwitterionic materials have become important for a range of applications such as environmental remediation and targeted drug delivery. Much is known about the macroscopic phase-behaviors of such materials, but how the smaller scale single-chain structures of polyzwitterions respond to external stimuli is not well understood, especially at temperatures close to their phase boundaries. Such chain conformation responses are important in directing larger-scale associative properties. Here, we study the temperature dependent single-chain structure of a model polysulfobetaine, poly[3-(acrylamidopropyl-dimethyl-ammonium) propyl-1-sulfonate], using small angle neutron scattering. In the absence of salt, we find that temperature has a large effect on solvent quality with a decreasing trend from good solvent conditions at 50 °C to poor solvent at 10 °C (a temperature just above the cloud point of 7.6 °C) and an estimated theta temperature of 39 °C. When 100 mM NaCl is present, the solvent quality is good with weak temperature dependence. Without salt present, the polymer chain appears to have a nearly Gaussian coil conformation and the backbone becomes slightly more rigid as the temperature is lowered to the cloud point as determined by the Debye-local rod model on a Kratky plot. The addition of salt has a notable effect on the intra-chain correlations where an increase in chain dimensions to a swollen coil conformation and an increase in chain rigidity is observed at 100 mM NaCl in D2O, however, with a negligible temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D. Pickett
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Yuanchi Ma
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Michael Lueckheide
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Yimin Mao
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2115, USA
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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10
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Sakuragi M. Evaluation of the supramolecular structure of drug delivery carriers using synchrotron X-ray scattering. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Ye Z, Wu Z, Jayaraman A. Computational Reverse Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments (CREASE) on Vesicles Assembled from Amphiphilic Macromolecular Solutions. JACS AU 2021; 1:1925-1936. [PMID: 34841410 PMCID: PMC8611670 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present the development and validation of the "Computational Reverse-Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments" (CREASE) method for analyzing scattering results from vesicle structures that are commonly found upon assembly of synthetic, biomimetic, or bioderived amphiphilic copolymers in solution. The two-step CREASE method takes the amphiphilic polymer chemistry and small-angle scattering intensity profile, I exp(q), as input and determines the vesicles' structural features on multiple length scales ranging from assembled vesicle wall's individual layer thicknesses to the monomer-level packing and distribution of polymer conformations. In the first step of CREASE, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine the relevant vesicle dimensions from the input macromolecular solution information and I exp(q) by identifying the structure whose computed scattering profile best matches the input I exp(q). Then in the second step, the GA-determined dimensions are used for molecular reconstruction of the vesicle structure. To validate CREASE for vesicles, we test CREASE on input scattering intensity profiles generated mathematically (termed as in silico I exp(q) vs q) from a variety of vesicle sizes with known dimensions. We also test CREASE on in silico I exp(q) vs q generated from vesicles with dispersity in all relevant dimensions, resembling real experiments. After successful validation of CREASE, we compare the CREASE-determined dimensions against those obtained from the traditional approach of fitting the scattering intensity profile to relevant analytical model in SASVIEW package. We show that CREASE performs better than or as well as the core-multishell analytical model's fitting in SASVIEW in determining vesicle dimensions with dispersity. We also show that CREASE provides structural information beyond those possible from traditional scattering analysis using the core-multishell model, such as the distribution of solvophilic monomers between the vesicle wall's inner and outer layers in the vesicle wall and the chain-level packing within each vesicle layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- Colburn
Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Zijie Wu
- Colburn
Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Colburn
Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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12
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Heo TY, Kim S, Chen L, Sokolova A, Lee S, Choi SH. Molecular Exchange Kinetics in Complex Coacervate Core Micelles: Role of Associative Interaction. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1138-1144. [PMID: 35549078 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular exchange dynamics between spherical complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms) are documented using time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering measurements (TR-SANS), and the effects of salt concentration, type of charges, and core block polydispersity to the chain exchange are quantified. Isotopically labeled block copolyelectrolytes were prepared by postpolymerization modification of two nearly identical poly(ethylene oxide-b-allyl glycidyl ether), one with normal and the other with deuterated PEO blocks (i.e., hPEO-PAGE and dPEO-PAGE). The observed rates at multiple salt concentrations are consolidated using time-salt superposition shift factors representing chain exchange rates and analyzed. Our comprehensive analytical relaxation function based on the sticky-Rouse model and the thermodynamic barrier for core block extraction successfully describes the molecular exchange kinetics between the isotopically labeled C3Ms. We believe this work provides fundamental design criteria for C3Ms with engineered chain exchange dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Anna Sokolova
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Soo-Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
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13
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Early JT, Block A, Yager KG, Lodge TP. Molecular Weight Dependence of Block Copolymer Micelle Fragmentation Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7748-7758. [PMID: 33988984 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of molecular weight (M) on the fragmentation kinetics of micelles formed by 1,2-polybutadiene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PB-PEO) copolymers was studied in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. A series of six samples, with total M ranging from 104 to 105 g mol-1 and nearly constant composition (fPEO ≈ 0.4), were examined; all six formed spherical micelles with PEO coronas. Nonequilibrium PB-PEO micelles were prepared by direct dissolution, a process that systematically produces nanoparticles with mean aggregation numbers more than twice the equilibrium values. When subjected to high temperature annealing (170 °C), the average micelle radius was found to decrease substantially, as determined by temperature-jump dynamic light scattering (T-jump DLS) and time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (TR-SAXS). The characteristic fragmentation times (τ) were found to increase strongly with increasing degree of polymerization N, as τ ∼ N1.8. This result compares favorably with the prediction of a previously untested model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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14
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Synthesis, self-assembly and thermoresponsive behavior of Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer in aqueous solution. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Hamamoto H, Takagi H, Akiba I, Yamamoto K. Analysis of Homopolymer Distribution in a Polymer Blend Thin Film by Anomalous Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering at the Bromine K-Edge. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Isamu Akiba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyusyu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyusyu 808-0135, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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16
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Huang GR, Tung CH, Chang D, Lam CN, Do C, Shinohara Y, Chang SY, Wang Y, Hong K, Chen WR. Determining population densities in bimodal micellar solutions using contrast-variation small angle neutron scattering. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184902. [PMID: 33187411 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers in water is of fundamental and practical importance. Significant amounts of free unimers and associated micellar aggregates often coexist over a wide range of phase regions. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the microphase separation are closely related to the relative population density of unimers and micelles. Although the scattering technique has been employed to identify the structure of micellar aggregates as well as their time-evolution, the determination of the population ratio of micelles to unimers remains a challenging problem due to their difference in scattering power. Here, using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we present a comprehensive structural study of amphiphilic n-dodecyl-PNIPAm polymers, which shows a bimodal size distribution in water. By adjusting the deuterium/hydrogen ratio of water, the intra-micellar polymer and water distributions are obtained from the SANS spectra. The micellar size and number density are further determined, and the population densities of micelles and unimers are calculated to quantitatively address the degree of micellization at different temperatures. Our method can be used to provide an in-depth insight into the solution properties of microphase separation, which are present in many amphiphilic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Rong Huang
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Chi-Huan Tung
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Dongsook Chang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Christopher N Lam
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Changwoo Do
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Yuya Shinohara
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Shou-Yi Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Wei-Ren Chen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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17
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SAXS methods for investigating macromolecular and self-assembled polyelectrolyte complexes. Methods Enzymol 2020; 646:223-259. [PMID: 33453927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexation is driven by associative interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, resulting in formation of a macroscopic polymer dense phase and a polymer dilute phase with applications in coatings, adhesives, and purification membranes. Beyond macroscale phase separation, precision polymer synthesis has enabled further development of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC)-based self-assembled micelles and hydrogels with applications in biotechnology. Interestingly, it has been suggested that mechanisms similar to polyelectrolyte complexation drive formation of biological condensates that play an indispensable role in cellular biogenesis. The formation pathways and functionality of these complex materials is dependent on the physical properties that are built into polymer structure and the resulting physical conformation in the dilute and dense phase. Scattering techniques have enabled in situ investigation of structure-function relationships in PEC materials that may address unresolved biophysical questions in cellular processes as well as catalyze the development of novel materials for diverse applications. We describe preparation of PEC materials with controlled polymer characteristics (length, blockiness, charge density), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques employed to probe appropriate length scales, and the data analysis routines from a practical standpoint for new users. This article deals with bulk complexes and not with the related, important and interesting area of non-equilibrium layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes.
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18
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Beattie DL, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. Enthalpic incompatibility between two steric stabilizer blocks provides control over the vesicle size distribution during polymerization-induced self-assembly in aqueous media. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10821-10834. [PMID: 33209249 PMCID: PMC7654191 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01320j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, block copolymer vesicles have been widely used by many research groups to encapsulate small molecule drugs, genetic material, nanoparticles or enzymes. They have also been used to design examples of autonomous self-propelled nanoparticles. Traditionally, such vesicles are prepared via post-polymerization processing using a water-miscible co-solvent such as DMF or THF. However, such protocols are invariably conducted in dilute solution, which is a significant disadvantage. In addition, the vesicle size distribution is often quite broad, whereas aqueous dispersions of relatively small vesicles with narrow size distributions are highly desirable for potential biomedical applications. Alternatively, concentrated dispersions of block copolymer vesicles can be directly prepared via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Moreover, using a binary mixture of a relatively long and a relatively short steric stabilizer block enables the convenient PISA synthesis of relatively small vesicles with reasonably narrow size distributions in alcoholic media (C. Gonzato et al., JACS, 2014, 136, 11100-11106). Unfortunately, this approach has not yet been demonstrated for aqueous media, which would be much more attractive for commercial applications. Herein we show that this important technical objective can be achieved by judicious use of two chemically distinct, enthalpically incompatible steric stabilizer blocks, which ensures the desired microphase separation across the vesicle membrane. This leads to the formation of well-defined vesicles of around 200 nm diameter (size polydispersity = 13-16%) in aqueous media at 10% w/w solids as judged by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Beattie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire, S3 7HF , UK . ;
| | - Oleksandr O Mykhaylyk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire, S3 7HF , UK . ;
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Dainton Building, Brook Hill , Sheffield , South Yorkshire, S3 7HF , UK . ;
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19
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Kim JM, Heo TY, Choi SH. Structure and Relaxation Dynamics for Complex Coacervate Hydrogels Formed by ABA Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
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20
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21
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Early JT, Yager KG, Lodge TP. Direct Observation of Micelle Fragmentation via In Situ Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:756-761. [PMID: 35648564 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, attention has been directed toward understanding the dynamics and relaxation kinetics of block copolymer micelles, including mechanisms such as micelle fragmentation and fusion. The few prior studies on block copolymer micelle fragmentation relied on ensemble averaging techniques such as small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering; some individual particles were imaged by ex situ transmission electron microscopy. Here we report the direct observation of fragmentation for three molecular weights of 1,2-polybutadiene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PB-PEO) micelles in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide using high-temperature liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM). The use of in situ LP-TEM provides unique insights into the evolution of block copolymer micelles during fragmentation. Specifically, upon heating to 170 °C, a sequence of morphological transitions from a spherical micelle to a prolate ellipsoid, then a "peanut" shape, followed by a two-spherical-compartment micelle was observed, where the last is presumed to be the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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22
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Wu H, Ting JM, Tirrell MV. Mechanism of Dissociation Kinetics in Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Ting
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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23
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Wang S, Jin B, Chen G, Luo Y, Li X. Aggregation-induced emission from the crowded coronal chains of block copolymer micelles. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00432d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was triggered via the spatial confinement in the coronal chains in block copolymers upon micellization, even with very low content of AIE groups attached, and this could be used to monitor the self-assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing
- China
| | - Bixin Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing
- China
| | - Gangfeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing
- China
- Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Materials
- Ministry of Education
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing
- China
- Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Materials
- Ministry of Education
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24
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Wang E, Zhu J, Zhao D, Xie S, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Effect of Solvent Selectivity on Chain Exchange Kinetics in Block Copolymer Micelles. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Carl N, Prévost S, Schweins R, Houston JE, Morfin I, Huber K. Invertible Micelles Based on Ion-Specific Interactions of Sr 2+ and Ba 2+ with Double Anionic Block Copolyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Carl
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Chemistry Departement, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Judith E. Houston
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85747 Garching, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Huber
- Chemistry Departement, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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26
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König N, Willner L, Lund R. Structure and thermodynamics of mixed polymeric micelles with crystalline cores: tuning properties via co-assembly. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7777-7786. [PMID: 31482169 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate micelles formed by mixtures of n-alkyl-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers, Cn-PEO, with different alkyl block lengths in aqueous solution. This model system has previously been used to shed light on the interplay between exchange kinetics and crystallinity in self-assembling systems [König et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2019, 122, 078001]. Now we report on the structure and thermodynamics of these micelles by combining results from small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and volumetric measurements. We show that mixed micelles are formed despite the fact that length-mismatched n-alkanes of similar weights in bulk tend to demix below the crystallization temperature. Instead, the system exhibits similar properties as single-component micelles but with a modulated melting region. Interestingly, the melting point depression due to self-confinement within the micellar core can be approximately described by a generalized Gibbs-Thomson equation, similar to single-component micelles [Zinn et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2014, 113, 238305]. Furthermore, we find a novel scaling law for these micelles where, at least for larger n, the aggregation number scales with the third power of the length of the hydrophobic block, Nagg ∝ n3. Possibly, there might be a cross-over from the conventional Nagg ∝ n2 behaviour around n ≈ 19. However, the reason for such a transition as well as the strong n dependence remains a challenge and requires more theoretical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico König
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Postboks 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Early JT, Lodge TP. Fragmentation of 1,2-Polybutadiene-block-Poly(ethylene oxide) Micelles in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Wu H, Ting JM, Weiss TM, Tirrell MV. Interparticle Interactions in Dilute Solutions of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:819-825. [PMID: 35619501 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of dilute solutions of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) micelles for delivering therapeutic nucleic acids into disease sites has gained momentum. This Letter reports a detailed characterization of PEC micelles in dilute solutions including their internal structures and the determination of the interparticle interactions. The polymer concentration ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 wt %, a regime where micelle-micelle interactions are infrequent. We employ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to simultaneously probe the morphology, internal structure, and radius of gyration (Rg) of the self-assemblies formed by charged diblock polyelectrolytes and homopolyelectrolytes. The emerging appearance of the structure factor in SAXS profiles with the increasing polymer concentration demonstrates the presence of the repulsive intermicellar correlations, which is further confirmed by the differences between the "reciprocal Rg" estimated by Guinier approximation and the "real space Rg" determined by pair distribution functions. We find that the soft corona chains tethered on the surface of phase-separated complex domains are compressed when micelles come close to the point where a hard-sphere interaction takes over. These findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of the structure and space-filling constraints in the complexation-driven self-assemblies and advance the rational design of cationic polymer-based nonviral gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Ting
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thomas M. Weiss
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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29
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Smith GN, Derry MJ, Hallett JE, Lovett JR, Mykhaylyk OO, Neal TJ, Prévost S, Armes SP. Refractive index matched, nearly hard polymer colloids. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 475:20180763. [PMID: 31293354 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractive index matched particles serve as essential model systems for colloid scientists, providing nearly hard spheres to explore structure and dynamics. The poly(methyl methacrylate) latexes typically used are often refractive index matched by dispersing them in binary solvent mixtures, but this can lead to undesirable changes, such as particle charging or swelling. To avoid these shortcomings, we have synthesized refractive index matched colloids using polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) rather than as polymer latexes. The crucial difference is that these diblock copolymer nanoparticles consist of a single core-forming polymer in a single non-ionizable solvent. The diblock copolymer chosen was poly(stearyl methacrylate)-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PSMA-PTFEMA), which self-assembles to form PTFEMA core spheres in n-alkanes. By monitoring scattered light intensity, n-tetradecane was found to be the optimal solvent for matching the refractive index of such nanoparticles. As expected for PISA syntheses, the diameter of the colloids can be controlled by varying the PTFEMA degree of polymerization. Concentrated dispersions were prepared, and the diffusion of the PSMA-PTFEMA nanoparticles as a function of volume fraction was measured. These diblock copolymer nanoparticles are a promising new system of transparent spheres for future colloidal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Matthew J Derry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - James E Hallett
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Joseph R Lovett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | | | - Thomas J Neal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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30
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Zhao D, Ma Y, Wang E, Lodge TP. Micellization of Binary Diblock Co-polymer Mixtures in an Ionic Liquid. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Heo TY, Kim I, Chen L, Lee E, Lee S, Choi SH. Effect of Ionic Group on the Complex Coacervate Core Micelle Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E455. [PMID: 30960439 PMCID: PMC6473896 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pairs of ionic group dependence of the structure of a complex coacervate core micelle (C3M) in an aqueous solution was investigated using DLS, cryo-TEM, and SANS with a contrast matching technique and a detailed model analysis. Block copolyelectrolytes were prepared by introducing an ionic group (i.e., ammonium, guanidinium, carboxylate, and sulfonate) to poly(ethylene oxide-b-allyl glycidyl ether) (NPEO = 227 and NPAGE = 52), and C3Ms were formed by simple mixing of two oppositely-charged block copolyelectrolyte solutions with the exactly same degree of polymerization. All four C3Ms are spherical with narrow distribution of micelle dimension, and the cores are significantly swollen by water, resulting in relatively low brush density of PEO chains on the core surface. With the pair of strong polyelectrolytes, core radius and aggregation number increases, which reflects that the formation of complex coacervates are significantly sensitive to the pairs of ionic groups rather than simple charge pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea.
| | - Inhye Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Eunji Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Soo-Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea.
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Bapat DU, Dalvi VH. Molecular Insights into Water Clusters Formed in Tributylphosphate-Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric Acid Extractant Systems from Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1618-1635. [PMID: 30730739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and tributylphosphate (TBP) are two of the most studied and researched organophosphorous extractants. D2EHPA is an acidic extractant, offering both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor sites while TBP, a neutral extractant, only offers a single acceptor site per molecule. In spite of this, it is observed that 1 M D2EHPA in dodecane is a poorer extractant for water than 1 M TBP in dodecane. The objective of present work is to look into the molecular interactions that cause such behavior. Experiments were carried out with varying molar ratios of TBP and D2EHPA in the organic dodecane phase. Total extractant concentration was kept constant at 1 M with dodecane as diluent. Water extraction was quantified by measuring the moisture content of the organic phase after equilibration. 1H and 31P NMR spectra of the organic phase samples were recorded to study the change in the chemical environment upon extraction. Small angle X-ray scattering data of water saturated extractant phases were analyzed for the possibility of a reverse micellar aggregate formation. Molecular dynamics simulations could calculate free energies in quantitative agreement with experiments. Experimental and simulation studies showed that aggregation in the organic phase was promoted by the presence of water. This combined approach, of experiments and simulation, has shown that water is indispensable for the formation of ordered aggregates of extractants in nonpolar organic solvents. It is seen that, in the organic phase, around 80% of water's hydrogen bonds are with extractant molecules rather than with itself. The analysis clearly indicates that, rather than forming an aqueous core surrounded by extractant, water acts as a bridge between extractant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak U Bapat
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Institute of Chemical Technology , Mumbai 400019 , India
| | - Vishwanath H Dalvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Institute of Chemical Technology , Mumbai 400019 , India
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33
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Lu M, Khine YY, Chen F, Cao C, Garvey CJ, Lu H, Stenzel MH. Sugar Concentration and Arrangement on the Surface of Glycopolymer Micelles Affect the Interaction with Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:273-284. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yee Yee Khine
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fan Chen
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cheng Cao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
- Australia Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Garvey
- Australia Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Rahalkar A, Wei G, Nieuwendaal R, Prabhu VM, Srivastava S, Levi AE, de Pablo JJ, Tirrell MV. Effect of temperature on the structure and dynamics of triblock polyelectrolyte gels. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:163310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5035083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Rahalkar
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Guangmin Wei
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Ryan Nieuwendaal
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Adam E. Levi
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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35
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Wang E, Lu J, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Effect of Corona Block Length on the Structure and Chain Exchange Kinetics of Block Copolymer Micelles. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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36
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Zhao D, Ma Y, Lodge TP. Exchange Kinetics for a Single Block Copolymer in Micelles of Two Different Sizes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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37
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Xie R, López-Barrón CR, Greene DG, Wagner NJ. Comicellization of Binary PEO–PPO–PEO Triblock Copolymer Mixtures in Ethylammonium Nitrate. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Xie
- Center
for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Carlos R. López-Barrón
- Baytown
Technology and Engineering Complex, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Daniel G. Greene
- Center
for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Norman J. Wagner
- Center
for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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38
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Kawakami T, Nakada M, Shimura H, Okada K, Kimura M. Hydration structure of reverse osmosis membranes studied via neutron scattering and atomistic molecular simulation. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-017-0019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Wei G, Prabhu VM, Piunova VA, Carr AC, Swope WC, Miller RD. Spatial Distribution of Hydrophobic Drugs in Model Nanogel-Core Star Polymers. Macromolecules 2017; 50:9702-9712. [PMID: 32636533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Star polymers with a cross-linked nanogel core are promising carriers of cargo for therapeutic applications due to the synthetic control of amphiphilicity of arms and stability at infinite dilution. Three nanogel-core star polymers were investigated to understand how the arm-block chemical structure controls loading efficiency of a model drug, ibuprofen, and its spatial distribution. The spatial distribution profiles of hydrophobic core, hydrophilic corona, and encapsulated drug were determined by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS provides the nanometer-scale sensitivity to determine how the arm-block chemistry enhances the sequestering of ibuprofen. Validated molecular dynamics simulations capture the trends in drug profile and polymer segment distribution with further details on drug orientation distribution. This work provides a basis to study structure-function relationships in macromolecular-based carriers of cargo and represents a path toward validated and predictive simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Wei
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vivek M Prabhu
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Victoria A Piunova
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Amber C Carr
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - William C Swope
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Robert D Miller
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
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40
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Zinn T, Willner L, Knudsen KD, Lund R. Self-Assembly of Mixtures of Telechelic and Monofunctional Amphiphilic Polymers in Water: From Clusters to Flowerlike Micelles. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zinn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Postboks 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lutz Willner
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Science JCNS and Institute for Complex Systems
ICS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kenneth D. Knudsen
- Department
of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, Postboks 40, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Reidar Lund
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Postboks 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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41
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Kidd BE, Li X, Piemonte RC, Cooksey TJ, Singh A, Robertson ML, Madsen LA. Tuning Biocompatible Block Copolymer Micelles by Varying Solvent Composition: Dynamics and Populations of Micelles and Unimers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce E. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Xiuli Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rachele C. Piemonte
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Tyler J. Cooksey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Avantika Singh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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42
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Cooksey TJ, Singh A, Le KM, Wang S, Kelley EG, He L, Vajjala Kesava S, Gomez ED, Kidd BE, Madsen LA, Robertson ML. Tuning Biocompatible Block Copolymer Micelles by Varying Solvent Composition: Core/Corona Structure and Solvent Uptake. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Cooksey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Avantika Singh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Kim Mai Le
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Kelley
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- National
Institute
of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6100, United States
| | - Lilin He
- Biology
and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sameer Vajjala Kesava
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Bryce E. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
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43
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North SM, Jones ER, Smith GN, Mykhaylyk OO, Annable T, Armes SP. Adsorption of Small Cationic Nanoparticles onto Large Anionic Particles from Aqueous Solution: A Model System for Understanding Pigment Dispersion and the Problem of Effective Particle Density. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1275-1284. [PMID: 28075595 PMCID: PMC5299546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the use of copolymer nanoparticles as a dispersant for a model pigment (silica). Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) alcoholic dispersion polymerization was used to synthesize sterically stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles. The steric stabilizer block was poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) and the core-forming block was poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA). The mean degrees of polymerization for the PDMA and PBzMA blocks were 71 and 100, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies confirmed a near-monodisperse spherical morphology, while dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies indicated an intensity-average diameter of 30 nm. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reported a volume-average diameter of 29 ± 0.5 nm and a mean aggregation number of 154. Aqueous electrophoresis measurements confirmed that these PDMA71-PBzMA100 nanoparticles acquired cationic character when transferred from ethanol to water as a result of protonation of the weakly basic PDMA chains. Electrostatic adsorption of these nanoparticles from aqueous solution onto 470 nm silica particles led to either flocculation at submonolayer coverage or steric stabilization at or above monolayer coverage, as judged by DLS. This technique indicated that saturation coverage was achieved on addition of approximately 465 copolymer nanoparticles per silica particle, which corresponds to a fractional surface coverage of around 0.42. These adsorption data were corroborated using thermogravimetry, UV spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. TEM studies indicated that the cationic nanoparticles remained intact on the silica surface after electrostatic adsorption, while aqueous electrophoresis confirmed that surface charge reversal occurred below pH 7. The relatively thick layer of adsorbed nanoparticles led to a significant reduction in the effective particle density of the silica particles from 1.99 g cm-3 to approximately 1.74 g cm-3, as judged by disk centrifuge photosedimentometry (DCP). Combining the DCP and SAXS data suggests that essentially no deformation of the PBzMA cores occurs during nanoparticle adsorption onto the silica particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. North
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - E. R. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - G. N. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - O. O. Mykhaylyk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - T. Annable
- Lubrizol
Limited, Hexagon Tower, P.O. Box 42, Blackley, Manchester M9
8ZS, U.K.
| | - S. P. Armes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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44
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Raj A, Wang M, Zander T, Wieland DF, Liu X, An J, Garamus VM, Willumeit-Römer R, Fielden M, Claesson PM, Dėdinaitė A. Lubrication synergy: Mixture of hyaluronan and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 488:225-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuta SAITO
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Atsushi NARUMI
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University
| | - Seigou KAWAGUCHI
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University
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46
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Pillai SA, Chavda S, Bahadur P. Aqueous solution behavior of cationic surfactant modulated by glycol additives: Investigating aggregation and microstructure of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles in the presence of propylene glycol, its ethers and esters. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Han Y, Carrillo JMY, Zhang Z, Li Y, Hong K, Sumpter BG, Ohl M, Paranthaman MP, Smith GS, Do C. Thermoreversible Morphology and Conductivity of a Conjugated Polymer Network Embedded in Block Copolymer Self-Assemblies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4857-4864. [PMID: 27434600 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of block copolymers provides numerous opportunities to create functional materials, utilizing self-assembled microdomains with a variety of morphology and periodic architectures as templates for functional nanofillers. Here new progress is reported toward the fabrication of thermally responsive and electrically conductive polymeric self-assemblies made from a water-soluble poly(thiophene) derivative with short poly(ethylene oxide) side chains and Pluronic L62 block copolymer solution in water. The structural and electrical properties of conjugated polymer-embedded self-assembled architectures are investigated by combining small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering, coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, and impedance spectroscopy. The L62 solution template organizes the conjugated polymers by stably incorporating them into the hydrophilic domains thus inhibiting aggregation. The changing morphology of L62 during the micellar-to-lamellar phase transition defines the embedded conjugated polymer network. As a result, the conductivity is strongly coupled to the structural change of the templating L62 phase and exhibits thermally reversible behavior with no signs of quenching of the conductivity at high temperature. This study shows promise for enabling more flexibility in processing and utilizing water-soluble conjugated polymers in aqueous solutions for self-assembly based fabrication of stimuli-responsive nanostructures and sensory materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyu Han
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jan-Michael Y Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich Center for Neutron Science, Jülich, NRW, 52425, Germany
| | - Yunchao Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Michael Ohl
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich Center for Neutron Science, Jülich, NRW, 52425, Germany
| | | | - Gregory S Smith
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Changwoo Do
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
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48
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Nakanishi R, Kinoshita M, Sasaki S, Akiba I. Spatial distribution of hydrophobic compounds in polymer micelles as explored by anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering near Br K-edge. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Ma Y, Lodge TP. Poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymer Micelles in an Ionic Liquid: Scaling of Core and Corona Size with Core Block Length. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchi Ma
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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50
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Jones ER, Mykhaylyk OO, Semsarilar M, Boerakker M, Wyman P, Armes SP. How Do Spherical Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles Grow during RAFT Alcoholic Dispersion Polymerization? Macromolecules 2016; 49:172-181. [PMID: 26893528 PMCID: PMC4745608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) chain transfer agent (CTA) is used for the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) alcoholic dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol at 70 °C. THF GPC analysis indicated a well-controlled polymerization with molecular weight increasing linearly with conversion. GPC traces also showed high blocking efficiency with no homopolymer contamination apparent and Mw/Mn values below 1.35 in all cases. 1H NMR studies confirmed greater than 98% BzMA conversion for a target PBzMA degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 600. The PBzMA block becomes insoluble as it grows, leading to the in situ formation of sterically stabilized diblock copolymer nanoparticles via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Fixing the mean DP of the PDMA stabilizer block at 94 units and systematically varying the DP of the PBzMA block enabled a series of spherical nanoparticles of tunable diameter to be obtained. These nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, DLS, MALLS, and SAXS, with mean diameters ranging from 35 to 100 nm. The latter technique was particularly informative: data fits to a spherical micelle model enabled calculation of the core diameter, surface area occupied per copolymer chain, and the mean aggregation number (Nagg). The scaling exponent derived from a double-logarithmic plot of core diameter vs PBzMA DP suggests that the conformation of the PBzMA chains is intermediate between the collapsed and fully extended state. This is in good agreement with 1H NMR studies, which suggest that only 5-13% of the BzMA residues of the core-forming chains are solvated. The Nagg values calculated from SAXS and MALLS are in good agreement and scale approximately linearly with PBzMA DP. This suggests that spherical micelles grow in size not only as a result of the increase in copolymer molecular weight during the PISA synthesis but also by exchange of individual copolymer chains between micelles and/or by sphere-sphere fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Jones
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - O. O. Mykhaylyk
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - M. Semsarilar
- DSM
Ahead, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Boerakker
- DSM
Ahead, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Wyman
- DSM
Ahead, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - S. P. Armes
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
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