1
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Ferrier RC, Kumbhar G, Crum-Dacon S, Lynd NA. A guide to modern methods for poly(thio)ether synthesis using Earth-abundant metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12390-12410. [PMID: 37753731 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethers and polythioethers have a long and storied history dating back to the start of polymer science as a distinct field. As such, these materials have been utilized in a wide range of commercial applications and fundamental studies. The breadth of their material properties and the contexts in which they are applied is ultimately owed to their diverse monomer pre-cursors, epoxides and thiiranes, respectively. The facile polymerization of these monomers, both historically and contemporaneously, across academia and industry, has occurred through the use of Earth-abundant metals as catalysts and/or initiators. Despite this, polymerization methods for these monomers are underutilized compared to other monomer classes like cyclic olefins, vinyls, and (meth)acrylates. We feel a focused review that clearly outlines the benefits and shortcomings of extant synthetic methods for poly(thio)ethers along with their proposed mechanisms and quirks will help facilitate the utilization of these methods and by extension the unique polymer materials they create. Therefore, this Feature Article briefly describes the applications of poly(thio)ethers before discussing the feature-set of each poly(thio)ether synthetic method and qualitatively scoring them on relevant metrics (e.g., ease-of-use, molecular weight control, etc.) to help would-be poly(thio)ether-makers find an appropriate synthetic approach. The article is concluded with a look ahead at the future of poly(thio)ether synthesis with Earth-abundant metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ferrier
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Gouree Kumbhar
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Shaylynn Crum-Dacon
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- University of Texas-Austin, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX, USA
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2
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Le Luyer S, Guégan P, Illy N. Episulfide Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization Initiated by Alcohols and Primary Amines in the Presence of γ-Thiolactones. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Le Luyer
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Guégan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Illy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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3
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Safaie N, Smak J, DeJonge D, Cheng S, Zuo X, Ohno K, Ferrier, Jr. RC. Facile Synthesis of Epoxide-co-Propylene Sulphide Polymers with Compositional and Architectural Control. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a facile method to produce propylene sulphide (PS) homopolymers up to 100 kg/mol and PS – epoxide statistical, block, and ABA copolymers using inexpensive and versatile thio-aluminium (SAl)...
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4
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Purohit VB, Pięta M, Pietrasik J, Plummer CM. Recent advances in the ring-opening polymerization of sulfur-containing monomers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the broad range of applications for sulfur-containing polymers, this article presents an overview regarding various ROP technologies (ROP/rROP/ROMP) which cement the importance of sulfur-containing monomers in modern polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal B. Purohit
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)—International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Pięta
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)—International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Pietrasik
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Christopher M. Plummer
- International Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)—International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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5
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Ziegenbalg N, Elbinger L, Schubert US, Brendel JC. Polymers from S-vinyl monomers: reactivities and properties. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00850e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the work of several decades on the polymerisation of S-vinyl monomers, ranging from the early reports of suitable polymerisation techniques for these monomers to their recent renaissance in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ziegenbalg
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lada Elbinger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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6
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Geven M, d'Arcy R, Turhan ZY, El-Mohtadi F, Alshamsan A, Tirelli N. Sulfur-based oxidation-responsive polymers. Chemistry, (chemically selective) responsiveness and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Wakamatsu H, Matsumoto S, Sadakuni K, Matsuoka K, Nagatsuka T, Oyaizu K. TEMPO-Substituted Poly(ethylene sulfide) for Solid-State Electro-Chemical Charge Storage. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000607. [PMID: 33458885 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A poly(ethylene sulfide) backbone is introduced as the main chain of a radical polymer. Anionic ring-opening polymerization of an episulfide monomer substituted with 2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidin1oxyl (TEMPO), a robust nitroxide radical, yields the corresponding polythioether. Compared to the traditional poly(ethylene oxide) backbone, the new polymer shows a lower glass transition temperature (-10 °C), and about threefold higher solid-state ionic conductivity. The polythioether is also shown to improve the charge/discharge properties of a cathode in solid-state lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisato Wakamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Karin Sadakuni
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Matsuoka
- Innovation Technology Center, ENEOS Corporation, Kanagawa, 231-0815, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nagatsuka
- Innovation Technology Center, ENEOS Corporation, Kanagawa, 231-0815, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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8
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Rumyantsev M. Living polymerizations of propylene sulfide initiated with potassium xanthates characterized by unprecedentedly high propagation rates. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01740j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe the original thiol-free approach towards the polymerization of propylene sulfide (PS) under various conditions (bulk, solution, and emulsion) initiated with potassium xanthates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Rumyantsev
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev
- 603950 Nizhny Novgorod
- Russia
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9
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Cao XH, Zhang CJ, Yang JL, Hu LF, Zhang XH. Repurposing poly(monothiocarbonate)s to poly(thioether)s with organic bases. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a unique one-pot/one-step route to rapidly produce poly(thioether)s from poly(monothiocarbonate) (PMTC), a sulfur-containing polymer, using commercially available organic bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Cheng-Jian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jia-Liang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Lan-Fang Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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10
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Cabrera-García A, Blay-Roger R, Blay V, Ravelo ÁG, Martín-Zarza P. Histamine, an effective initiator for the synthesis of polysulfides. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00411d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A solvent-free and metal-free synthesis of highly pure polysulfides is described using histamine, a primary amine, as an initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubén Blay-Roger
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universitat de València
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Vincent Blay
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- School of Dentistry
- University of California San Francisco
- San Francisco
- USA
| | - Ángel G. Ravelo
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González
- E-38206 La Laguna
- Spain
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11
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Zetterlund PB, D’hooge DR. The Nanoreactor Concept: Kinetic Features of Compartmentalization in Dispersed Phase Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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12
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Urbánek T, Jäger E, Jäger A, Hrubý M. Selectively Biodegradable Polyesters: Nature-Inspired Construction Materials for Future Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1061. [PMID: 31248100 PMCID: PMC6630685 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last half-century, the development of biodegradable polyesters for biomedical applications has advanced significantly. Biodegradable polyester materials containing external stimuli-sensitive linkages are favored in the development of therapeutic devices for pharmacological applications such as delivery vehicles for controlled/sustained drug release. These selectively biodegradable polyesters degrade after particular external stimulus (e.g., pH or redox potential change or the presence of certain enzymes). This review outlines the current development of biodegradable synthetic polyesters materials able to undergo hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation for various biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, temporary implants, wound healing and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Urbánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Eliézer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Alessandro Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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13
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Ye H, Zhou Y, Liu X, Chen Y, Duan S, Zhu R, Liu Y, Yin L. Recent Advances on Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Delivery and Diagnosis System. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2441-2463. [PMID: 31117357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in biological metabolism and intercellular signaling. However, ROS level is dramatically elevated due to abnormal metabolism during multiple pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cancer, and premature aging. By taking advantage of the discrepancy of ROS levels between normal and diseased tissues, a variety of ROS-sensitive moieties or linkers have been developed to design ROS-responsive systems for the site-specific delivery of drugs and genes. In this review, we summarized the ROS-responsive chemical structures, mechanisms, and delivery systems, focusing on their current advances for precise drug/gene delivery. In particular, ROS-responsive nanocarriers, prodrugs, and supramolecular hydrogels are summarized in terms of their application for drug/gene delivery, and common strategies to elevate or diminish cellular ROS concentrations, as well as the recent development of ROS-related imaging probes were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Xun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215004 , China
| | - Shanzhou Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215004 , China
| | - Rongying Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215004 , China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Lichen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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14
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Huang M, Liu Y, Yang G, Klier J, Schiffman JD. Anionic Polymerization of Methylene Malonate for High-Performance Coatings. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2019; 1:657-663. [PMID: 31650131 PMCID: PMC6812519 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.8b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the anionic polymerization and the high reactivity of the novel monomer diethyl methylene malonate (DEMM). At room temperature and under atmospheric conditions, water and anionic functional groups (i.e., carboxyl, boronic, and phenol) quickly initiate DEMM. The polymerization of DEMM in water and the final molecular weight of the polymer were both demonstrated to be pH-dependent. Systematically, investigations were conducted to study the conversion rate of DEMM with various functional groups, and the polymerization was verified to occur with anionic groups using a carboxylate-initiated DEMM system. For coating applications, we also investigated a multifunctional derivative monomer called (DEMM)6 that is an oligomeric polyester of DEMM esterified with butanediol that contains on average six repeat units of reactive DEMM (commercially known as Forza B3000 XP). The incorporation of 15 wt % (DEMM)6 into latex containing methacrylate acid as a functional monomer yielded cross-linked coatings with a gel content of 76.25 wt % that had a 289% improvement in rub-resistance performance compared to controls (without (DEMM)6). This study provides a facile methodology to synthesize cross-linked latex coatings at room temperature.
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15
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Yue T, Zhang M, Gu G, Wang L, Ren W, Lu X. Precise Synthesis of Poly(thioester)s with Diverse Structures by Copolymerization of Cyclic Thioanhydrides and Episulfides Mediated by Organic Ammonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:618-623. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ming‐Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ge‐Ge Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Li‐Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Wei‐Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
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16
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Yao Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, Ding J, Wang S, Huang B, Ke S, Gao C. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive biomaterials mediate tissue microenvironments and tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5019-5037. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00847k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ROS-responsive biomaterials alleviate the oxidative stress in tissue microenvironments, promoting tissue regeneration and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Haolan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jie Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Baiqiang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Shifeng Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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17
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Yue T, Zhang M, Gu G, Wang L, Ren W, Lu X. Precise Synthesis of Poly(thioester)s with Diverse Structures by Copolymerization of Cyclic Thioanhydrides and Episulfides Mediated by Organic Ammonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ming‐Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ge‐Ge Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Li‐Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Wei‐Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
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18
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El-Mohtadi F, d'Arcy R, Tirelli N. Oxidation-Responsive Materials: Biological Rationale, State of the Art, Multiple Responsiveness, and Open Issues. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800699. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah El-Mohtadi
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Biology; Medicine, and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Richard d'Arcy
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Biology; Medicine, and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
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19
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Wolf T, Wurm FR. Organocatalytic Ring-opening Polymerization Towards Poly(cyclopropane)s, Poly(lactame)s, Poly(aziridine)s, Poly(siloxane)s, Poly(carbosiloxane)s, Poly(phosphate)s, Poly(phosphonate)s, Poly(thiolactone)s, Poly(thionolactone)s and Poly(thiirane)s. ORGANIC CATALYSIS FOR POLYMERISATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788015738-00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The following chapter is a collection of monomers that undergo organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerizations and have not been covered in a separate chapter of this book. This includes polymers widely used in industrial applications, but also solely academically relevant and more “exotic” polymer classes. As most of these polymers contain heteroatoms in their backbone, the chapter is divided according to the respective heteroatoms. Each sub-section first gives a short introduction to the respective polymer or monomer properties and industrial applications (if available), followed by a brief summary of the traditional synthetic pathways. Afterwards, important milestones for the organocatalytic ROP are presented in chronological order. Special emphasis is put on the advantages and disadvantages of organocatalysis over traditional (ROP) methods on the basis of appropriate literature examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolf
- Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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20
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Reisman L, Rowe EA, Liang Q, Rupar PA. The anionic ring-opening polymerization ofN-(methanesulfonyl)azetidine. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The first anionic ring-opening polymerization of an activated azetidine is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Reisman
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | | | - Qiaoli Liang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | - Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
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Zhang X, Su P, Liu Y, Shi Q, Lü X. Coupling of propylene sulfide (PS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) catalyzed by the asymmetrical Cr(III)-bis-Schiff-base complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Synthetic/ECM-inspired hybrid platform for hollow microcarriers with ROS-triggered nanoporation hallmarks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13138. [PMID: 29030628 PMCID: PMC5640652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key pathological signals expressed in inflammatory diseases such as cancer, ischemic conditions and atherosclerosis. An ideal drug delivery system should not only be responsive to these signals but also should not elicit an unfavourable host response. This study presents an innovative platform for drug delivery where a natural/synthetic composite system composed of collagen type I and a synthesized polythioether, ensures a dual stimuli-responsive behaviour. Collagen type I is an extracellular matrix constituent protein, responsive to matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) cleavage per se. Polythioethers are stable synthetic polymers characterized by the presence of sulphur, which undergoes a ROS-responsive swelling switch. A polythioether was synthesised, functionalized and tested for cytotoxicity. Optimal conditions to fabricate a composite natural/synthetic hollow sphere construct were optimised by a template-based method. Collagen-polythioether hollow spheres were fabricated, revealing uniform size and ROS-triggered nanoporation features. Cellular metabolic activity of H9C2 cardiomyoblasts remained unaffected upon exposure to the spheres. Our natural/synthetic hollow microspheres exhibit the potential for use as a pathological stimuli-responsive reservoir system for applications in inflammatory diseases.
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Haldar U, Sayala KD, Sivaprakasam K, Ramakrishnan L, De P. Interfacial polycondensation-derived side-chain poly(ethylene glycol)-containing water-soluble polysulfide weak-link polymers as stabilizer for gold nanoparticles. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Diebler J, Komber H, Häußler L, Lederer A, Werner T. Alkoxide-Initiated Regioselective Coupling of Carbon Disulfide and Terminal Epoxides for the Synthesis of Strongly Alternating Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Diebler
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Liane Häußler
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Werner
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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25
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Environmentally benign stereoselective polymerizations of polar as well as nonpolar olefins by a new postmetallocene Ti(IV) salicylate complex at ambient temperature in aqueous emulsion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-0924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jasinski F, Rannée A, Schweitzer J, Fischer D, Lobry E, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Schmutz M, Le Nouen D, Criqui A, Chemtob A. Thiol–Ene Linear Step-Growth Photopolymerization in Miniemulsion: Fast Rates, Redox-Responsive Particles, and Semicrystalline Films. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc Schmutz
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR 22, University of Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Adrien Criqui
- Mäder
Research
- MÄDER GROUP, 130 rue de la
Mer Rouge, 68200 Mulhouse, France
| | - Abraham Chemtob
- Institut
de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS UMR 7361, 15 rue
Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
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27
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Liu J, Pradhan P, Roy K. Synthetic Polymeric Nanoparticles for Immunomodulation. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3121-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Piradashvili K, Alexandrino EM, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Reactions and Polymerizations at the Liquid–Liquid Interface. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2141-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keti Piradashvili
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Schudel A, Kassis T, Dixon JB, Thomas SN. S-Nitrosated Polypropylene Sulfide Nanoparticles for Thiol-Dependent Transnitrosation and Toxicity Against Adult Female Filarial Worms. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1484-90, 1423. [PMID: 25939735 PMCID: PMC4640194 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic polymer nanoparticle formulation utilizing the physiological nitrosothiol chemistry for nitric oxide delivery is shown. Toxicity of S-nitroso nanoparticles against adult female Brugia malayi worms, which are responsible for lymphatic filariasis, is dependent on nitric oxide release through transnitrosation as S-nitrosocysteine, a potent endogenous nitric oxide donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Schudel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Timothy Kassis
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - J. Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Susan N. Thomas
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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30
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Song CC, Du FS, Li ZC. Oxidation-responsive polymers for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3413-3426. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes recent progress in the design and synthesis of various oxidation-responsive polymers and their application in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
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31
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Jeanmaire D, Laliturai J, Almalik A, Carampin P, Richard d'Arcy, Lallana E, Evans R, Winpenny REP, Tirelli N. Chemical specificity in REDOX-responsive materials: the diverse effects of different Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on polysulfide nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01475d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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32
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Landfester K, Mailänder V. Nanocapsules with specific targeting and release properties using miniemulsion polymerization. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:593-609. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.772976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Lallana E, Tirelli N. Oxidation-Responsive Polymers: Which Groups to Use, How to Make Them, What to Expect From Them (Biomedical Applications). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Lallana E, Ferreri T, Carroccio SC, Puga AM, Tirelli N. End-group rearrangements in poly(propylene sulfide) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis. Experimental evidence and possible mechanisms. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2158-2164. [PMID: 22886812 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polysulfides [poly(1,2-alkylene sulfides)] are oxidation-responsive polymers that are finding application in drug release and biomaterials. The precise knowledge of their macromolecular characteristics is of the essence in view of their application to biological systems. METHODS Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with and without silver trifluoroacetate was used to characterize a series of polymers with increasing molecular weight in the range 1000-4000 g/mol and with low polydispersity (<1.12). RESULTS Well-resolved peaks and accurate mass-measured values were obtained using a 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) matrix, but significant fragmentations took place in the absence of silver as a cationizing reagent. Elimination reactions appeared to occur at terminal groups and limited depolymerization could be recorded. Interestingly, the most common fragmentation pathway seemed to be based on an as-yet-unreported process of hydrogen transfer requiring the presence both of ester groups and of thioethers. CONCLUSIONS The use of an appropriate cationizing reagent (silver trifluoroacetate) appeared to suppress end-group eliminations; we hypothesize that this action is based on the involvement of the terminal groups in silver chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lallana
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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35
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Carampin P, Lallana E, Laliturai J, Carroccio SC, Puglisi C, Tirelli N. Oxidant-Dependent REDOX Responsiveness of Polysulfides. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Allen BL, Johnson JD, Walker JP. Hydrolase stabilization via entanglement in poly(propylene sulfide) nanoparticles: stability towards reactive oxygen species. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:294009. [PMID: 22743846 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/29/294009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the advancement of green syntheses and sustainable reactions, enzymatic biocatalysis offers extremely high reaction rates and selectivity that goes far beyond the reach of chemical catalysts; however, these enzymes suffer from typical environmental constraints, e.g. operational temperature, pH and tolerance to oxidative environments. A common hydrolase enzyme, diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFPase, EC 3.1.8.2), has demonstrated a pronounced efficacy for the hydrolysis of a variety of substrates for potential toxin remediation, but suffers from the aforementioned limitations. As a means to enhance DFPase's stability in oxidative environments, enzymatic covalent immobilization within the polymeric matrix of poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS) nanoparticles was performed. By modifying the enzyme's exposed lysine residues via thiolation, DFPase is utilized as a comonomer/crosslinker in a mild emulsion polymerization. The resultant polymeric polysulfide shell acts as a 'sacrificial barrier' by first oxidizing to polysulfoxides and polysulfones, rendering DFPase in an active state. DFPase-PPS nanoparticles thus retain activity upon exposure to as high as 50 parts per million (ppm) of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), while native DFPase is observed as inactive at 500 parts per billion (ppb). This trend is also confirmed by enzyme-generated (chloroperoxidase (CPO), EC 1.11.1.10) reactive oxygen species (ROS) including both HOCl (3 ppm) and ClO(2) (100 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Allen
- FLIR Systems, Inc., 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA.
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37
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Babiuch K, Gottschaldt M, Werz O, Schubert US. Particulate transepithelial drug carriers: barriers and functional polymers. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20726e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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38
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Allen BL, Johnson JD, Walker JP. Encapsulation and enzyme-mediated release of molecular cargo in polysulfide nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2011; 5:5263-5272. [PMID: 21595444 DOI: 10.1021/nn201477y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly(propylene sulfide) nanoparticles (<150 nm) have been synthesized by an anionic, ring-opening emulsion polymerization. Upon exposure to parts per million (ppm) levels of oxidizing agent (NaOCl), hydrophobic polysulfide particles are oxidized to hydrophilic polysulfoxides and polysulfones. Utilizing this mechanism, the encapsulation of hydrophobic molecular cargo, including Nile red and Reichardt's dye, within polysulfide nanoparticles has been characterized by a variety of microscopic and spectroscopic methods and its release demonstrated via chemical oxidation. Moreover, release of cargo has been enzymatically driven by oxidoreductase enzymes such as chloroperoxidase and myeloperoxidase in the presence of low concentrations of sodium chloride (200 mM) and hydrogen peroxide (500 μM). This oxidation-driven mechanism holds promise for controlled encapsulation and release of a variety of hydrophobic cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Allen
- FLIR Systems, Inc., 2240 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, United States.
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39
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Inter-micellar dynamics in block copolymer micelles: FRET experiments of macroamphiphile and payload exchange. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Yu SS, Scherer RL, Ortega RA, Bell CS, O'Neil CP, Hubbell JA, Giorgio TD. Enzymatic- and temperature-sensitive controlled release of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides (USPIOs). J Nanobiotechnology 2011; 9:7. [PMID: 21352596 PMCID: PMC3056743 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug and contrast agent delivery systems that achieve controlled release in the presence of enzymatic activity are becoming increasingly important, as enzymatic activity is a hallmark of a wide array of diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis. Here, we have synthesized clusters of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides (USPIOs) that sense enzymatic activity for applications in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To achieve this goal, we utilize amphiphilic poly(propylene sulfide)-bl-poly(ethylene glycol) (PPS-b-PEG) copolymers, which are known to have excellent properties for smart delivery of drug and siRNA. Results Monodisperse PPS polymers were synthesized by anionic ring opening polymerization of propylene sulfide, and were sequentially reacted with commercially available heterobifunctional PEG reagents and then ssDNA sequences to fashion biofunctional PPS-bl-PEG copolymers. They were then combined with hydrophobic 12 nm USPIO cores in the thin-film hydration method to produce ssDNA-displaying USPIO micelles. Micelle populations displaying complementary ssDNA sequences were mixed to induce crosslinking of the USPIO micelles. By design, these crosslinking sequences contained an EcoRV cleavage site. Treatment of the clusters with EcoRV results in a loss of R2 negative contrast in the system. Further, the USPIO clusters demonstrate temperature sensitivity as evidenced by their reversible dispersion at ~75°C and re-clustering following return to room temperature. Conclusions This work demonstrates proof of concept of an enzymatically-actuatable and thermoresponsive system for dynamic biosensing applications. The platform exhibits controlled release of nanoparticles leading to changes in magnetic relaxation, enabling detection of enzymatic activity. Further, the presented functionalization scheme extends the scope of potential applications for PPS-b-PEG. Combined with previous findings using this polymer platform that demonstrate controlled drug release in oxidative environments, smart theranostic applications combining drug delivery with imaging of platform localization are within reach. The modular design of these USPIO nanoclusters enables future development of platforms for imaging and drug delivery targeted towards proteolytic activity in tumors and in advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shann S Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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41
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van der Vlies AJ, O'Neil CP, Hasegawa U, Hammond N, Hubbell JA. Synthesis of pyridyl disulfide-functionalized nanoparticles for conjugating thiol-containing small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:653-62. [PMID: 20369815 DOI: 10.1021/bc9004443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported emulsion polymerization of propylene sulfide with Pluronic F127 as an emulsifier, yielding nanoparticles (NPs) in the 25 nm size range. Immunologically functional NPs were prepared by adding an antigen-Pluronic conjugate to the polymerization mixture ( Reddy , S. T. , et al. ( 2007 ) Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 1159 ). We sought a more flexible scheme for conjugation of antigens and other biomolecules to the NP surfaces that would allow for milder reaction conditions than achievable during the polymerization step. Here, we present the synthesis of such functionalizable NPs in the form of NPs that carry thiol-reactive groups, to which thiol-containing antigens (peptide or protein) or other biomolecules can be conjugated under mild conditions to yield immunofunctional NPs. The Pluronic-stabilized poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS) NPs with thiol-reactive pyridyl disulfide groups are prepared in two steps by (1) emulsion polymerization of propylene sulfide in the presence of a carboxylate-Pluronic and (2) reaction of the carboxylic acid groups on the NP surface with cysteamine pyridyl disulfide and a water-soluble carbodiimide reagent. We choose pyridyl disulfide groups to have a reduction-sensitive disulfide bond linking the antigen to the NP surface, allowing efficient release of antigen inside the cell in response to the reductive conditions within the endosome. The functionalizable NPs are characterized by proton NMR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV/vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Conjugation of small molecules and protein to the NP surface is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J van der Vlies
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI) and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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Kostjuk SV, Ganachaud F. Cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers in aqueous media: from monofunctional oligomers to long-lived polymer chains. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:357-67. [PMID: 19957949 DOI: 10.1021/ar900198q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer latexes are easily prepared on a multimillion ton scale in industry using free radical initiated emulsion and suspension polymerizations in water, a cheap, nonviscous, heat-controlling, and environmentally benign solvent. Until recently, researchers had done little investigation into ionic polymerization because even a small amount of water would easily deactivate the conventional catalysts used in these processes. In the last decade, however, cationic polymerization in aqueous media has emerged as a new and attractive method for controlling the polymerization reactions using mild experimental conditions. This Account reviews the current science of and future outlook for cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers in aqueous media. We particularly emphasize the design and evolution of catalytic systems and the precision synthesis of functional polymers. Early work to tailor the suspension and emulsion cationic polymerizations of reactive monomers such as p-methoxystyrene and vinyl ethers used long-chain strong acids, called INISURF for their dual roles as initiators and surfactants, and lanthanide triflates. These polymerization processes shared two main features: (i) all reactions (initiation, propagation, and termination) occurred at the particle interface; (ii) synthesized polymers have limits on their molecular weight, attributed to the "critical DP" effect, related to the entry of oligomers inside the particles as they become increasingly hydrophobic. The next generation of catalysts, named "Lewis acid-surfactant combined catalysts" (LASC), shifted the polymerization locus from the interface to the inside of the monomer droplets, allowing for the production of long polymer chains. Recently, catalytic systems based on boranes, (BF(3)OEt(2), B(C(6)F(5))(3), (C(6)F(4)-1,2-[B(C(6)F(5))(2)]), and (C(6)F(4)-1,2-[B(C(12)F(8))](2))), have shown great potential in controlling the cationic polymerization in "wet" solution, containing an excess of water relative to Lewis acid, or aqueous media of such industrially important monomers as styrene, cyclopentadiene, and even isobutylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya St. 14, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR5253 CNRS/UM2/ENSCM/UM1, Engineering of Macromolecular Architectures, ENSCM, 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Francois Ganachaud
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR5253 CNRS/UM2/ENSCM/UM1, Engineering of Macromolecular Architectures, ENSCM, 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France
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Abstract
The engineering of materials that can modulate the immune system is an emerging field that is developing alongside immunology. For therapeutic ends such as vaccine development, materials are now being engineered to deliver antigens through specific intracellular pathways, allowing better control of the way in which antigens are presented to one of the key types of immune cell, T cells. Materials are also being designed as adjuvants, to mimic specific 'danger' signals in order to manipulate the resultant cytokine environment, which influences how antigens are interpreted by T cells. In addition to offering the potential for medical advances, immunomodulatory materials can form well-defined model systems, helping to provide new insight into basic immunobiology.
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Wang L, Hu P, Tirelli N. Amphiphilic star block copolymers: Influence of branching on lyotropic/interfacial properties. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Wang L, Kilcher G, Tirelli N. Avoiding Disulfides: Improvement of Initiation and End-Capping Reactions in the Synthesis of Polysulfide Block Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Vo CD, Kilcher G, Tirelli N. Polymers and Sulfur: what are Organic Polysulfides Good For? Preparative Strategies and Biological Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:299-315. [PMID: 21706606 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur(II)-containing polymers (polysulfides) combine flexible synthetic and processing techniques with a unique responsiveness to oxidants. Here, the polysulfide oxidative sensitivity is put into the biological context of the development of new anti-inflammatory therapies - the development of new anti-inflammatory methodologies, adopted interactions and the minimisation of foreign-body reactions - through the review of 50 years of research on polysulfide synthetic methodologies. Attention is paid to the identification of the most flexible and robust preparative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Duan Vo
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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47
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Functionalization of polysulfide nanoparticles and their performance as circulating carriers. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1958-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Kilcher G, Wang L, Tirelli N. Role of thiol-disulfide exchange in episulfide polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cozzolino S, Sanna MG, Valentini M. Probing interactions by means of pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46 Suppl 1:S16-S23. [PMID: 18855336 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-diffusion coefficients (D) of species in solution are related to size and shape and can be used for studying association phenomena. Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) spectroscopy has been revealed to be a powerful analytical tool for D measurement in different research fields. The present work briefly illustrates the use of PFG-NMR for assessing the existence of interactions in very different chemical systems: organic and organometallic compounds, colloidal materials and biological aggregates. The application of PFG-NMR is remarkable for understanding the role of anions in homogenous transition metal catalysis and for assessing the aggregation behaviour of biopolymers in material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cozzolino
- Agricultural Research Council, Research Centre for Plant Soil System, Instrumental Centre of Tor Mancina, S. P. Pascolarese-Strada della Neve Km 1, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Oxidation is an almost ubiquitous feature of inflammatory reactions. We discuss the development of nanocarriers that respond to the presence of oxidants with profound physical reorganization, which could in perspective allow their use for delivering anti-inflammatory principles in an inflammation-responsive fashion. We also present a study demonstrating that the response of polysulfide nanoparticles has a bulk character, i.e., the odixation reactions happen homogeneously throughout the nanoparticles, and not interfacially.
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