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Wang J, Li S, Yang L, Liu B, Xie S, Qi R, Zhan Y, Xia H. Graphene-Based Hybrid Fillers for Rubber Composites. Molecules 2024; 29:1009. [PMID: 38474521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have been confirmed to be among the best fillers for rubber due to their excellent properties, such as high mechanical strength, improved interface interaction, and strain-induced crystallization capabilities. Graphene rubber materials can be widely used in tires, shoes, high-barrier conductive seals, electromagnetic shielding seals, shock absorbers, etc. In order to reduce the graphene loading and endow more desirable functions to rubber materials, graphene-based hybrid fillers are extensively employed, which can effectively enhance the performance of rubber composites. This review briefly summarizes the recent research on rubber composites with graphene-based hybrid fillers consisting of carbon black, silica, carbon nanotubes, metal oxide, and one-dimensional nanowires. The preparation methods, performance improvements, and applications of different graphene-based hybrid fillers/rubber composites have been investigated. This study also focuses on methods that can ensure the effectiveness of graphene hybrid fillers in reinforcing rubber composites. Furthermore, the enhanced mechanism of graphene- and graphene derivative-based hybrid fillers in rubber composites is investigated to provide a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shijiu Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Songzhi Xie
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rui Qi
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yanhu Zhan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Robbes AS, Jestin J, Meneau F, Dalmas F, Boué F, Cousin F. In Situ SAXS and SANS Monitoring of Both Nanofillers and Polymer Chain Microstructure under Uniaxial Stretching in a Nanocomposite with a Controlled Anisotropic Structure. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Robbes
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers,
P.O. Box 48, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jacques Jestin
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Florian Meneau
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers,
P.O. Box 48, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Florent Dalmas
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est, CNRS UMR 7182, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais France
| | - François Boué
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Fabrice Cousin
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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Fauziyah NA, Nurmalasari MD, Hilmi AR, Triwikantoro T, Baqiya MA, Zainuri M, Pratapa S. Filler‐size‐dependent dynamic mechanical properties of polyethylene glycol/zircon composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aini Fauziyah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur (UPN) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Muthia Diah Nurmalasari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Allif Rosyidy Hilmi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Triwikantoro Triwikantoro
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Malik Anjelh Baqiya
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Zainuri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Suminar Pratapa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytics Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia
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Spanjaards M, Peters G, Hulsen M, Anderson P. Numerical Study of the Effect of Thixotropy on Extrudate Swell. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244383. [PMID: 34960934 PMCID: PMC8707588 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extrusion of highly filled elastomers is widely used in the automotive industry. In this paper, we numerically study the effect of thixotropy on 2D planar extrudate swell for constant and fluctuating flow rates, as well as the effect of thixotropy on the swell behavior of a 3D rectangular extrudate for a constant flowrate. To this end, we used the Finite Element Method. The state of the network structure in the material is described using a kinetic equation for a structure parameter. Rate and stress-controlled models for this kinetic equation are compared. The effect of thixotropy on extrudate swell is studied by varying the damage and recovery parameters in these models. It was found that thixotropy in general decreases extrudate swell. The stress-controlled approach always predicts a larger swell ratio compared to the rate-controlled approach for the Weissenberg numbers studied in this work. When the damage parameter in the models is increased, a less viscous fluid layer appears near the die wall, which decreases the swell ratio to a value lower than the Newtonian swell ratio. Upon further increasing the damage parameter, the high viscosity core layer becomes very small, leading to an increase in the swell ratio compared to smaller damage parameters, approaching the Newtonian value. The existence of a low-viscosity outer layer and a high-viscosity core in the die have a pronounced effect on the swell ratio for thixotropic fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Spanjaards
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
- VMI Holland B.V., Gelriaweg 16, P.O. Box 161, 8161 RK Epe, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Martien Hulsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Patrick Anderson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Towards the Development of a Strategy to Characterize and Model the Rheological Behavior of Filled, Uncured Rubber Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234068. [PMID: 34883572 PMCID: PMC8658930 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an experimental strategy is presented to characterize the rheological behavior of filled, uncured rubber compounds. Oscillatory shear experiments on a regular plate-plate rheometer are combined with a phenomenological thixotropy model to obtain model parameters that can be used to describe the steady shear behavior. We compare rate- and stress-controlled kinetic equations for a structure parameter that determines the deformation history-dependent spectrum and, thus, the dynamic thixotropic behavior of the material. We keep the models as simple as possible and the characterization straightforward to maximize applicability. The model can be implemented in a finite element framework as a tool to simulate realistic rubber processing. This will be the topic of another work, currently under preparation. In shaping processes, such as rubber- and polymer extrusion, with realistic processing conditions, the range of shear rates is far outside the range obtained during rheological characterization. Based on some motivated choices, we will present an approach to extend this range.
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Abstract
The molecular structure of bound layers at attractive polymer-nanoparticle interfaces strongly influences the properties of nanocomposites. Thus, a unifying theoretical framework that can provide insights into the correlations between the molecular structure of the bound layers, their thermodynamics, and macroscopic properties is highly desirable. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were used in combination with local fingerprint analysis of configurational entropy and interaction energy at the segmental scale, with the goal to establish such physical grounds. The thickness of bound polymer layers is found to be independent of the polymer chain length, as deduced from density oscillations at the surface of a nanotube. The local configurational entropy of layers is estimated from pair correlations in equilibrium structures. By plotting mean layer entropy vs internal energy on a phase diagram, a one-to-one equivalence is established between the local structures of layers and their thermodynamic properties. Moreover, a gradient in local dynamics of segments in bound layers under equilibrium is observed normal to the nanoparticle surface. The relaxation times of individual layers show correspondence to their phase diagram fingerprints, thus suggesting that a unified perspective can be envisioned for such materials built on the grounds of locally heterogeneous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gooneie
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Yasin S, Hussain M, Zheng Q, Song Y. Large amplitude oscillatory rheology of silica and cellulose nanocrystals filled natural rubber compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 588:602-610. [PMID: 33162040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles reinforce rubbers and enhance Payne effect for the compounds experiencing large amplitude oscillatory shear deformation. Herein the effects of silica and cellulose nanocrystals on the Payne effect of natural rubber compounds are investigated by stress decomposition methods for clarifying the elastic and viscous nonlinearities varying with filler content and composition. The Payne effect is in general characterized by intercycle strain softening and shear thinning behaviors and intracycle hardening and thinning behaviors at high strain (strain rate) amplitudes while the filler influences the behaviors markedly at intermediate strain (rate) amplitudes. Especially, the addition of cellulose nanocrystals in the silica filled compounds improves the elastic nonlinearity and greatly weakens the viscous nonlinearity, providing a perspective on understanding the Payne effect for manufacturing high-performance rubber materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Yasin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Munir Hussain
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Zhao A, Shi XY, Sun SH, Zhang HM, Zuo M, Song YH, Zheng Q. Insights into the Payne Effect of Carbon Black Filled Styrene-butadiene Rubber Compounds. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Plagge J, Klüppel M. Micromechanics of Stress-Softening and Hysteresis of Filler Reinforced Elastomers with Applications to Thermo-Oxidative Aging. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061350. [PMID: 32549387 PMCID: PMC7362171 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A micromechanical concept of filler-induced stress-softening and hysteresis is established that describes the complex quasi-static deformation behavior of filler reinforced rubbers upon repeated stretching with increasing amplitude. It is based on a non-affine tube model of rubber elasticity and a distinct deformation and fracture mechanics of filler clusters in the stress field of the rubber matrix. For the description of the clusters we refer to a three-dimensional generalization of the Kantor–Webman model of flexible chain aggregates with distinct bending–twisting and tension deformation of bonds. The bending–twisting deformation dominates the elasticity of filler clusters in elastomers while the tension deformation is assumed to be mainly responsible for fracture. The cluster mechanics is described in detail in the theoretical section, whereby two different fracture criteria of filler–filler bonds are considered, denoted “monodisperse” and “hierarchical” bond fracture mechanism. Both concepts are compared in the experimental section, where stress–strain cycles of a series of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) composites with various thermo-oxidative aging histories are evaluated. It is found that the “hierarchical” bond fracture mechanism delivers better fits and more stable fitting parameters, though the evolution of fitting parameters with aging time is similar for both models. From the adaptations it is concluded that the crosslinking density remains almost constant, indicating that the sulfur bridges in EPDM networks are mono-sulfidic, and hence, quite stable—even at 130 °C aging temperature. The hardening of the composites with increasing aging time is mainly attributed to the relaxation of filler–filler bonds, which results in an increased stiffness and strength of the bonds. Finally, a frame-independent simplified version of the stress-softening model is proposed that allows for an easy implementation into numerical codes for fast FEM simulations
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11
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Champagne J, Cantournet S, Colombo D, Jamonneau S, Le Gorju K, Lequeux F, Montes H. Role of Glassy Bridges on the Mechanics of Filled Rubbers under Pressure. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Champagne
- Mines ParisTech, Centre des Matériaux, CNRS 7633 BP 87, PSL University, Évry, Paris F-91003 Cedex, France
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - S. Cantournet
- Mines ParisTech, Centre des Matériaux, CNRS 7633 BP 87, PSL University, Évry, Paris F-91003 Cedex, France
| | - D. Colombo
- Mines ParisTech, Centre des Matériaux, CNRS 7633 BP 87, PSL University, Évry, Paris F-91003 Cedex, France
| | - S. Jamonneau
- Research and Innovation Centre, Hutchinson SA, Châlette-sur-Loing, France
| | - K. Le Gorju
- Research and Innovation Centre, Hutchinson SA, Châlette-sur-Loing, France
| | - F. Lequeux
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - H. Montes
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, Paris Cedex 5, France
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12
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13
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Kempfer K, Devémy J, Dequidt A, Couty M, Malfreyt P. Multi-scale modeling of the polymer-filler interaction. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1538-1547. [PMID: 31939976 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01959f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report mesoscopic simulations of the interaction between a silica nanoparticle and cis-1,4-polybutadiene chains with realistic coarse-(CG) grained models. The CG models are obtained with a bottom-up Bayesian method based on trajectory matching of atomistic configurations of the system. We then investigate the structural properties of the interfacial region as a function of the grafting density and polymer chain length. We take advantage of the realistic CG models to explore the dynamics of the nanoparticle over a period of 10 microseconds. We show that the dynamics of the nanoparticle is affected by the grafting density and the polymer chain length of the grafted chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kempfer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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14
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Fabrication of oriented electrospun cellulose nanocrystals–polystyrene composite fibers on a rotating drum. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Hagita K, Morita H. Effects of polymer/filler interactions on glass transition temperatures of filler-filled polymer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Solano Canchaya JG, Dequidt A, Garruchet S, Latour B, Martzel N, Devémy J, Goujon F, Blaak R, Schnell B, Munch E, Seeboth N, Malfreyt P. Development of a coarse-grain model for the description of the metal oxide-polymer interface from a bottom-up approach. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Solano Canchaya
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sebastien Garruchet
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Latour
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Martzel
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Devémy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Goujon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ronald Blaak
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Schnell
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Munch
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Seeboth
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Wang Y, Maurel G, Couty M, Detcheverry F, Merabia S. Implicit Medium Model for Fractal Aggregate Polymer Nanocomposites: Linear Viscoelastic Properties. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- MFP MICHELIN 23, Place des Carmes-Déchaux, Cedex 9 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaëtan Maurel
- MFP MICHELIN 23, Place des Carmes-Déchaux, Cedex 9 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Couty
- MFP MICHELIN 23, Place des Carmes-Déchaux, Cedex 9 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - François Detcheverry
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samy Merabia
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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19
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Zhang Q, Xu H, Song Y, Zheng Q. Rheological behavior of fumed silica filled polyethylene oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Huilong Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310027 China
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Yamamoto K, Kawaguchi D, Sasahara K, Inutsuka M, Yamamoto S, Uchida K, Mita K, Ogawa H, Takenaka M, Tanaka K. Aggregation States of Poly(4-methylpentene-1) at a Solid Interface. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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23
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Yu P, He H, Luo Y, Jia D, Dufresne A. Reinforcement of Natural Rubber: The Use of in Situ Regenerated Cellulose from Alkaline–Urea–Aqueous System. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Department
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LGP2, Grenoble INP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hui He
- Department
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- Department
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Demin Jia
- Department
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LGP2, Grenoble INP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Song Y, Zeng L, Zheng Q. Reconsideration of the Rheology of Silica Filled Natural Rubber Compounds. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5867-5875. [PMID: 28520426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial progress along with giant debate in reinforcement mechanisms in relation to structured filler network and heterogeneously retarded polymer dynamics, while the dissipation behaviors have never been clarified for nanoparticle filled polymers. Herein dynamic rheological behaviors of silica filled natural rubber were investigated. Master curves of linear rheology in the hydrodynamic regime and those of the nonlinear Payne effect at a predetermined frequency were created, disclosing a leading role of dynamically retarded bulk rubbery phase to the hydrodynamic regime and a leading role of molecular disentanglement in the bulk phase to the Payne effect. The methodology is able to account for both reinforcement and dissipation of the compounds as a function of filler content. Furthermore, a frequency-dependent hydrodynamic to non-hydrodynamic transition is revealed, revealing the importance of the relaxation of chains in the bulk phase to both reinforcement and dissipation of the compounds. It is suggested that the dynamics of the bulk phase play a critical role for the rheology in the hydrodynamic regime while the fractal filler aggregates become dominative only in the terminal non-hydrodynamic regime where the bulk phase relaxes sufficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lingbin Zeng
- Shanghai Aerospace System Engineering Institute , Shanghai 201110, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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27
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Agnelli S, Pandini S, Serafini A, Musto S, Galimberti M. Anisotropic Nonlinear Mechanical Behavior in Carbon Nanotubes/Poly(1,4-cis-isoprene) Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Agnelli
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering of Brescia, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Pandini
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering of Brescia, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Serafini
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Musto
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Galimberti
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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28
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Davris T, Mermet-Guyennet MRB, Bonn D, Lyulin AV. Filler Size Effects on Reinforcement in Elastomer-Based Nanocomposites: Experimental and Simulational Insights into Physical Mechanisms. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Davris
- Theory
of Polymers and Soft Matter, Department of Applied Physics, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Bonn
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey V. Lyulin
- Theory
of Polymers and Soft Matter, Department of Applied Physics, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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29
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Zheng Z, Song Y, Yang R, Zheng Q. Direct Evidence for Percolation of Immobilized Polymer Layer around Nanoparticles Accounting for Sol-Gel Transition in Fumed Silica Dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13478-13487. [PMID: 26618390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized polymer fractions have been claimed to be of vital importance for sol-gel transitions generally observed in nanoparticle dispersions but remain a matter of debate regarding mechanism and difficulty for prediction. Here we investigate the immobilized layer structures of trifunctionality polyether polyol (PPG) near the surfaces of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fumed silica (FS) nanoparticles to reveal the role of surface chemistry on the molecular dynamics and sol-gel transitions of the dispersions. Using modulated differential scanning calorimetry, we measure the specific heat capacity during glass transition and the enthalpy during cold-crystallization. Comparing with hydrophobic FS that forms a fully immobilized (glassy) layer, we find that hydrophilic FS immobilizes more PPG, forming a partially immobilized outer layer being unable to crystallize next to the inner glassy layer. By correlating the thickness of the glassy layer with half of the minimum spacing between nanoparticles, we directly evidence the percolation of this layer along the nearest neighbor nanoparticles responsible for the sol-gel transition. Using effective volume fraction including the glassy layer, we successfully construct master curves of relative viscosity of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic FS dispersions, pointing to a common sol-gel transition mechanism mediated by the surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihu Song
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ruiquan Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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30
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Baeza GP, Oberdisse J, Alegria A, Saalwächter K, Couty M, Genix AC. Depercolation of aggregates upon polymer grafting in simplified industrial nanocomposites studied with dielectric spectroscopy. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Zhang H, Lu M, Lu Q, He B, Zhang L, Liu Y. Design and preparation of cross-linked α-methylstyrene acrylonitrile copolymer nanoparticles and their interfacial investigation with rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Ming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Qiuyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Bo He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yakang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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32
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Hosseini SM, Razzaghi-Kashani M. Vulcanization kinetics of nano-silica filled styrene butadiene rubber. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Choi J, Clarke N, Winey KI, Composto RJ. Fast Polymer Diffusion through Nanocomposites with Anisotropic Particles. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:886-891. [PMID: 35596354 DOI: 10.1021/mz500344h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have characteristic length scales associated with both the nanoparticles (i.e., size and interparticle distance) and the polymer molecules (i.e., tube diameter of entanglement and radius of gyration; Rg). When the nanoparticle (NP) and polymer length scales are comparable, the polymer dynamics exhibit contrasting behavior for NPs differing only in size and shape. For spherical NPs and short anisotropic NPs, the polymer diffusion coefficient decreases monotonically with NP concentration. However, for long anisotropic NPs, polymer diffusion slows down at low NP concentration and recovers for NP concentrations above the critical concentration for network formation. By spanning intermediate ranges of nanoparticle size and shape, the role of the NP geometric parameters on the polymer dynamics is substantially advanced, thereby providing new routes toward controlling polymer dynamics and viscoelasticity of PNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Choi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nigel Clarke
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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34
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Chen Y, Li Z, Wen S, Yang Q, Zhang L, Zhong C, Liu L. Molecular simulation study of role of polymer–particle interactions in the strain-dependent viscoelasticity of elastomers (Payne effect). J Chem Phys 2014; 141:104901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4894502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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35
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Kato A, Nishioka M, Sato Y, Nagano E, Yamashita R, Kimura N, Taguchi T. STUDIES ON BOUND RUBBER OF CB BEFORE/AFTER VULCANIZATION OF ISOPRENE RUBBER. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.14.86974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The high abrasion furnace (HAF), fast extrusion furnace (FEF), and fine thermal (FT) loadings used in this study were adjusted to keep the carbon black (CB)–specific area of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide adsorption to 2490 m2g−1. Their polyisoprene (IR) compounds and vulcanizates were investigated. Regarding the dependence of the CB gel fraction (FCB gel) on the IR gel/CB weight ratio (WRIR/CB), the amount of CB in the CB gel increased with a larger CB aggregate size, whereas the amount of the IR gel decreased. With regard to the dependence of the activation energy (ΔE(T2)) of the spin–spin relaxation time (T2) on the CB aggregate size, an immobilized rubber layer around CB formed more easily in the order of FT < FEF < HAF. Moreover, it became clear from the relationship between WRIR/CB and ΔE(T2) that the amount of the IR gel in the CB gel increased with decreasing ΔE(T2). The unique ratio of the surface area to the volume of CB aggregates (SCB/VCB) was obtained from results of three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy observation. The dependence of the amount of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) adsorption and compressed DBP adsorption on SCB/VCB was approximately linear, which suggested that SCB/VCB was closely related to CB aggregates and CB agglomerates. The linear relationship seen between SCB/VCB and ΔE(T2) revealed that an immobilized rubber layer was present around CB. The dependence of (qCB/qIR)(WRIR/CB) on SCB/VCB was also investigated using the densities (ρIR and ρCB) of IR and CB. The slope (tirl) of their approximately linear relationship was about 3.9 nm, which almost agreed with the bound rubber thickness reported in the literature to date. It is also inferred that because the intercept (α), which reflects the change in the IR gel weight fraction, was about 0.04 (4%), the IR gel weight fraction changed very little between before and after vulcanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Material Analysis Department, Nissan Arc, Ltd., 1 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Maiko Nishioka
- Material Analysis Department, Nissan Arc, Ltd., 1 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Etsuko Nagano
- Analysis Department, TRI Techno, Ltd., Aichi 485-8550, Japan
| | - Riko Yamashita
- Analysis Department, TRI Techno, Ltd., Aichi 485-8550, Japan
| | - Norihito Kimura
- Material Technology R&D Laboratories, Tokai Rubber Industries, Ltd., 1 Higashi 3-chome, Komaki, Aichi 485-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Taguchi
- Material Technology R&D Laboratories, Tokai Rubber Industries, Ltd., 1 Higashi 3-chome, Komaki, Aichi 485-8550, Japan
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36
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Gao Y, Liu J, Shen J, Wu Y, Zhang L. Influence of various nanoparticle shapes on the interfacial chain mobility: a molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21372-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Shen J, Liu J, Gao Y, Li X, Zhang L. Elucidating and tuning the strain-induced non-linear behavior of polymer nanocomposites: a detailed molecular dynamics simulation study. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:5099-5113. [PMID: 24906702 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
By setting up a coarse-grained model of polymer nanocomposites, we monitored the change in the elastic modulus as a function of the strain, derived from the stress-strain behavior by determining uniaxial tension and simple shear of two typical spatial distribution states (aggregation and dispersion) of nanoparticles (NPs). In both these cases, we observed that the elastic modulus decreases non-linearly with the increase of strain and reaches a low plateau at larger strains. This phenomenon is similar to the so-called "Payne effect" for elastomer nanocomposites. Particularly, the modulus of the aggregation case is more sensitive to the imposed strain. By examining the structural parameters, such as the number of neighboring NPs, coordination number of NPs, root-mean-squared average force exerted on the NPs, local strain, chain conformations (bridge, dangle, loop, interface bead and connection bead), and the total interaction energy of NP-polymer and NP-NP, we inferred that the underlying mechanism of the aggregation case is the disintegration of the NP network or clusters formed through direct contact; however, for the dispersion case, the non-linear behavior is attributed to the destruction of the NP network or clusters formed through the bridging of adsorbed polymer segments among the NPs. The former physical network is influenced by NP-NP interaction and NP volume fraction, while the latter is influenced by NP-polymer interaction and NP volume fraction. Lastly, we found that for the dispersion case, further increasing the inter-particle distance or grafting NPs with polymer chains can effectively reduce the non-linear behavior due to the decrease of the physical network density. In general, this simulation work, for the first time, establishes the correlation between the micro-structural evolution and the strain-induced non-linear behavior of polymer nanocomposites, and sheds some light on how to reduce the "Payne effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
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38
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Mujtaba A, Keller M, Ilisch S, Radusch HJ, Beiner M, Thurn-Albrecht T, Saalwächter K. Detection of Surface-Immobilized Components and Their Role in Viscoelastic Reinforcement of Rubber-Silica Nanocomposites. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:481-485. [PMID: 35590787 DOI: 10.1021/mz500192r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized polymer fractions have been claimed to be of pivotal importance for the large mechanical reinforcement observed in nanoparticle-filled elastomers but remained elusive in actual application-relevant materials. We here isolate the additive filler network contribution to the storage modulus of industrial styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites filled with silica at different frequencies and temperatures and demonstrate that it is viscoelastic in nature. We further quantify the amount of immobilized polymer using solid-state NMR and establish a correlation with the mechanical reinforcement, identifying a direct, strongly nonlinear dependence on the immobilized polymer fraction. The observation of a temperature-independent filler percolation threshold suggests that immobilized polymer fractions may not necessarily form contiguous layers around the filler particles but could only reside in highly confined regions between closely packed filler particles, where they dominate the bending modulus of aggregated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Mujtaba
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M. Keller
- Zentrum für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - S. Ilisch
- Zentrum für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - H.-J. Radusch
- Zentrum für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M. Beiner
- Fraunhofer Institut für
Werkstoffmechanik IWM, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - T. Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - K. Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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39
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Jouault N, Dalmas F, Boué F, Jestin J. Nanoparticles reorganizations in polymer nanocomposites under large deformation. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Hentschke R, Hager J, Hojdis NW. Molecular modeling approach to the prediction of mechanical properties of silica-reinforced rubbers. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hentschke
- Fachbereich Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität; Wuppertal North Rhine-Westphalia D-42097 Germany
| | - Jonathan Hager
- Fachbereich Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität; Wuppertal North Rhine-Westphalia D-42097 Germany
| | - Nils W. Hojdis
- Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH; Hanover Lower Saxony D-30419 Germany
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41
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Wahba L, D'Arienzo M, Dirè S, Donetti R, Hanel T, Morazzoni F, Niederberger M, Santo N, Tadiello L, Scotti R. A novel non-aqueous sol-gel route for the in situ synthesis of high loaded silica-rubber nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2234-2244. [PMID: 24651692 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51813b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silica-natural rubber nanocomposites were obtained through a novel non-aqueous in situ sol-gel synthesis, producing the amount of water necessary to induce the hydrolysis and condensation of a tetraethoxysilane precursor by esterification of formic acid with ethanol. The method allows the synthesis of low hydrophilic silica nanoparticles with ethoxy groups linked to the silica surface which enable the filler to be more dispersible in the hydrophobic rubber. Thus, high loaded silica composites (75 phr, parts per hundred rubber) were obtained without using any coupling agent. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that the silica nanoparticles are surrounded by rubber layers, which lower the direct interparticle contact in the filler-filler interaction. At the lowest silica loading (up to 30 phr) silica particles are isolated in rubber and only at a large amount of filler (>60 phr) the interparticle distances decrease and a continuous percolative network, connected by thin polymer films, forms throughout the matrix. The dynamic-mechanical properties confirm that the strong reinforcement of the rubber composites is related to the network formation at high loading. Both the improvement of the particle dispersion and the enhancement of the silica loading are peculiar to the non-aqueous synthesis approach, making the method potentially interesting for the production of high-loaded silica-polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wahba
- Dip. Scienze dei Materiali, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy.
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42
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Pourhossaini MR, Razzaghi-Kashani M. Effect of silica particle size on chain dynamics and frictional properties of styrene butadiene rubber nano and micro composites. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Möwes MM, Fleck F, Klüppel M. EFFECT OF FILLER SURFACE ACTIVITY AND MORPHOLOGY ON MECHANICAL AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF NBR/GRAPHENE NANOCOMPOSITES. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.13.87930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The surface characteristics of graphenes and carbon-based nanofillers are analyzed regarding activity, porosity, and roughness in comparison with mechanical and dielectric properties of polymer nanocomposites based on graphene in a nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) matrix. From adsorption isotherms of the fillers, information about surface area, roughness, and surface heterogeneities is evaluated. In addition, different models are used to evaluate a pore-size distribution. The composites are prepared in a conventional way by melt mixing. These graphene-based elastomer nanocomposites are mechanically and electrically characterized and compared with a standard carbon black. It is demonstrated that graphene nanocomposites show a considerably different behavior compared with carbon black, although the properties strongly depend on the graphene type. Promising results for industrial applications are found in the case of graphene/NBR composites containing dioctyl-phtalate (DOP) as a softener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Möwes
- German Institute for Rubber Technology, D-30974 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Fleck
- German Institute for Rubber Technology, D-30974 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Klüppel
- German Institute for Rubber Technology, D-30974 Hannover, Germany
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44
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Origin of Nonlinear Viscoelasticity in Filled Rubbers: Theory and Practice. NON-LINEAR VISCOELASTICITY OF RUBBER COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08702-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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45
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Bindu P, Thomas S. Viscoelastic behavior and reinforcement mechanism in rubber nanocomposites in the vicinity of spherical nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12632-48. [PMID: 24090199 DOI: 10.1021/jp4039489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The viscoelastic behavior and reinforcement mechanism of nano ZnO reinforced natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites were investigated in this study. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to investigate the nature of the constrained polymer region in NR-nano ZnO nanocomposites, and the constrained polymer region is responsible for the reinforcement mechanism. The viscoelastic and tensile properties of NR nanocomposites were investigated with respect to the effect of nanofiller loading. All the nanocomposites showed a significant increase in storage modulus in the glassy and rubbery regions, the shift of the tan δ peak to the higher temperature region, and the lowering of the tan δ peak intensity compared to neat NR. The enhancement in the modulus is related to the weight % of the added nano ZnO as well as the volume of the constrained rubber chains in the proximity of ZnO nanoparticles. The study of the constrained volume of the polymer indicates that the structure of the nanocomposite possesses a moderately strong interfacial interaction between rubber chains and ZnO nanoparticles. The type of rubber-nanofiller interaction strongly influences the amount and modulus of the constrained region and contributes to the enhancement in the storage modulus of the resulting nanocomposites. The volume fraction of the constrained region of the NR nanocomposites was found to have good linear correlation with the weight % of nano ZnO. It was also understood that there should exist an optimum cross-linking density for a certain nanofiller reinforced rubber system, as well as partial physical adsorption of macromolecular rubber chains on the nanofiller surface. An optimum nanofiller loading is necessary for moderately strong rubber-nanofiller interaction and hence for the enhancement in the mechanical properties of the NR nanocomposites. A core-shell morphology model and constrained polymer model have been proposed to explain the constrained polymer chains in the NR-nano ZnO nanocomposite system on the basis of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bindu
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University , Priyadarshini Hills P.O, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686 560
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46
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Choi J, Hore MJA, Meth JS, Clarke N, Winey KI, Composto RJ. Universal Scaling of Polymer Diffusion in Nanocomposites. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:485-490. [PMID: 35581803 DOI: 10.1021/mz400064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are new and valuable additives that can favorably tune thermomechanical, electric, optical, and magnetic properties of polymeric materials. The addition of nanoparticles can also enhance or slow down polymer dynamics depending on the mixture thermodynamics and key length scales, namely, nanoparticle size, interparticle spacing (ID), and the polymer radius of gyration (Rg). Presently, a framework for understanding how nanoparticles affect polymer dynamics is not available, in part, because of a lack of wide-ranging experimental studies. Here, tracer diffusion is studied in model nanocomposites containing silica nanoparticles grafted with either polymer brushes (soft nanoparticles) or short ligands (hard nanoparticles). Over a wide range of tracer molecular weights and nanoparticle loadings, the normalized diffusion coefficient collapses onto a universal curve for both soft and hard nanoparticles when plotted against a confinement parameter, defined as ID/Rg, which accounts for tracer penetration into the brush. These experimental results provide new insights into the fundamental principles required to construct predictive models of polymer dynamics in nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Choi
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Michael J. A. Hore
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Meth
- DuPont Nanocomposite
Technologies, Central Research and Development, E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., P.O. Box 400,
Wilmington, Delaware, United States
| | - Nigel Clarke
- Department of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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47
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48
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Raos G, Sluckin TJ. Pulling Polymers on Energetically Disordered Surfaces: Molecular Dynamics Tests of Linear and Non-linear Response. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Betancourt BAP, Douglas JF, Starr FW. Fragility and cooperative motion in a glass-forming polymer-nanoparticle composite. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:241-254. [PMID: 25328534 PMCID: PMC4201060 DOI: 10.1039/c2sm26800k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-nanoparticle composites play a vital role in ongoing materials development. The behavior of the glass transition of these materials is important for their processing and applications, and also represents a problem of fundamental physical interest. Changes of the polymer glass transition temperature Tg due to nanoparticles have been fairly well catalogued, but the breadth of the transition and how rapidly transport properties vary with temperature T - termed the fragility m of glass-formation - is comparatively poorly understood. In the present work, we calculate both Tg and m of a model polymer nanocomposite by molecular dynamics simulations. We systematically consider how Tg and m vary both for the material as a whole, as well as locally, for a range of nanoparticle (NP) concentrations and two polymer-NP interactions. We find large positive and negative changes in Tg and m that can be interpreted in terms of the Adam-Gibbs model of glass-formation, where the scale of the cooperative motion is identified with the scale of string-like cooperative motion. This provides a molecular perpective of fragility changes due to the addition of NPs and for glass formation more generally. We also contrast the behavior along isobaric and isochoric approaches to Tg , since these differing paths can be important to compare experiments (isobaric) and simulations (very often isochoric). Our findings have practical implications for understanding the properties of nanocomposites and fundamental significance for understanding the properties glass-forming materials more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Francis W Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
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Ma JH, Zhang LQ, Wu YP. Characterization of Filler-rubber Interaction, Filler Network Structure, and Their Effects on Viscoelasticity for Styrene-butadiene Rubber Filled with Different Fillers. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.755441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Ma
- a State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , China
| | - You-Ping Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing , China
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