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Czichy M, Janasik P, Wagner P, Officer DL, Lapkowski M. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Studies on the Reactivity of Perimidine-Carbazole-Thiophene Monomers towards the Formation of Multidimensional Macromolecules versus Stable π-Dimeric States. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092167. [PMID: 33922869 PMCID: PMC8122979 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During research on cross-linked conducting polymers, double-functionalized monomers were synthesized. Two subunits potentially able to undergo oxidative coupling were used—perimidine and, respectively, carbazole, 3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole or 3,6-di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole; alkyl and alkoxy chains as groups supporting molecular ordering and 14H-benzo[4,5]isoquinone[2,1-a]perimidin-14-one segment promoting CH⋯O interactions and π–π stacking. Electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and density functional theory (DFT) studies have shown that potential-controlled oxidation enables polarization of a specific monomer subunit, thus allowing for simultaneous coupling via perimidine and/or carbazole, but mainly leading to dimer formation. The reason for this was the considerable stability of the dicationic and tetracationic π-dimers over covalent bonding. In the case of perimidine-3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole, the polymer was not obtained due to the steric hindrance of the alkyl substituents preventing the coupling of the monomer radical cations. The only linear π-conjugated polymer was obtained through di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole segment from perimidine-di(decyloxythiophene)-carbazole precursor. Due to the significant difference in potentials between subsequent oxidation states of monomer, it was impossible to polarize the entire molecule, so that both directions of coupling could be equally favored. Subsequent oxidation of this polymer to polarize the side perimidine groups did not allow further crosslinking, because rather the π–π interactions between these perimidine segments dominate in the solid product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Czichy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Patryk Janasik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia; (P.W.); (D.L.O.)
| | - David L. Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia; (P.W.); (D.L.O.)
| | - Mieczyslaw Lapkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (M.L.)
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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2
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Gerrits L, Hammink R, Kouwer PHJ. Semiflexible polymer scaffolds: an overview of conjugation strategies. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Semiflexible polymers are excellent scaffolds for the presentation of a wide variety of (bio)molecules. This manuscript reviews advantages and challenges of the most common conjugation strategies for the major classes of semiflexible polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Gerrits
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department of Tumor Immunology
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
- Radboud University Medical Center
- 6525 GA Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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3
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Liu C, Wang Q, Hivick BE, Ai Y, Champagne PA, Pan Y, Chen H. Capture of Electrochemically Generated Fleeting Carbazole Radical Cations and Elucidation of Carbazole Dimerization Mechanism by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15291-15296. [PMID: 33084312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capture of reactive intermediates is important for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms. We report the first observation of electrochemically generated, short-lived radical cations of carbazole (t1/2 ≈ 97 μs) and two N-substituted carbazole derivatives by mass spectrometry. In addition, online investigation of the reactivity of electrochemically generated carbazole radical cations supports that the carbazole dimerization mechanism involves the reaction of one radical cation with one neutral molecule rather than the previously proposed coupling of two radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.,National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Brian E Hivick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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Liang Y, Liu C, Zhao M, Wang R, Zhang D, Wang C, Zhou L, Wang L, Xie Z, Peng J, Liu L. Organic Electropolymerized Multilayers for Light-Emitting Diodes and Displays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20714-20721. [PMID: 32272832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In electrochemistry, the carbazole is generally coupled to dimer but not to polymer. This work has reported that organic electropolymerization (OEP) of 4,4',4″-tri(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) would form a high cross-linked carbazole polymer by its high activity/reversibility and a synchronous viscosity control. It has significantly improved the OEP film quality of both hole-transporting and electroluminescent layers in organic light-emitting diodes. As a result, the conductivity and power efficiency of the organic light-emitting diodes with TCTA are eight and four times of that without TCTA. A prototype display device with a 1.7 in. monochrome passive matrix of 58 ppi under the driving chip is successfully fabricated with accurate pixel size and uniform electroluminescence, which shows a great potential of OEP in the electroluminescent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Cao Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Manlin Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Donglian Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Guangzhou New Vision Optoelectronic Technology Company, Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Guangzhou New Vision Optoelectronic Technology Company, Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Junbiao Peng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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Abstract
9-Substituted carbazoles are widely used units in materials science, and their oxidative reactions have been utilized for the synthesis and characterization of polymers. Though the oxidative mechanism of carbazoles has been known for a few decades, structural definition has remained difficult, because their polymers are generally insoluble with incomplete characterization and unknown dependence of the electrochemical potentials. The oxidative reactions of 9-substituted carbazoles should be carefully considered under specific oxidative conditions; otherwise, structure definitions could be wrong, because the IR and NMR spectra used previously cannot quantitatively analyze 3,3'-coupling and 6,6'-coupling of carbazoles. In this review, the best understanding of the C3-C3' and C6-C6' oxidative couplings of 9-substituted carbazoles is presented, and the benefit of these oxidative reactions from the viewpoints of electrochemical synthesis, film engineering, and the synthesis and processing of polymers is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
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Kortekaas L, Lancia F, Steen JD, Browne WR. Reversible Charge Trapping in Bis-Carbazole-Diimide Redox Polymers with Complete Luminescence Quenching Enabling Nondestructive Read-Out by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2017; 121:14688-14702. [PMID: 28729892 PMCID: PMC5512120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of substituted carbazole compounds through carbon-carbon bond formation upon one-electron oxidation is shown to be a highly versatile approach to the formation of redox polymer films. Although the polymerization of single carbazole units has been proposed earlier, we show that by tethering pairs of carbazoles double sequential dimerization allows for facile formation of redox polymer films with fine control over film thickness. We show that the design of the monomers and in particular the bridging units is key to polymer formation, with the diaminobenzene motif proving advantageous, in terms of the matching to the redox potentials of the monomer and polymer film and thereby avoiding limitations in film thickness (autoinsulation), but introduces unacceptable instability due to the intrinsic redox activity of this moiety. The use of a diimide protecting group both avoids complications due to p-diamino-benzene redox chemistry and provides for a redox polymer in which the photoluminescence of the bis-carbazole moiety can be switched reversibly (on/off) with redox control. The monomer design approach is versatile enabling facile incorporation of additional functional units, such as naphthalene. Here we show that a multicomponent carbazole/naphthalene containing monomer (APCNDI) can form redox polymer films showing both p- and n- conductivity under ambient conditions and allows access to five distinct redox states, and a complex electrochromic response covering the whole of the UV/vis-NIR spectral region. The highly effective quenching of the photoluminescence of both components in poly-APCNDI enables detailed characterization of the redox polymer films. The poly-APCNDI films show extensive charge trapping, which can be read out spectroscopically in the case of films and is characterized as kinetic rather than chemical in origin on the basis of UV/vis-NIR absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopic analyses. The strong resonantly enhanced Raman scattering for the various oxidized and reduced states of APCNDI enables nondestructive "read-out" of the state of the polymer, including that in which charges are trapped kinetically at the surface, making poly-APCNDI highly suitable for application as a component in organic nonvolatile memory devices.
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7
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Ding W, Xu J, Wen Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhang Z. Highly selective “turn-on” fluorescent sensing of fluoride ion based on a conjugated polymer thin film-Fe3+ complex. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 967:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Zhu WJ, Fang M, Liu XN, Zhang H, Tian X, Li C, Wu ZY, Cui WJ. Synthesis and Two-Photon Absorption Properties of Two Long Conjugated Asymmetric Carbazole Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2017. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Palma-Cando A, Preis E, Scherf U. Silicon- or Carbon-Cored Multifunctional Carbazolyl Monomers for the Electrochemical Generation of Microporous Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Palma-Cando
- Macromolecular
Chemistry
Group, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Eduard Preis
- Macromolecular
Chemistry
Group, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular
Chemistry
Group, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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10
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Liu B, Chen Z, Lin L, Han Y, Pang J, Jiang Z. Synthesis and characterization of poly(arylene ether ketone)s with 3,6-diphenyl-9 H-carbazole pendants using C–N coupling reaction. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316655592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
3,6-Diphenyl-9 H-carbazole pendants are grafted herein to poly(arylene ether ketone)s (PAEKs) via the Ullmann C–N coupling reaction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that PAEKs containing a carbazole pendant (Cz) have been synthesized through the Ullmann C–N coupling reaction. The high molecular weights of PAEK-Cz (PAEKs with 3,6-diphenyl-9 H-carbazole pendants) are inherited from their precursors, owing to the high reactivity of their monomers. The obtained PAEK-Cz- x polymers exhibit good solubility in most common organic solvents and excellent thermal stabilities, with the 5% weight loss temperatures for all products being above 598°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The glass transition temperatures are all above 199°C and can be controlled by adjusting the feed ratio of monomers. The polymer membranes obtained by the casting method are tough and thus have strong potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhenhua Jiang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Ates M, Uludag N. Carbazole derivative synthesis and their electropolymerization. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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13
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Sedláček J, Balcar H. Substituted Polyacetylenes Prepared with Rh Catalysts: From Linear to Network-Type Conjugated Polymers. POLYM REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2016.1144207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Palma-Cando A, Scherf U. Electrochemically Generated Thin Films of Microporous Polymer Networks: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Palma-Cando
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
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15
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Sugano S, Kouzai H. Synthesis and Properties of Substituted Polyacetylenes Containing Pyrene Moieties in the Side Group. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou Sugano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University
| | - Hiroaki Kouzai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University
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16
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Facile fabrication of fluorescent poly(5-cyanoindole) thin film sensor via electropolymerization for detection of Fe3+ in aqueous solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Li F, Luan J, Zhang S, Luo Y, Du Y, Gao C, Wang G. High fluorescence intensity poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing tetraphenylethylene moieties: preparation, characterization and fluorescent properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13998a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PAEK with tetraphenylethylene groups and relationships between fluorescence intensity and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Jiashuang Luan
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Luo
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yinlong Du
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Cong Gao
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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18
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A novel electropolymerized fluorescent film probe for TNT based on electro-active conjugated copolymer. Talanta 2015; 144:1111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Kovalev AI, Kushakova NC, Shapovalov AV, Babushkina MA, Khotina IA. Synthesis and prospects of application of branched polyarylenes in electroluminescent devices. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Gracia I, Feringán B, Serrano JL, Termine R, Golemme A, Omenat A, Barberá J. Functional Carbazole Liquid-Crystal Block Codendrimers with Optical and Electronic Properties. Chemistry 2014; 21:1359-69. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Saha S, Baker GL. Surface-tethered conjugated polymers created via the grafting-from approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Saha
- Department of Chemistry; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
| | - Gregory L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824
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23
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Li P, Ji C, Ma H, Zhang M, Cheng Y. Development of Fluorescent Film Sensors Based on Electropolymerization for Iron(III) Ion Detection. Chemistry 2014; 20:5741-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Nie H, Lv Y, Yao L, Pan Y, Zhao Y, Li P, Sun G, Ma Y, Zhang M. Fluorescence detection of trace TNT by novel cross-linking electropolymerized films both in vapor and aqueous medium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 264:474-480. [PMID: 24238808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electropolymerized (EP) films with high fluorescent efficiency are introduced to the detection of trace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Three electroactive materials TCPC, OCPC and OCz have been synthesized and their EP films have been demonstrated to be sensitive to TNT. Among them, the TCPC EP films have displayed the highest sensitivity to TNT in both vapor and aqueous medium, even in the natural water. It is proposed that the good performances would be caused by the following two factors: first, the cross-linking network of EP films can generate the cavities which benefit the TNT penetration, and remarkably increase the contact area between the EP films and TNT; second, the frontier orbits distribution leads the fast photo-induced electron transfer (PET) from the TCPC EP films to TNT. Our results prove that these EP films are promising TNT sensing candidates and provide a new method to prepare fluorescent porous films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heran Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Foster EL, Bunha A, Advincula R. Click chemistry and electro-grafting onto colloidally templated conducting polymer arrays. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Monitoring in situ Electrochemical Crosslinking in Nanostructured Precursor Polymer Films by EC-SPR Spectroscopy. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Optically active methacrylic copolymers with side-chain azoaromatic and 9-phenylcarbazole moieties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Zhu WJ, Wu ZY, Song JM, Li C. Preparation and properties of two new soluble carbazole-containing functional polyacetylenes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Felipe MJ, Estillore N, Pernites RB, Nguyen T, Ponnapati R, Advincula RC. Interfacial behavior of OEG-linear dendron monolayers: aggregation, nanostructuring, and electropolymerizability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9327-9336. [PMID: 21696202 DOI: 10.1021/la200916n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the interesting interfacial behavior of oligoethylene glycol or OEGylated linear dendron monolayers at the air-water interface as a function of (a) carbazole dendron generation, (b) the length of the OEG units, and (c) the surface pressure applied upon compression. Surface pressure-area isotherms, hysteresis studies, and isobaric creep measurement revealed a structure-property relationship consistent with the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of a linear dendron with the OEG group serving as the surface anchor to the water subphase. AFM studies revealed that all the OEGylated carbazole dendrons self-assemble into spherical morphology at low surface pressures but form ribbonlike structures as the surface pressure is increased. This nanostructuring is primarily imparted by the increase in van der Waals forces with increasing amount of carbazole units per dendron generation on a hydrophilic mica surface. Further, electrochemical cross-linking of the carbazole molecules by cyclic voltammetery (CV) on doped Si wafer has enabled the formation of an LB film monolayer with a secondary level of organization in the monolayer imparted by the inter- and intramolecular cross-linking among the carbazole units. This study should provide a basis for monolayer film materials based on combining the LB technique and electrochemical cross-linking for nanostructuring superstructures at the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Felipe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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30
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Chen Z, Ono RJ, Wiggins KM, Cui H, Rong C, Bielawski CW, Jiang Z. Synthesis and characterization of polyketones containing pendant carbazoles. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Waenkaew P, Taranekar P, Jiang G, Huang CY, Fulghum T, Patton D, Jayarathna L, Phanichphant S, Advincula RC. Nanostructured Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) Precursor Ultrathin Films. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Pernites RB, Foster EL, Felipe MJL, Robinson M, Advincula RC. Patterned surfaces combining polymer brushes and conducting polymer via colloidal template electropolymerization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1287-92. [PMID: 21381131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201004003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roderick B Pernites
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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33
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Pernites RB, Felipe MJL, Foster EL, Advincula RC. Colloidally templated two-dimensional conducting polymer arrays and SAMs: binary composition patterning and chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:817-827. [PMID: 21355551 DOI: 10.1021/am101168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A facile approach and strategy toward binary-composition, two-dimensional (2D) patterned surfaces of conducting polymer periodic arrays, together with thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is described. The method involved a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)-like deposition of latex microsphere particles, electropolymerization via cyclic voltammetric (CV) techniques, and self-assembly of an amphiphile. The LB-like technique enabled the monolayer deposition of different sizes of polystyrene (PS) particles in hexagonal packing arrangement on planar substrates. Combining the LB-like method with CV electropolymerization is advantageous because it provides deposition control of a polymer interconnected network, controlled composition ratio of polymer and SAMs, and control of 2D size and spacing of the spherical void pattern. Electrochemical-quartz crystal microbalance (EC-QCM) in situ monitoring of the film deposition quantified a constant and linear growth rate, with varying viscoelastic behavior of the conducting polymer adsorption on planar and PS-templated substrates. The dual-patterned surface provided a good imaging contrast as observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complementary analyses such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total internal reflection infrared (ATR IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and static contact angle measurements were used to characterize the formation of the patterned surface. The versatility of the method enables the potential for making various types of quantitative binary compositions and patterned surfaces using different combinations of conducting polymer or functional SAMs, which can be extended in the future to polymer brushes and layer-by-layer assembly of various materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick B Pernites
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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34
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Grande CD, Tria MC, Felipe MJ, Zuluaga F, Advincula R. RAFT "grafting-through" approach to surface-anchored polymers: Electrodeposition of an electroactive methacrylate monomer. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2011; 34:15. [PMID: 21337014 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2011-11015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of homopolymer and diblock copolymers on surfaces was demonstrated using electrodeposition of a methacrylate-functionalized carbazole dendron and subsequent reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) "grafting-through" polymerization. First, the anodically electroactive carbazole dendron with methacrylate moiety (G1CzMA) was electrodeposited over a conducting surface (i.e. gold or indium tin oxide (ITO)) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrodeposition process formed a crosslinked layer of carbazole units bearing exposed methacrylate moieties. This film was then used as the surface for RAFT polymerization process of methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (S), and tert-butyl acrylate (TBA) in the presence of a free RAFT agent and a free radical initiator, resulting in grafted polymer chains. The molecular weights and the polydispersity indices (PDI) of the sacrificial polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The stages of surface modification were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to confirm the surface composition, thickness, and film morphology, respectively. UV-Vis spectroscopy also confirmed the formation of an electro-optically active crosslinked carbazole film with a [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text] absorption band from 450-650nm. Static water contact angle measurements confirmed the changes in surface energy of the ultrathin films with each modification step. The controlled polymer growth from the conducting polymer-modified surface suggests the viability of combining electrodeposition and grafting-through approach to form functional polymer ultrathin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Grande
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 77204-5003, Houston, TX, USA
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35
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Grande CD, Tria MC, Jiang G, Ponnapati R, Advincula R. Surface-Grafted Polymers from Electropolymerized Polythiophene RAFT Agent. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102065u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. Grande
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Maria Celeste Tria
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Guoqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ramakrishna Ponnapati
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Rigoberto Advincula
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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36
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Shiotsuki M, Sanda F, Masuda T. Polymerization of substituted acetylenes and features of the formed polymers. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent advances of substituted polyacetylene chemistry, including new polymerization catalysts and the properties and functions of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shiotsuki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University Katsura Campus
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University Katsura Campus
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Toshio Masuda
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Fukui University of Technology
- Fukui
- Japan
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37
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Dağcı K, Alanyalıoğlu M. Surface-Confined Electropolymerization of Methylene Blue on Gold Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Heinze J, Frontana-Uribe BA, Ludwigs S. Electrochemistry of conducting polymers--persistent models and new concepts. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4724-71. [PMID: 20557047 DOI: 10.1021/cr900226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Heinze
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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39
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Frau AF, Estillore NC, Fulghum TM, Advincula RC. Intercalative poly(carbazole) precursor electropolymerization within hybrid nanostructured titanium oxide ultrathin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3726-3737. [PMID: 21080659 DOI: 10.1021/am100867q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for nanostructuring and electropolymerization of a hybrid semiconductor polycarbazole-titanium oxide ultrathin film is described. Ultrathin (<100 nm) films based on polycarbazole precursor polyelectrolytes and titanium oxide (TiOx) have been fabricated by combining the layer-by-layer (LbL) and surface sol-gel layering techniques. Film growth was followed and confirmed through UV-vis spectroscopy, ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Subsequent anodic electrochemical oxidation of the carbazole pendant units afforded a conjugated polymer network (CPN) film within intercalating TiOx layers of cross-linked and π-conjugated carbazole units. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements confirmed this process. The LbL-driven polyelectrolyte deposition process resulted in a quantified electrochemical response, proportional to the number of layers, while the TiOx acted as a dielectric spacer limiting electron transfer kinetics and attenuating energy transfer in fluorescence. Electro-optical properties were compared with other polycarbazole thin film materials with respect to bandgap energy (Eg). The straightforward protocol in film nanostructuring and barrier/dielectric properties of the inorganic oxide slab (denoted here as, TiOx) should enable applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), dielectric mirrors, planar waveguides, and photovoltaic devices for these hybrid ultrathin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Frau
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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40
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Jiang G, Ponnapati R, Pernites R, Grande CD, Felipe MJ, Foster E, Advincula R. Nanoparticle formation and ultrathin film electrodeposition of carbazole dendronized polynorbornenes prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17629-17639. [PMID: 20942447 DOI: 10.1021/la103441f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis, electropolymerization, and nanoparticle formation of a series of electroactive carbazole-terminated dendronized linear polynorbornenes prepared by living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The molecular weight (MW) of the dendronized polymers was controlled by varying the feed ratio between the dendronized monomer and first-generation Grubbs' catalyst. Ultrathin films were prepared by electrodeposition. The electrochemical behavior and viscoelastic properties of such films were found to be highly dependent on the dendron generation and linear polymer MW as studied by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (E-QCM). Moreover, nanoparticle formation and size/shape control were observed by tuning the surface wetting properties of the substrate during adsorption and by intramolecular cross-linking via chemical oxidation in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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41
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Pernites RB, Ponnapati RR, Advincula RC. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Detection of Theophylline via Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polythiophenes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101868y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roderick B. Pernites
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ramakrishna R. Ponnapati
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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42
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Baba A, Xia C, Knoll W, Advincula RC. Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance and Field-Enhanced Light Scattering: Monomer Copolymerization with a Polysiloxane-Conjugated Polythiophene Network Precursor. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Park JY, Ponnapati R, Taranekar P, Advincula RC. Carbazole peripheral poly(benzyl ether) dendrimers at the air-water interface: electrochemical cross-linking and electronanopatterning. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6167-6176. [PMID: 19799458 DOI: 10.1021/la902404b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A Langmuir film of a third-generation carbazole-terminated poly(benzyl ether) (G3-CtPBE) dendrimer was investigated at the air-water interface. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films were deposited on gold substrates and investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), followed by electrochemical and electronanopatterning studies. For the G3-CtPBE dendrimer aggregates, variable concentration and surface pressure gave control over aggregate size and shape at the air-water interface. At a lower concentration C1, aggregate-spherical nanoparticles were observed with a face-on or overlapped orientation with increasing surface pressure. However, at a higher concentration C2, their surface morphologies exhibited circular and rod-shaped aggregates with respect to increasing surface pressure attributed to an edge-on configurational change. Moreover, in situ simultaneous interfacial potentiostatic electrodeposition with LB transfer at the air-water interface was employed for the first time with the G3-CtPBE dendrimers onto a hydrophilic surface under constant voltage (i.e., close to the oxidation potential of G3-CtPBE for electrochemical cross-linking). Electrochemical cross-linking on G3-CtPBE dendrimer LB films was also performed ex situ to investigate electrochemical and optical properties. Finally, as an application of a cross-linkable LB film, electronanolithography was carried out to prepare nanopatterns using the current sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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44
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Gu C, Tang S, Yang B, Liu S, Lv Y, Wang H, Yang S, Hanif M, Lu D, Shen F, Ma Y. Almost completely dedoped electrochemically deposited luminescent films exhibiting excellent LED performance. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Balaji G, Shim WL, Parameswaran M, Valiyaveettil S. Thiadiazole Fused Indolo[2,3-a]carbazole Based Oligomers and Polymer. Org Lett 2009; 11:4450-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901806q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Balaji
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117 543
| | - Wong Low Shim
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117 543
| | - Manoj Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117 543
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117 543
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46
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Sriwichai S, Baba A, Deng S, Huang C, Phanichphant S, Advincula RC. Nanostructured ultrathin films of alternating sexithiophenes and electropolymerizable polycarbazole precursor layers investigated by electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9017-9023. [PMID: 18616227 DOI: 10.1021/la800307u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured ultrathin films of linear and dendrimeric cationic sexithiophenes, 6TNL and 6TND, respectively, alternated with anionic polycarbazole precursor, poly(2-( N-carbazolyl) ethyl methacrylate- co-methacrylic acid) or PCEMMA32, were successfully fabricated using the layer-by-layer self-assembly deposition technique. The two electro-optically active oligomers exhibited distinct optical properties and aggregation behavior in solution and films as studied by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The stepwise increase of the 6TNL/PCEMMA32 and 6TND/PCEMMA32 layers was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and in situ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. The intralayer electrochemical polymerization and cross-linking behavior of the carbazole functionalized PCEMMA32 layers were then investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) spectroscopy. The increase in current with each cycle confirmed intralayer cross-linking followed by the doping-dedoping process within these films. The two types of films differed with respect to dielectric constant and thickness changes before and after electropolymerization, indicating the influence of the oligothiophene layers. This demonstrated for the first time the preparation of highly ordered organic semiconductors alternated with in situ electropolymerizable layers in ultrathin films.
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47
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DNA–lipid complexes carrying carbazole and triphenylamine moieties: Synthesis, and chiroptical and photoelectronic properties. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Kaewtong C, Jiang G, Felipe MJ, Pulpoka B, Advincula R. Self-assembly and electrochemical oxidation of polyamidoamine-carbazole dendron surfmer complexes: nanoring formation. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1533-1542. [PMID: 19206356 DOI: 10.1021/nn800098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed and quantitative study on the supramolecular complexation of amine-functionalized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer G(4)-NH(2) with carboxylic acid terminal dendrons containing peripheral electroactive carbazole groups of different generations (G(0)COOH, G(1)COOH, and G(2)COOH). While the focus is on a detailed understanding and mechanism of complex formation, subsequent electrochemical oxidation of the dendron surfmers resulted in the formation of nanoring structures electrodeposited on the conducting substrate. Complexation was confirmed by NMR, UV-vis, and IR measurements. Critical micelle concentration (CMC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies revealed that the ringlike structures were formed during the equilibrium-decomplexation stage and that the electrochemical process did not destroy the complex but rather stabilized it. The different generations of the dendrons provided various structures and complex formation efficacy. This type of template polymerization combined with electrochemically anodic oxidation has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatthai Kaewtong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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49
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Fulghum TM, Taranekar P, Advincula RC. Grafting Hole-Transport Precursor Polymer Brushes on ITO Electrodes: Surface-Initiated Polymerization and Conjugated Polymer Network Formation of PVK. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Fulghum
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Prasad Taranekar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
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50
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Huang C, Jiang G, Advincula R. Electrochemical Cross-Linking and Patterning of Nanostructured Polyelectrolyte−Carbazole Precursor Ultrathin Films. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800268n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Guoqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Rigoberto Advincula
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
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