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Hasegawa H, Kida T, Yamaguchi M. Novel Transparent Films Composed of Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate and Copolyester. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194146. [PMID: 36236093 PMCID: PMC9570573 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the structure and properties of transparent films composed of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) and a commercially available copolyester, poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol-co-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol-co-terephthalate) (CPE), were studied. Both PC and CPE films are known to be transparent with good mechanical toughness. It was found that PC/CPE (50/50) showed miscibility in both the molten and solid states, indicating that there is a high possibility for the blend system to be miscible in the whole blend ratios. Because of the miscibility, the blend films showed no light scattering originating from phase separation. The mechanical properties of the films, such as Young’s modulus, yield stress, and strain at break, were determined by the blend ratio, and the glass transition temperature increased with the PC content, which corresponded well with the values predicted by the Fox equation. These results demonstrate that the thermal and mechanical properties of the films can only be controlled by the blend ratio. Since these transparent films showed excellent mechanical toughness irrespective of the blend ratios, they can be employed in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hasegawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
- Research & Business Development Center, Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd., Midorigahara, Tsukuba 300-2646, Japan
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-761-51-1621; Fax: +81-761-51-1149
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2
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Song Z, Rodríguez-Tinoco C, Mathew A, Napolitano S. Fast equilibration mechanisms in disordered materials mediated by slow liquid dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7154. [PMID: 35427165 PMCID: PMC9012462 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rate at which a nonequilibrium system decreases its free energy is commonly ascribed to molecular relaxation processes, arising from spontaneous rearrangements at the microscopic scale. While equilibration of liquids usually requires density fluctuations at time scales quickly diverging upon cooling, growing experimental evidence indicates the presence of a different, alternative pathway of weaker temperature dependence. Such equilibration processes exhibit a temperature-invariant activation energy, on the order of 100 kJ mol-1. Here, we identify the underlying molecular process responsible for this class of Arrhenius equilibration mechanisms with a slow mode (SAP), universally observed in the liquid dynamics of thin films. The SAP, which we show is intimately connected to high-temperature flow, can efficiently drive melts and glasses toward more stable, less energetic states. Our results show that measurements of liquid dynamics can be used to predict the equilibration rate in the glassy state.
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3
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Anisotropic rotational dynamics of rod-like low-mass molecules in polycarbonate. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Soccio M, Martínez-Tong DE, Guidotti G, Robles-Hernández B, Munari A, Lotti N, Alegria A. Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Study of Biobased Poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate)s' Molecular Dynamics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1355. [PMID: 32560215 PMCID: PMC7361705 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(2,5-alkylene furanoate)s are bio-based, smart, and innovative polymers that are considered the most promising materials to replace oil-based plastics. These polymers can be synthesized using ecofriendly approaches, starting from renewable sources, and result into final products with properties comparable and even better than those presented by their terephthalic counterparts. In this work, we present the molecular dynamics of four 100% bio-based poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate)s, using broadband dielectric spectroscopy measurements that covered a wide temperature and frequency range. We unveiled complex local relaxations, characterized by the simultaneous presence of two components, which were dependent on thermal treatment. The segmental relaxation showed relaxation times and strengths depending on the glycolic subunit length, which were furthermore confirmed by high-frequency experiments in the molten region of the polymers. Our results allowed determining structure-property relations that are able to provide further understanding about the excellent barrier properties of poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate)s. In addition, we provide results of high industrial interest during polymer processing for possible industrial applications of poly(alkylene furanoate)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelina Soccio
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Daniel E. Martínez-Tong
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P. Manuel Lardizábal 3, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (B.R.-H.); (A.A.)
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC–UPV/EHU), P. Manuel Lardizábal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Giulia Guidotti
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Beatriz Robles-Hernández
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P. Manuel Lardizábal 3, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (B.R.-H.); (A.A.)
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC–UPV/EHU), P. Manuel Lardizábal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andrea Munari
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (A.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Angel Alegria
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P. Manuel Lardizábal 3, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (B.R.-H.); (A.A.)
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC–UPV/EHU), P. Manuel Lardizábal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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5
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Meis D, Tena A, Neumann S, Georgopanos P, Emmler T, Shishatskiy S, Rangou S, Filiz V, Abetz V. Thermal rearrangement of ortho-allyloxypolyimide membranes and the effect of the degree of functionalization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00530c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic polyimides containing different ratios of ortho-hydroxy to ortho-allyloxy units were prepared and thermally rearranged.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meis
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Polymer Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Alberto Tena
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Polymer Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Silvio Neumann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Polymer Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | | | - Thomas Emmler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Polymer Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Sergey Shishatskiy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Polymer Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Sofia Rangou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Polymer Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Volkan Filiz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Polymer Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Polymer Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
- University of Hamburg
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6
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Molecular dynamics of fully biobased poly(butylene 2,5-furanoate) as revealed by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Goracci G, Arbe A, Alegría A, García Sakai V, Rudić S, Schneider GJ, Lohstroh W, Juranyi F, Colmenero J. Influence of Solvent on Poly(2-(Dimethylamino)Ethyl Methacrylate) Dynamics in Polymer-Concentrated Mixtures: A Combined Neutron Scattering, Dielectric Spectroscopy, and Calorimetric Study. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Goracci
- Centro de Física
de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) − Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Centro de Física
de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) − Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Centro de Física
de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) − Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de
Física de Materiales (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Victoria García Sakai
- ISIS
Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Svemir Rudić
- ISIS
Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald J. Schneider
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Outstation
at MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lohstroh
- Heinz
Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße
1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Fanni Juranyi
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro de Física
de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) − Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de
Física de Materiales (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International
Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal
4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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8
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Maiz J, Zhao W, Gu Y, Lawrence J, Arbe A, Alegría A, Emrick T, Colmenero J, Russell TP, Mijangos C. Dynamic study of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) copolymer in bulk and confined in cylindrical nanopores. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Toughening of polycarbonate through reactive melt blending: Effect of hydroxyl content and viscosity of hydroxyl-terminated polydimethysiloxane. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Calle M, García C, Lozano AE, de la Campa JG, de Abajo J, Álvarez C. Local chain mobility dependence on molecular structure in polyimides with bulky side groups: Correlation with gas separation properties. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Miyagawa A, Korkiatithaweechai S, Nobukawa S, Yamaguchi M. Mechanical and Optical Properties of Polycarbonate Containing p-Terphenyl. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302035e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Miyagawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa
923-1292, Japan
| | - Suphat Korkiatithaweechai
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa
923-1292, Japan
- Program
of Petrochemical and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330,
Thailand
| | - Shogo Nobukawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa
923-1292, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa
923-1292, Japan
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12
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Yin H, Napolitano S, Schönhals A. Molecular Mobility and Glass Transition of Thin Films of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate). Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202127p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Yin
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen
87, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Department of Physics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du
Triomphe CP 223, Bâtiment NO, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen
87, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Fontanella JJ, Boyles DA, Filipova TS, Awwad S, Edmondson CA, Bendler JT, Wintersgill MC, Lomax JF, Schroeder MJ. Dielectric studies of tetraaryl and triaryl polycarbonates and comparisons with bisphenol A-polycarbonate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Yoonessi M, Gaier JR. Highly conductive multifunctional graphene polycarbonate nanocomposites. ACS NANO 2010; 4:7211-7220. [PMID: 21082818 DOI: 10.1021/nn1019626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanosheet-bisphenol A polycarbonate nanocomposites (0.027-2.2 vol %) prepared by both emulsion mixing and solution blending methods, followed by compression molding at 287 °C, exhibited dc electrical percolation threshold of ∼0.14 and ∼0.38 vol %, respectively. The conductivities of 2.2 vol % graphene nanocomposites were 0.512 and 0.226 S/cm for emulsion and solution mixing. The 1.1 and 2.2 vol % graphene nanocomposites exhibited frequency-independent behavior. Inherent conductivity, extremely high aspect ratio, and nanostructure directed assembly of the graphene using PC nanospheres are the main factors for excellent electrical properties of the nanocomposites. Dynamic tensile moduli of nanocomposites increased with increasing graphene in the nanocomposite. The glass transition temperatures were decreased with increasing graphene for the emulsion series. High-resolution electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) showed isolated graphene with no connectivity path for insulating nanocomposites and connected nanoparticles for the conductive nanocomposites. A stacked disk model was used to obtain the average particle radius, average number of graphene layers per stack, and stack spacing by simulation of the experimental SANS data. Morphology studies indicated the presence of well-dispersed graphene and small graphene stacking with infusion of polycarbonate within the stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Yoonessi
- NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44135, USA.
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15
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Arrese-Igor S, Mitxelena O, Arbe A, Alegría A, Colmenero J, Frick B. Effect of stretching on the sub-Tg phenylene-ring dynamics of polycarbonate by neutron scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:021801. [PMID: 18850857 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.021801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of cold drawing on the motion of phenylene rings in bisphenol-A polycarbonate by neutron scattering. The intensity scattered by isotropic and stretched polycarbonate is different, the quasielastic broadening being larger for the isotropic sample. This difference can be well accounted for by considering that preferentially oriented rings in the stretched polymer have their motion sterically hindered. The extent of the effect of stretching on the phenylene-ring motion obtained from this neutron-scattering investigation is in good agreement with that obtained when studying the effect of cold drawing on the gamma relaxation by dielectric spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arrese-Igor
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
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16
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Soccio M, Nogales A, García-Gutierrez MC, Lotti N, Munari A, Ezquerra TA. Origin of the Subglass Dynamics in Aromatic Polyesters by Labeling the Dielectric Relaxation with Ethero Atoms. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma7025989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelina Soccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali, Universitá di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Aurora Nogales
- Dipartimento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali, Universitá di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Mari Cruz García-Gutierrez
- Dipartimento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali, Universitá di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali, Universitá di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Andrea Munari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali, Universitá di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tiberio A. Ezquerra
- Dipartimento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali, Universitá di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, Madrid 28006, Spain
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17
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Arrese-Igor S, Arbe A, Alegría A, Colmenero J, Frick B. Phenylene ring dynamics in phenoxy and the effect of intramolecular linkages on the dynamics of some engineering thermoplastics below the glass transition temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:051801. [PMID: 17677087 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.051801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the dynamics of phenylene rings in the engineering thermoplastic bisphenol-A poly(hydroxyether) -- phenoxy -- below its glass transition temperature by means of neutron scattering techniques. A relatively wide dynamic range has been covered thanks to the combination of two different types of neutron spectrometers, time of flight and backscattering. Partially deuterated samples have been used in order to isolate the phenylene ring dynamics. The resulting neutron scattering signal of phenoxy has been described by a model that considers pi flips and oscillation motions for phenylene rings. The associated time scales are broadly distributed with mean activation energies equal to 0.41 and 0.21eV , respectively. Finally, a comparative study with the literature shows that the dielectric and mechanical gamma relaxation in phenoxy exhibit good correlation with the characteristic times of the aliphatic chain published elsewhere and with the characteristic times observed for the motion of phenylene rings by neutron scattering. These findings are discussed in a more general framework that considers, in addition, previous results on other polymers, which also contain the bisphenol-A unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arrese-Igor
- Centro Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, San Sebastián, Spain
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18
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Hao N, Böhning M, Goering H, Schönhals A. Nanocomposites of Polyhedral Oligomeric Phenethylsilsesquioxanes and Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) as Investigated by Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070036c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hao
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Böhning
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Goering
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
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