1
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Xiong Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Chen Y, Dong L. Conjugated Nitroxide Radical Polymer with Low Temperature Tolerance Potential for High-Performance Organic Polymer Cathode. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22777-22786. [PMID: 39096316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-temperature operation poses a significant challenge for current commercial rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Organic polymer electrode materials, exhibiting a nonintercalation redox mechanism, offer a viable solution to mitigate the decline in electrochemical performance at low temperatures in LIBs. Herein, a radical polymer P(DATPAPO-TPA) with a conjugated nitrogen-rich triphenylamine derivative as the backbone and high-density nitroxide pendants has been synthesized. Due to the large interstitial spaces between adjacent structural units and polymer chains, resulting from the significant torsion angle between the benzene rings in the P(DATPAPO-TPA) skeleton, ions could effectively transport. This structural feature demonstrated a notable discharge capacity of 143.3 mA h·g-1 and a high charge-discharge plateau at ∼3.75 V vs Li+/Li, outperforming most reported radical polymer cathode materials. In addition, its capacity retention could reach 83.1% after 2000 cycles at an ultrahigh current density of 50 C, showing excellent rate capability and promising cyclability. Also notable was P(DATPAPO-TPA)'s favorable low-temperature performance that maintains a high discharge capacity of 139.2 mA h·g-1 at 0 °C. The synthesized P(DATPAPO-TPA) is a tangible illustration of a viable design strategy for low-temperature electrode materials, thereby contributing to broadening applications for radical polymer electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xiong
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zehong Wang
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingjiang Li
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- Center for Smart Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441138, China
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
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2
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Dong H, Kang N, Li L, Li L, Yu Y, Chou S. Versatile Nitrogen-Centered Organic Redox-Active Materials for Alkali Metal-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311401. [PMID: 38181392 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Versatile nitrogen-centered organic redox-active molecules have gained significant attention in alkali metal-ion batteries (AMIBs) due to their low cost, low toxicity, and ease of preparation. Specially, their multiple reaction categories (anion/cation insertion types of reaction) and higher operating voltage, when compared to traditional conjugated carbonyl materials, underscore their promising prospects. However, the high solubility of nitrogen-centered redox active materials in organic electrolyte and their low electronic conductivity contribute to inferior cycling performance, sluggish reaction kinetics, and limited rate capability. This review provides a detailed overview of nitrogen-centered redox-active materials, encompassing their redox chemistry, solutions to overcome shortcomings, characterization of charge storage mechanisms, and recent progress. Additionally, prospects and directions are proposed for future investigations. It is anticipated that this review will stimulate further exploration of underlying mechanisms and interface chemistry through in situ characterization techniques, thereby promoting the practical application of nitrogen-centered redox-active materials in AMIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Dong
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Li Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shulei Chou
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sodium-Ion Batteries, Wenzhou University Technology Innovation Institute for Carbon Neutralization, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
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3
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Bitenc J, Pirnat K, Lužanin O, Dominko R. Organic Cathodes, a Path toward Future Sustainable Batteries: Mirage or Realistic Future? CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:1025-1040. [PMID: 38370280 PMCID: PMC10870817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Organic active materials are seen as next-generation battery materials that could circumvent the sustainability and cost limitations connected with the current Li-ion battery technology while at the same time enabling novel battery functionalities like a bioderived feedstock, biodegradability, and mechanical flexibility. Many promising research results have recently been published. However, the reproducibility and comparison of the literature results are somehow limited due to highly variable electrode formulations and electrochemical testing conditions. In this Perspective, we provide a critical view of the organic cathode active materials and suggest future guidelines for electrochemical characterization, capacity evaluation, and mechanistic investigation to facilitate reproducibility and benchmarking of literature results, leading to the accelerated development of organic electrode active materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bitenc
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Pirnat
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivera Lužanin
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Dominko
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Alistore-European
Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
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4
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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5
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Zhang JY, Wang LL, Zhu XQ. Characteristic Activity Parameters of Electron Donors and Electron Acceptors. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2023; 3:358-373. [PMID: 37520315 PMCID: PMC10375887 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that for an electron transfer reaction, the electron-donating ability of electron donors and the electron-accepting ability of electron acceptors can be quantitatively described by the oxidation potential of electron donors and the reduction potential of electron acceptors. However, for an electron transfer reaction, the electron-donating activity of electron donors and the electron-accepting activity of electron acceptors cannot be quantitatively described by a characteristic parameter of electron donors and a characteristic parameter of electron acceptors till now. In this paper, a characteristic activity parameter of electron donors and electron acceptors named as their thermo-kinetic parameter is proposed to quantify the electron-donating activity of electron donors and the electron-accepting activity of electron acceptors in electron transfer reactions. At the same time, the thermo-kinetic parameter values of 70 well-known electron donors and the corresponding 70 conjugated electron acceptors in acetonitrile at 298 K are determined. The activation free energies of 4900 typical electron transfer reactions in acetonitrile at 298 K are estimated according to the thermo-kinetic parameter values of 70 electron donors and 70 conjugated electron acceptors, and the estimated results have received good verification of the corresponding independent experimental measurements. The physical meaning of the thermo-kinetic parameter is examined. The relationship of the thermo-kinetic parameter with the corresponding redox potential as well as the relationship of the activation free energy with the corresponding thermodynamic driving force of electron transfer reactions is examined. The results show that the observed relationships between the thermo-kinetic parameters and the redox potentials as well as the observed relationships between the activation free energy and the thermodynamic driving force depend on the choice of electron donors and electron acceptors as well as the electron transfer reactions. The greatest contribution of this paper is to realize the symmetry and unification of kinetic equations and the corresponding thermodynamic equations of electron transfer reactions.
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6
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Ma T, Easley AD, Thakur RM, Mohanty KT, Wang C, Lutkenhaus JL. Nonconjugated Redox-Active Polymers: Electron Transfer Mechanisms, Energy Storage, and Chemical Versatility. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:187-216. [PMID: 37289559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy in a safe and environmentally friendly way is of ever-growing importance for a modern, technology-based society. With future pressures predicted for batteries that contain strategic metals, there is increasing interest in metal-free electrode materials. Among candidate materials, nonconjugated redox-active polymers (NC-RAPs) have advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, good processability, unique electrochemical properties, and precise tuning for different battery chemistries. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the mechanisms of redox kinetics, molecular design, synthesis, and application of NC-RAPs in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Different redox chemistries are compared, including polyquinones, polyimides, polyketones, sulfur-containing polymers, radical-containing polymers, polyphenylamines, polyphenazines, polyphenothiazines, polyphenoxazines, and polyviologens. We close with cell design principles considering electrolyte optimization and cell configuration. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied areas of future promise for designer NC-RAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Khirabdhi T Mohanty
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Chen Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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7
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Giannoulis A, Ackermann K, Bogdanov A, Cordes DB, Higgins C, Ward J, Slawin AMZ, Taylor JE, Bode BE. Synthesis of mono-nitroxides and of bis-nitroxides with varying electronic through-bond communication. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:375-385. [PMID: 36524609 PMCID: PMC9811921 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01863b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxides are a unique class of persistent radicals finding a wide range of applications, from spin probes to polarizing agents, and recently bis-nitroxides have been used as proof-of-concept molecules for quantum information processing. Here we present the syntheses of pyrroline-based nitroxide (NO) radicals and give a comparision of two possible synthetic routes to form two key intermediates, namely 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-1-oxyl-3-acetylene (TPA) and 1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-carboxylic acid (TPC). TPC and TPA were then used as precursors for the synthesis of three model compounds featuring two distant NO groups with a variable degree of conjugation and thus electronic communication between them. Using relatively facile synthetic routes, we produced a number of mono- and bis-nitroxides with the structures of multiple compounds unambiguously characterized by X-ray crystallography, while Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (CW-EPR) allowed us to quantify the electronic communication in the bis-nitroxides. Our study expands the repertoire of mono- and bis-nitroxides with possibilities of exploiting them for studying quantum coherence effects and as polarizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Giannoulis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Katrin Ackermann
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Alexey Bogdanov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Catherine Higgins
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Joshua Ward
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - James E. Taylor
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK,Department of Chemistry, University of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Bela E. Bode
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
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8
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Molecular and Morphological Engineering of Organic Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganic electrode materials (OEMs) can deliver remarkable battery performance for metal-ion batteries (MIBs) due to their unique molecular versatility, high flexibility, versatile structures, sustainable organic resources, and low environmental costs. Therefore, OEMs are promising, green alternatives to the traditional inorganic electrode materials used in state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries. Before OEMs can be widely applied, some inherent issues, such as their low intrinsic electronic conductivity, significant solubility in electrolytes, and large volume change, must be addressed. In this review, the potential roles, energy storage mechanisms, existing challenges, and possible solutions to address these challenges by using molecular and morphological engineering are thoroughly summarized and discussed. Molecular engineering, such as grafting electron-withdrawing or electron-donating functional groups, increasing various redox-active sites, extending conductive networks, and increasing the degree of polymerization, can enhance the electrochemical performance, including its specific capacity (such as the voltage output and the charge transfer number), rate capability, and cycling stability. Morphological engineering facilitates the preparation of different dimensional OEMs (including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D OEMs) via bottom-up and top-down methods to enhance their electron/ion diffusion kinetics and stabilize their electrode structure. In summary, molecular and morphological engineering can offer practical paths for developing advanced OEMs that can be applied in next-generation rechargeable MIBs.
Graphical abstract
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9
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Zhang F, Zhang W, Wexler D, Guo Z. Recent Progress and Future Advances on Aqueous Monovalent-Ion Batteries towards Safe and High-Power Energy Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107965. [PMID: 35338665 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous monovalent-ion batteries have been rapidly developed recently as promising energy storage devices in large-scale energy storage systems owing to their fast charging capability and high power densities. In recent years, Prussian blue analogues, polyanion-type compounds, and layered oxides have been widely developed as cathodes for aqueous monovalent-ion batteries because of their low cost and high theoretical capacity. Furthermore, many design strategies have been proposed to expand their electrochemical stability window by reducing the amount of free water molecules and introducing an electrolyte addictive. This review highlights the advantages and drawbacks of cathode and anode materials, and summarizes the correlations between the various strategies and the electrochemical performance in terms of structural engineering, morphology control, elemental compositions, and interfacial design. Finally, this review can offer rational principles and potential future directions in the design of aqueous monovalent-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Zhang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, innovation Campus, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - David Wexler
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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10
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Rohland P, Schröter E, Nolte O, Newkome GR, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Tan Y, Hsu SN, Tahir H, Dou L, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Electronic and Spintronic Open-Shell Macromolecules, Quo Vadis? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:626-647. [PMID: 34982552 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell macromolecules (i.e., polymers containing radical sites either along their backbones or at the pendant sites of repeat units) have attracted significant attention owing to their intriguing chemical and physical (e.g., redox, optoelectronic, and magnetic) properties, and they have been proposed and/or implemented in a wide range of potential applications (e.g., energy storage devices, electronic systems, and spintronic modules). These successes span multiple disciplines that range from advanced macromolecular chemistry through nanoscale structural characterization and on to next-generation solid-state physics and the associated devices. In turn, this has allowed different scientific communities to expand the palette of radical-containing polymers relatively quickly. However, critical gaps remain on many fronts, especially regarding the elucidation of key structure-property-function relationships that govern the underlying electrochemical, optoelectronic, and spin phenomena in these materials systems. Here, we highlight vital developments in the history of open-shell macromolecules to explain the current state of the art in the field. Moreover, we provide a critical review of the successes and bring forward open opportunities that, if solved, could propel this class of materials in a meaningful manner. Finally, we provide an outlook to address where it seems most likely that open-shell macromolecules will go in the coming years. Our considered view is that the future of radical-containing polymers is extremely bright and the addition of talented researchers with diverse skills to the field will allow these materials and their end-use devices to have a positive impact on the global science and technology enterprise in a relatively rapid manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sheng-Ning Hsu
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hamas Tahir
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Feng X, Chen X, Ren B, Wu X, Huang X, Ding R, Sun X, Tan S, Liu E, Gao P. Stabilization of Organic Cathodes by a Temperature-Induced Effect Enabling Higher Energy and Excellent Cyclability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:7178-7187. [PMID: 33538571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To face the challenge of all-climate application, organic rechargeable batteries must hold the capability of efficiently operating both at high temperatures (>50 °C) and low temperatures (-20 °C). However, the low electronic conductivity and high solubility of organic molecules significantly impede the development in electrochemical energy storage. This issue can be effectively diminished using functionalized porphyrin complex-based organic cathodes by the in-situ electropolymerization of electrodes at elevating temperatures during electrochemical cycling. [5,15-bis(ethynyl)-10,20-diphenylporphinato]copper(II) (CuDEPP)- and 5,15-bis(ethynyl)-10,20-diphenylporphinato (DEPP)-based cathodes are proposed as models, and it is proved that a largely improved electrochemical performance is observed in both cathodes at a high operating temperature. Reversible capacities of 249 and 105 mA h g-1 are obtained for the CuDEPP and DEPP cathodes after 1000 cycles at 50 °C, respectively. The result indicates that the temperature-induced in situ electropolymerization strategy responds to the enhanced electrochemical performance. This study would open new opportunities for developing highly stable organic cathodes for electrochemical energy storage even at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Bo Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Xiuhui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Xiujuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Songting Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Enhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
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13
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14
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Xu D, Liang M, Qi S, Sun W, Lv LP, Du FH, Wang B, Chen S, Wang Y, Yu Y. The Progress and Prospect of Tunable Organic Molecules for Organic Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2021; 15:47-80. [PMID: 33382596 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared to inorganic electrodes, organic materials are regarded as promising electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the attractive advantages of light elements, molecular-level structural design, fast electron/ion transferring, favorable environmental impacts, and flexible feature, etc. Not only specific capacities but also working potentials of organic electrodes are reasonably tuned by polymerization, electron-donating/withdrawing groups, and multifunctional groups as well as conductive additives, which have attracted intensive attention. However, organic LIBs (OLIBs) are also facing challenges on capacity loss, side reactions, electrode dissolution, low electronic conductivity, and short cycle life, etc. Many strategies have been applied to tackle those challenges, and many inspiring results have been achieved in the last few decades. In this review, we have introduced the basic concepts of LIBs and OLIBs, followed by the typical cathode and anode materials with various physicochemical properties, redox reaction mechanisms, and evolutions of functional groups. Typical charge-discharge behaviors and molecular structures of organic electrodes are displayed. Moreover, effective strategies on addressing problems of organic electrodes are summarized to give some guidance on the synthesis of optimized organic electrodes for practical applications of OLIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Minxia Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Li-Ping Lv
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fei-Hu Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Shuangqiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shangda Road 99, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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15
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Chi T, Akkiraju S, Liang Z, Tan Y, Kim HJ, Zhao X, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Design of an n-type low glass transition temperature radical polymer. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01645d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We document the design, synthesis, and characterization of the first low glass transition temperature, n-type (i.e., preferentially-reduced) radical polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chi
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Siddhartha Akkiraju
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Zihao Liang
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ying Tan
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ho Joong Kim
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering
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16
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Abstract
AbstractThe demands for high-performance and low-cost batteries make K-ion batteries (KIBs) considered as promising supplements or alternatives for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, there are only a small amount of conventional inorganic electrode materials that can be used in KIBs, due to the large radius of K+ ions. Differently, organic electrode materials (OEMs) generally own sufficiently interstitial space and good structure flexibility, which can maintain superior performance in K-ion systems. Therefore, in recent years, more and more investigations have been focused on OEMs for KIBs. This review will comprehensively cover the researches on OEMs in KIBs in order to accelerate the research and development of KIBs. The reaction mechanism, electrochemical behavior, etc., of OEMs will all be summarized in detail and deeply. Emphasis is placed to overview the performance improvement strategies of OEMs and the characteristic superiority of OEMs in KIBs compared with LIBs and Na-ion batteries.
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17
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Bello L, Sing CE. Mechanisms of Diffusive Charge Transport in Redox-Active Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bello
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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18
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Poizot P, Gaubicher J, Renault S, Dubois L, Liang Y, Yao Y. Opportunities and Challenges for Organic Electrodes in Electrochemical Energy Storage. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6490-6557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Poizot
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Joël Gaubicher
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Stéven Renault
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Lionel Dubois
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG,
SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yanliang Liang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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19
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Wang S, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Fundamentals for the Future of Macromolecular Nitroxide Radicals. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:358-370. [PMID: 35648551 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular radicals, radical polymers, and polyradicals bear unique functionalities derived from their pendant radical groups. The increasing need for organic functional materials is driving the growth in research interest in macromolecular radicals for batteries, electronics, memory, and imaging. This Viewpoint summarizes the current state-of-knowledge regarding the macromolecular nitroxide radicals' redox mechanism, conductivity, chain conformation, controlled polymerization, network structure, conjugated forms, and applications. The nitroxide radical group is the focus because it is the most widely studied. Although most literature focuses upon applications, an emerging body of work is highlighting the fundamental physicochemical properties of macromolecular radicals. To this end, this Viewpoint recommends areas of opportunity in fundamental studies and best practices in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexandra D. Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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20
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Xie Y, Zhang K, Yamauchi Y, Jia Z. Nitroxide polymer gels for recyclable catalytic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A physically crosslinked nitroxide polymer gel has been synthesized and used as a recyclable catalyst to convert alcohols to aldehydes in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane QLD 4072
- Australia
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane QLD 4072
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Flinders University
- College of Science and Engineering
- Bedford Park
- Australia
- Flinders University
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21
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Kato R, Oka K, Yoshimasa K, Nakajima M, Nishide H, Oyaizu K. Reversible Hydrogen Releasing and Fixing with Poly(Vinylfluorenol) through a Mild Ir-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation and Electrochemical Hydrogenation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900139. [PMID: 31188503 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The radical polymerization of 2-vinylfluorenol, an alcohol derivative of vinylfluorene, gives poly(vinylfluorenol), which quantitatively releases hydrogen gas (≈110 mL per gram polymer at standard temperature and pressure) by simply warming at 100 °C with an iridium catalyst. A high population of fluorenol units in the polymer accomplishes a large formula-weight-based theoretical hydrogen density (1.0 wt%). The dehydrogenated ketone derivative, poly(vinylfluorenone), exhibits reversible negative-charge storage with a high density of 260 mAh g-1 . The electrolytically reduced poly(vinylfluorenone) is momentarily hydrogenated in the presence of an electrolyte with water as the hydrogen source to be converted to the original poly(vinylfluorenol). The formed poly(vinylfluorenol) almost quantitatively evolves hydrogen gas similar to the starting poly(vinylfluorenol). Both hydrogen and charge storage with the organic fluorenol/fluorenone polymer suggest a new type of energy-storage configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Kouki Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshimasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
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22
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Abstract
Redox flow batteries are promising for large-scale energy storage, but some long-standing problems such as safety issues, system cost and cycling stability must be resolved. Here we demonstrate a type of redox flow battery that is based on all-polymer particulate slurry electrolytes. Micro-sized and uniformly dispersed all-polymer particulate suspensions are utilized as redox-active materials in redox flow batteries, breaking through the solubility limit and facilitating the application of insoluble redox-active materials. Expensive ion-exchange membranes are replaced by commercial dialysis membranes, which can simultaneously realize the rapid shuttling of H+ ions and cut off the migration of redox-active particulates across the separator via size exclusion. In result, the all-polymer particulate slurry redox flow batteries exhibit a highly reversible multi-electron redox process, rapid electrochemical kinetics and ultra-stable long-term cycling capability. Redox flow batteries are promising for large-scale energy storage, but are hindered by cost, stability, and safety issues. Here the authors construct an all-polymer particulate slurry battery to bypass solubility limits and apply insoluble redox-active materials.
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23
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Tezuka T, Nishikitani Y, Nishide H, Oyaizu K. Synthesis of Lithium-ion Conducting Polymers Designed by Machine Learning-based Prediction and Screening. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tezuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishikitani
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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24
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Lee S, Kwon G, Ku K, Yoon K, Jung SK, Lim HD, Kang K. Recent Progress in Organic Electrodes for Li and Na Rechargeable Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704682. [PMID: 29582467 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic rechargeable batteries, which use organics as electrodes, are excellent candidates for next-generation energy storage systems because they offer design flexibility due to the rich chemistry of organics while being eco-friendly and potentially cost efficient. However, their widespread usage is limited by intrinsic problems such as poor electronic conductivity, easy dissolution into liquid electrolytes, and low volumetric energy density. New types of organic electrode materials with various redox centers or molecular structures have been developed over the past few decades. Moreover, research aimed at enhancing electrochemical properties via chemical tuning has been at the forefront of organic rechargeable batteries research in recent years, leading to significant progress in their performance. Here, an overview of the current developments of organic rechargeable batteries is presented, with a brief history of research in this field. Various strategies for improving organic electrode materials are discussed with respect to tuning intrinsic properties of organics using molecular modification and optimizing their properties at the electrode level. A comprehensive understanding of the progress in organic electrode materials is provided along with the fundamental science governing their performance in rechargeable batteries thus a guide is presented to the optimal design strategies to improve the electrochemical performance for next-generation battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sechan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Road, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyun Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Road, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyojin Ku
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Road, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Road, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Road, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Dae Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Road, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisuk Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Road, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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25
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Wilcox DA, Agarkar V, Mukherjee S, Boudouris BW. Stable Radical Materials for Energy Applications. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2018; 9:83-103. [PMID: 29579403 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-083945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although less studied than their closed-shell counterparts, materials containing stable open-shell chemistries have played a key role in many energy storage and energy conversion devices. In particular, the oxidation-reduction (redox) properties of these stable radicals have made them a substantial contributor to the progress of organic batteries. Moreover, the use of radical-based materials in photovoltaic devices and thermoelectric systems has allowed for these emerging molecules to have impacts in the energy conversion realm. Additionally, the unique doublet states of radical-based materials provide access to otherwise inaccessible spin states in optoelectronic devices, offering many new opportunities for efficient usage of energy in light-emitting devices. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the molecular design, synthesis, and application of stable radicals in these energy-related applications. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied arenas of future promise for these designer open-shell molecules, which have only just begun to be evaluated in full.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Wilcox
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Varad Agarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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26
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Kawai T, Nakao S, Nishide H, Oyaizu K. Poly(diphenanthrenequinone-substituted norbornene) for Long Life and Efficient Lithium Battery Cathodes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kawai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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27
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Joo Y, Agarkar V, Sung SH, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. A nonconjugated radical polymer glass with high electrical conductivity. Science 2018; 359:1391-1395. [PMID: 29567710 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state conducting polymers usually have highly conjugated macromolecular backbones and require intentional doping in order to achieve high electrical conductivities. Conversely, single-component, charge-neutral macromolecules could be synthetically simpler and have improved processibility and ambient stability. We show that poly(4-glycidyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl), a nonconjugated radical polymer with a subambient glass transition temperature, underwent rapid solid-state charge transfer reactions and had an electrical conductivity of up to 28 siemens per meter over channel lengths up to 0.6 micrometers. The charge transport through the radical polymer film was enabled with thermal annealing at 80°C, which allowed for the formation of a percolating network of open-shell sites in electronic communication with one another. The electrical conductivity was not enhanced by intentional doping, and thin films of this material showed high optical transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongho Joo
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Varad Agarkar
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Sung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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28
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Sato K, Ichinoi R, Mizukami R, Serikawa T, Sasaki Y, Lutkenhaus J, Nishide H, Oyaizu K. Diffusion-Cooperative Model for Charge Transport by Redox-Active Nonconjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1049-1056. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Sato
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Rieka Ichinoi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Mizukami
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takuma Serikawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Jodie Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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29
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Amin K, Meng Q, Ahmad A, Cheng M, Zhang M, Mao L, Lu K, Wei Z. A Carbonyl Compound-Based Flexible Cathode with Superior Rate Performance and Cyclic Stability for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1703868. [PMID: 29226388 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A sulfur-linked carbonyl-based poly(2,5-dihydroxyl-1,4-benzoquinonyl sulfide) (PDHBQS) compound is synthesized and used as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Flexible binder-free composite cathode with single-wall carbon nanotubes (PDHBQS-SWCNTs) is then fabricated through vacuum filtration method with SWCNTs. Electrochemical measurements show that PDHBQS-SWCNTs cathode can deliver a discharge capacity of 182 mA h g-1 (0.9 mA h cm-2 ) at a current rate of 50 mA g-1 and a potential window of 1.5 V-3.5 V. The cathode delivers a capacity of 75 mA h g-1 (0.47 mA h cm-2 ) at 5000 mA g-1 , which confirms its good rate performance at high current density. PDHBQS-SWCNTs flexible cathode retains 89% of its initial capacity at 250 mA g-1 after 500 charge-discharge cycles. Furthermore, large-area (28 cm2 ) flexible batteries based on PDHBQS-SWCNTs cathode and lithium foils anode are also assembled. The flexible battery shows good electrochemical activities with continuous bending, which retains 88% of its initial discharge capacity after 2000 bending cycles. The significant capacity, high rate performance, superior cyclic performance, and good flexibility make this material a promising candidate for a future application of flexible LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Amin
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11. Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinghai Meng
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11. Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Aziz Ahmad
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11. Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meng Cheng
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11. Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11. Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Mao
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11. Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kun Lu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11. Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11. Beiyitiao Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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30
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Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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31
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Lang C, Barner L, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C, Fairfull-Smith KE. Direct access to biocompatible nitroxide containing polymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ring-opening copolymerization of a nitroxide containing cyclic carbonate and d/l-lactide was used to directly access well-defined biocompatible polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Lang
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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32
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Polytriphenylamine derivative with enhanced electrochemical performance as the organic cathode material for rechargeable batteries. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Tokue H, Kakitani K, Nishide H, Oyaizu K. Redox Mediation through TEMPO-substituted Polymer with Nanogap Electrodes for Electrochemical Amplification. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555
| | - Keita Kakitani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555
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34
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Zhang J, Shen H, Song W, Wang G. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Copolymers with Different Topological Structures and TEMPO Radical Distributions. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongying Shen
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenguang Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Joint
Laboratory for Adsorption and Separation Materials of Zhejiang University-Zhejiang
Tobacco Industry Co. Ltd., Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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35
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Liu JJ, Wei ZJ, Zhang YL, Meng Y, Di B. Dynamics of Polarons in Organic Conjugated Polymers with Side Radicals. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2366-2370. [PMID: 28219010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the one-dimensional tight-binding Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model, and using the molecular dynamics method, we discuss the dynamics of electron and hole polarons propagating along a polymer chain, as a function of the distance between side radicals and the magnitude of the transfer integrals between the main chain and the side radicals. We first discuss the average velocities of electron and hole polarons as a function of the distance between side radicals. It is found that the average velocities of the electron polarons remain almost unchanged, while the average velocities of hole polarons decrease significantly when the radical distance is comparable to the polaron width. Second, we have found that the average velocities of electron polarons decrease with increasing transfer integral, but the average velocities of hole polarons increase. These results may provide a theoretical basis for understanding carriers transport properties in polymers chain with side radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Liu
- Institute for Nationalities Attached to Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Z J Wei
- Shijiazhuang Institute of Technology , Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- College of Physics, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Y Meng
- Department of Physics, Xingtai University , Xingtai 054001, China
| | - B Di
- College of Physics, and Hebei Advanced Thin Films Laboratory, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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36
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Tokue H, Murata T, Agatsuma H, Nishide H, Oyaizu K. Charge–Discharge with Rocking-Chair-Type Li+ Migration Characteristics in a Zwitterionic Radical Copolymer Composed of TEMPO and Trifluoromethanesulfonylimide with Carbonate Electrolytes for a High-Rate Li-Ion Battery. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Haruka Agatsuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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37
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High-Power-Density Organic Radical Batteries. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Kato R, Yoshimasa K, Egashira T, Oya T, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. A ketone/alcohol polymer for cycle of electrolytic hydrogen-fixing with water and releasing under mild conditions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13032. [PMID: 27687772 PMCID: PMC5427515 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding a safe and efficient carrier of hydrogen is a major challenge. Recently, hydrogenated organic compounds have been studied as hydrogen storage materials because of their ability to stably and reversibly store hydrogen by forming chemical bonds; however, these compounds often suffer from safety issues and are usually hydrogenated with hydrogen at high pressure and/or temperature. Here we present a ketone (fluorenone) polymer that can be moulded as a plastic sheet and fixes hydrogen via a simple electrolytic hydrogenation at −1.5 V (versus Ag/AgCl) in water at room temperature. The hydrogenated alcohol derivative (the fluorenol polymer) reversibly releases hydrogen by heating (80 °C) in the presence of an aqueous iridium catalyst. Both the use of a ketone polymer and the efficient hydrogen fixing with water as a proton source are completely different from other (de)hydrogenated compounds and hydrogenation processes. The easy handling and mouldable polymers could suggest a pocketable hydrogen carrier. Using hydrogen efficiently requires safe carriers and reversible storage. Here, Nishide and others develop a ketone based polymer that can fix hydrogen by electrolytic hydrogenation in water and reversibly release it via heating and the use of an iridium catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshimasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Egashira
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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39
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Muench S, Wild A, Friebe C, Häupler B, Janoschka T, Schubert US. Polymer-Based Organic Batteries. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9438-84. [PMID: 27479607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy is of ever growing importance for our modern, technology-based society, and novel battery systems are in the focus of research. The substitution of conventional metals as redox-active material by organic materials offers a promising alternative for the next generation of rechargeable batteries since these organic batteries are excelling in charging speed and cycling stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these systems and discusses the numerous classes of organic, polymer-based active materials as well as auxiliary components of the battery, like additives or electrolytes. Moreover, a definition of important cell characteristics and an introduction to selected characterization techniques is provided, completed by the discussion of potential socio-economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Wild
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Friebe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Häupler
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Janoschka
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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40
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Wingate AJ, Boudouris BW. Recent advances in the syntheses of radical-containing macromolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Wingate
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907
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41
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Li F, Zhang Y, Kwon SR, Lutkenhaus JL. Electropolymerized Polythiophenes Bearing Pendant Nitroxide Radicals. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:337-341. [PMID: 35614701 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile way to synthesize polythiophenes carrying pendant 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radicals, here called PTATs, by electropolymerization in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). The spacing between the TEMPO radical and the polythiophene backbone is varied by an alkyl spacer (n = 2, 4, 6), and the electronic and electrochemical properties are examined using UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Film morphologies are also studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which show that the longer octyl chain placed between thiophene and TEMPO effectively suppresses aggregation. The highest conductivity and electroactivity are observed for n = 4 and n = 6, respectively. Such morphology differences provide an opportunity to better understand the charge transport and energy storage properties in electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Yanpu Zhang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Se Ra Kwon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
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42
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Casado N, Hernández G, Veloso A, Devaraj S, Mecerreyes D, Armand M. PEDOT Radical Polymer with Synergetic Redox and Electrical Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:59-64. [PMID: 26877892 PMCID: PMC4727933 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of new redox polymers is being boosted by the increasing interest in the area of energy and health. The development of new polymers is needed to further advance new applications or improve the performance of actual devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, or drug delivery systems. Here we show the synthesis and characterization of a new polymer which combines the present most successful conjugated polymer backbone and the most successful redox active side group, i.e., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and a nitroxide stable radical. First, a derivative of the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) molecule with side nitroxide stable radical group (TEMPO) was synthesized. The electrochemical polymerization of the PEDOT-TEMPO monomer was investigated in detail using cyclic voltammetry, potential step, and constant current methods. Monomer and polymer were characterized by NMR, FTIR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and four-point probe conductivity. The new PEDOT-TEMPO radical polymer combines the electronic conductivity of the conjugated polythiophene backbone and redox properties of the nitroxide group. As an example of application, this redox active polymer was used as a conductive binder in lithium ion batteries. Good cycling stability with high Coulombic efficiency and increased cyclability at different rates were obtained using this polymer as a replacement of two ingredients: conductive carbon additive and polymeric binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Centre, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Centre, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Antonio Veloso
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Centre, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Shanmukaraj Devaraj
- CIC
EnergiGUNE, Alava Technology Park, C/Albert Einste in 48, 01510 Miñano, Alava, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Centre, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Michel Armand
- CIC
EnergiGUNE, Alava Technology Park, C/Albert Einste in 48, 01510 Miñano, Alava, Spain
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43
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Abstract
We present an overview of the synthetic strategies and methodologies for stable organic radical polymers, and summarise their applications in diverse areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
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44
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Sato K, Sukegawa T, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. Synthesis of Poly(TEMPO-Substituted Glycidyl Ether) by Utilizingt-BuOK/18-Crown-6 for an Organic Cathode-Active Material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201300224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Waseda University; Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Takashi Sukegawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Waseda University; Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Waseda University; Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Waseda University; Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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45
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Kawai T, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. High-Density and Robust Charge Storage with Poly(anthraquinone-substituted norbornene) for Organic Electrode-Active Materials in Polymer–Air Secondary Batteries. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502396r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kawai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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46
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47
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Sukegawa T, Sato K, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. Efficient charge transport of a radical polyether/SWCNT composite electrode for an organic radical battery with high charge-storage density. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15949g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast and reversible charge storage capability was established for the radical polyether/SWCNT composite layer with a large layer thickness of several tens of micrometres despite the low SWCNT content of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sukegawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kan Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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48
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Oyaizu K, Tatsuhira H, Nishide H. Facile charge transport and storage by a TEMPO-populated redox mediating polymer integrated with polyaniline as electrical conducting path. Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2014.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Sukegawa T, Masuko I, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. Expanding the Dimensionality of Polymers Populated with Organic Robust Radicals toward Flow Cell Application: Synthesis of TEMPO-Crowded Bottlebrush Polymers Using Anionic Polymerization and ROMP. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501632t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sukegawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Issei Masuko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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50
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