1
|
Muyizere T, Mukiza J. Progress on the development of a metal salt-assisted ionization source for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2803-2819. [PMID: 35848110 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrometric analysis of polymers has been addressed as a challenging research topic due to poor ionization and complicated analysis using conventional mass spectrometry. The ionization source has demonstrated a promising future in rapid mass spectrometric analysis. Soft ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are the most ionization sources appeared to be a powerful tools for polymer characterization when combined with MS. However, they always need metal salts to be introduced during the ionization protocol for polymers due to the crucial role played by their ions (cations and anions). The current review focuses on the progress in the development of metal ion-assisted-ionization sources for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. Different ionization systems are comprehensively reviewed. The application of metal ion-assisted ESI, nanoESI, PSI, and MALDI-MS for polymer sample analyses is systematically discussed. The future research trends and challenges in this cutting-edge research field are summarized. It also aims to provide the current state-of-the-art of metal salts as a platform for ionization systems for the mass spectrometric characterization of polymers and offers the current challenges and perspectives on the promising future to improve analytical performance in this field. Finally, this mini-review provides a comprehensive handbook to researchers from different research backgrounds wishing to work in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theoneste Muyizere
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, 100190 Beijing, China.
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Kigali 1948, Rwanda.
- School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, P. O. BOX 55, Rwamagana, Rwanda
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nishimori K, Ouchi M. AB-alternating copolymers via chain-growth polymerization: synthesis, characterization, self-assembly, and functions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3473-3483. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, four topics on alternating copolymers synthesized via chain-growth polymerization are reviewed: (1) how to control the alternating sequence; (2) sequence analysis; (3) self-assembly; and (4) functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Nishimori
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nishimori K, Sawamoto M, Ouchi M. Design of maleimide monomer for higher level of alternating sequence in radical copolymerization with styrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Nishimori
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura Nishikyo‐ku Kyoto 615‐8510 Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sawamoto
- Institute of Science and Technology Research Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto‐cho Kasugai Aichi 487‐8501 Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University, Katsura Nishikyo‐ku Kyoto 615‐8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
D'hooge DR. In Silico Tracking of Individual Species Accelerating Progress in Macromolecular Engineering and Design. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800057. [PMID: 29656408 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Technologiepark 914 Ghent 9052 Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CSTE); Technologiepark 907 Ghent 9052 Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weiss RM, Li J, Liu HH, Washington MA, Giesen JA, Grayson SM, Meyer TY. Determining Sequence Fidelity in Repeating Sequence Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)s. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Weiss
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Han H. Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael A. Washington
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Joseph A. Giesen
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Tara Y. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- McGowan
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jing Y, Tesch M, Wang L, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Synthesis of a bulky nitroxide and its application in the nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
7
|
Albergaria Pereira BDF, Tardy A, Monnier V, Guillaneuf Y, Gigmes D, Charles L. Elucidation of a side reaction occurring during nitroxide-mediated polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals by tandem mass spectrometric end-group analysis of aliphatic polyesters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2302-2308. [PMID: 26522324 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In order to prevent side reactions while developing new polymerization processes, their mechanism has to be understood and one first key insight is the structure of the end-groups in polymeric by-products. The synthetic method scrutinized here is the nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) of a cyclic ketene acetal, a promising alternative process to the production of polyesters. METHODS Polymer end-group characterization was performed by mass spectrometry (MS), combining elemental composition information derived from accurate mass data in the MS mode with fragmentation features recorded in the MS/MS mode. Electrospray was used as the ionization method to ensure the integrity of original chain terminations and a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) instrument was employed for high-resolution mass measurements in both MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) modes. RESULTS Occurrence of side reactions in the studied polymerization method, first evidenced by an unusual increase in dispersity with conversion, was confirmed in MS with the detection of two polymeric impurities in addition to the expected species. Fragmentation rules were first established for this new polyester family in order to derive useful structural information from MS/MS data. In addition to a usual NMP by-product, the initiating group of the second polymeric impurities revealed the degradation of the nitroxide moiety. CONCLUSIONS Unambiguous MS/MS identification of end-groups in by-products sampled from the polymerization medium allowed an unusual side reaction to be identified during the NMP preparation of polyesters. On-going optimization of the polymerization method aims at preventing this undesired process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Tardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, FR 1739, Fédération des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille, Spectropôle, Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guégain E, Guillaneuf Y, Nicolas J. Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization of Methacrylic Esters: Insights and Solutions to a Long-Standing Problem. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1227-47. [PMID: 25847584 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) is one of the most powerful reversible deactivation radical polymerization techniques and has incredibly gained in maturity and robustness over the last decades. However, control of methacrylic esters is one of the different aspects of NMP that still requires improvement. This family of monomers always represented an important challenge for NMP, despite the many different nitroxide structures that have been designed over the course of time. This Review aims to present the most successful strategies directed toward the control of the NMP technique of methacrylic esters and especially methyl methacrylate. NMP-derived materials comprising uncontrolled methacrylate segments will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Guégain
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, CEDEX, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR UMR 7273, Av. Escadrille Normandie-NiemenCase 542, F-13397, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, CEDEX, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tesch M, Hepperle JAM, Klaasen H, Letzel M, Studer A. Alternierende Copolymerisation durch Nitroxid-vermittelte Polymerisation und anschließende orthogonale Funktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
10
|
Tesch M, Hepperle JAM, Klaasen H, Letzel M, Studer A. Alternating copolymerization by nitroxide-mediated polymerization and subsequent orthogonal functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5054-9. [PMID: 25736073 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the preparation of functionalized alternating copolymers is presented. Nitroxide-mediated polymerization of hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate with 7-octenyl vinyl ether provides the corresponding alternating polymer, which can be chemically modified using two orthogonal polymer-analogous reactions. A thiol-ene click reaction followed by amidation provides dual-functionalized alternating copolymers. The potential of this method is illustrated by the preparation of a small library (15 examples) of functionalized alternating copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tesch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mutlu H, Lutz JF. Reading Polymers: Sequencing of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13010-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
12
|
Mutlu H, Lutz JF. “Lesen” von Polymeren: Die Sequenzierung natürlicher und synthetischer Makromoleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
13
|
Jing Y, Mardyukov A, Bergander K, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Synthesis of Bulky Nitroxides, Characterization, and Their Application in Controlled Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500639y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jing
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Artur Mardyukov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin Gabriel Daniliuc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
“Polymeromics”: Mass spectrometry based strategies in polymer science toward complete sequencing approaches: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Gianotti V, Antonioli D, Sparnacci K, Laus M, Giammaria TJ, Ferrarese Lupi F, Seguini G, Perego M. On the Thermal Stability of PS-b-PMMA Block and P(S-r-MMA) Random Copolymers for Nanopatterning Applications. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401023y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Katia Sparnacci
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriele Seguini
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C.
Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C.
Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
17
|
Lessard BH, Guillaneuf Y, Mathew M, Liang K, Clement JL, Gigmes D, Hutchinson RA, Marić M. Understanding the Controlled Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with Low Concentrations of 9-(4-Vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole Comonomer by Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization: The Pivotal Role of Reactivity Ratios. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3023525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté
de Saint-Jerome, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, service 542,
13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Manoj Mathew
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kun Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Clement
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté
de Saint-Jerome, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, service 542,
13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté
de Saint-Jerome, avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, service 542,
13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Milan Marić
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
McGill Institute of Adv. Mater. (MIAM), Centre for Self-Assembled
Chemical Structures (CSACS), McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada
H3A 2B2
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gryn'ova G, Lin CY, Coote ML. Which side-reactions compromise nitroxide mediated polymerization? Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00534h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Mardyukov A, Studer A. Preparation of Photoactive Polymers and Postmodification via Nitroxide Trapping Under UV Irradiation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 34:94-101. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
21
|
Le Du Y, Binet L, Hémery P, Marx L. Proton‐controlled nitroxide mediated radical polymerization of styrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Du
- CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP, ParisTech), Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR‐CNRS 7574, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Binet
- CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP, ParisTech), Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR‐CNRS 7574, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Patrick Hémery
- CNRS, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR 7610 and UMR 7203, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères and Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Lucien Marx
- CNRS, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR 7610 and UMR 7203, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères and Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hepperle JAM, Luftmann H, Studer A. Controlled nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization of methyl and phenyl vinyl ketone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xian
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
| | - Christopher L. Hendrickson
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| |
Collapse
|