1
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Tsoutsoura A, He Z, Alexandridis P. Phase Behavior and Structure of Poloxamer Block Copolymers in Protic and Aprotic Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2023; 28:7434. [PMID: 37959854 PMCID: PMC10650682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are promising media for self-assembling block copolymers in applications such as energy storage. A robust design of block copolymer formulations in ionic liquids requires fundamental knowledge of their self-organization at the nanoscale. To this end, here, we focus on modeling two-component systems comprising a Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly (propylene oxide)-Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymer (Pluronic P105: EO37PO58EO37) and room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs): protic ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), aprotic ionic liquids (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6), or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4). Rich structural polymorphism was exhibited, including phases of micellar (sphere) cubic, hexagonal (cylinder), bicontinuous cubic, and lamellar (bilayer) lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) ordered structures in addition to solution regions. The characteristic scales of the structural lengths were obtained using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data analysis. On the basis of phase behavior and structure, the effects of the ionic liquid solvent on block copolymer organization were assessed and contrasted to those of molecular solvents, such as water and formamide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paschalis Alexandridis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA (Z.H.)
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2
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Piñón-Balderrama CI, Leyva-Porras C, Conejo-Dávila AS, Zaragoza-Contreras EA. Sulfonated Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Chemical Modification, Self-Assembly Morphologies, and Recent Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235081. [PMID: 36501479 PMCID: PMC9740409 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific research based on the self-assembly behavior of block copolymers (BCs) comprising charged-neutral segments has emerged as a novel strategy mainly looking for the optimization of efficiency in the generation and storage of electrical energy. The sulfonation reaction re- presents one of the most commonly employed methodologies by scientific investigations to reach the desired amphiphilic character, leading to enough ion concentration to modify and control the entire self-assembly behavior of the BCs. Recently, several works have studied and exploited these changes, inducing improvement on the mechanical properties, ionic conduction capabilities, colloidal solubility, interface activity, and stabilization of dispersed particles, among others. This review aims to present a description of recent works focused on obtaining amphiphilic block copolymers, specifically those that were synthesized by a living/controlled polymerization method and that have introduced the amphiphilic character by the sulfonation of one of the segments. Additionally, relevant works that have evidenced morphological and/or structural changes regarding the pristine BC as a result of the chemical modification are discussed. Finally, several emerging practical applications are analyzed to highlight the main drawbacks and challenges that should be addressed to overcome the development and understanding of these complex systems.
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3
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Ma S, Hou Y, Hao J, Lin C, Zhao J, Sui X. Well-Defined Nanostructures by Block Copolymers and Mass Transport Applications in Energy Conversion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214568. [PMID: 36365562 PMCID: PMC9655174 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the speedy progress in the research of nanomaterials, self-assembly technology has captured the high-profile interest of researchers because of its simplicity and ease of spontaneous formation of a stable ordered aggregation system. The self-assembly of block copolymers can be precisely regulated at the nanoscale to overcome the physical limits of conventional processing techniques. This bottom-up assembly strategy is simple, easy to control, and associated with high density and high order, which is of great significance for mass transportation through membrane materials. In this review, to investigate the regulation of block copolymer self-assembly structures, we systematically explored the factors that affect the self-assembly nanostructure. After discussing the formation of nanostructures of diverse block copolymers, this review highlights block copolymer-based mass transport membranes, which play the role of “energy enhancers” in concentration cells, fuel cells, and rechargeable batteries. We firmly believe that the introduction of block copolymers can facilitate the novel energy conversion to an entirely new plateau, and the research can inform a new generation of block copolymers for more promotion and improvement in new energy applications.
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4
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Min J, Barpuzary D, Ham H, Kang GC, Park MJ. Charged Block Copolymers: From Fundamentals to Electromechanical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4024-4035. [PMID: 34559505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged block copolymers are promising materials for next-generation battery technologies and soft electronics. Although once it was only possible to prepare randomly organized structures, nowadays, well-ordered charged block copolymers can be prepared. In addition, theoretical and experimental analyses of the thermodynamic properties of charged polymers have provided insights into how to control nanostructures via electrostatic interactions and improve the ionic conductivity without compromising mechanical strength, which is crucial for practical applications. In this Account, we discuss methods to control the self-assembly and ion diffusion behavior of charged block copolymers by varying the type of tethered ionic moieties, local concentration of embedded ions with controlled electrostatic interactions, and nanoscale morphology. We discuss with particular emphasis on the structure-transport relationship of charged block copolymers using various ionic additives to control the phase behavior electrostatically as well as the ion transport properties. Through this, we establish the role of interconnected ionic channels in promoting ion-conduction and the importance of developing three-dimensional interconnected morphologies such as gyroid, orthorhombic Fddd (O70) networks, body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and A15 structures with well-defined interfaces in creating less tortuous ion-conduction pathways. Our prolonged surge and synthetic advances are pushing the frontiers of charged block copolymers to have virtually homogeneous ionic domains with suppressed ion agglomeration via the nanoconfinement of closely bound ionic moieties, resulting in efficient ion conduction and high mechanical strength.Subsequently, we discuss how, by using zwitterions, we have radically improved the ionic conductivity of single-ion conducting polymers, which have potential for use in next-generation electrochemical devices owing to the constrained anion depletion. Key to the improvement stems from hierarchically ordered ionic crystals in nanodomains of the single-ion block copolymers through the self-organization of the dipolar/ionic moieties under confinement. By precisely tuning the distances between ionic sites and the dipolar orientation in the ionic domains with varied zwitterion contents, unprecedented dielectric constants close to those of aqueous electrolytes have been achieved, leading to the development of high-conductivity solid-state single-ion conducting polymers with leak-free characteristics. Further, using these materials, low-voltage-driven artificial muscles have been prepared that show a large bending strain and millisecond-scale mechanical deformations at 1 V in air without fatigue, exceeding the performance of previously reported polymer actuators. Finally, smart multiresponsive actuators based on tailor-made charged polymers capable of programmable deformation with high force and self-locking without power consumption are suggested as candidates for use in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Min
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Dipankar Barpuzary
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseong Ham
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Chan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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5
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Polarization of ionic liquid and polymer and its implications for polymerized ionic liquids: An overview towards a new theory and simulation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Wang J, Li L, Yang W, Yan Z, Zhou Y, Wang B, Zhang B, Bu W. Sub-10 nm Scale Lamellar Structures with a High Degree of Long-Range Order Fabricated by Orthogonal Self-Assembly of Crown Ether/Secondary Dialkylammonium Recognition and Metal···Metal/π-π Interactions. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1012-1016. [PMID: 35619497 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We here present an orthogonal self-assembly strategy to fabricate a series of metallosupramolecular polymers by coupling planar platinum(II) complexes and starlike poly(ε-caprolactone), through Pt···Pt/π-π interactions and host-guest recognition between secondary dialkylammonium salts and crown ether groups. The solid metallosupramolecular polymers exhibit sub-10 nm scale lamellar structures and one of them occupies an extraordinary degree of long-range order. The platinum(II) complexes can be regarded as an individual supramolecular block to microphase segregate the polymeric segment. Moreover, the metallosupramolecular polymers show intense luminescence and appreciable proton conductivity, originating from these two supramolecular connection modes, respectively. This work paves the way for fabricating metallosupramolecular polymers showing both highly ordered nanostructures and multifunctional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zihao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Binghua Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Weifeng Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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7
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Shim J, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Superlattice by charged block copolymer self-assembly. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2108. [PMID: 31068597 PMCID: PMC6506472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged block copolymers are of great interest due to their unique self-assembly and physicochemical properties. Understanding of the phase behavior of charged block copolymers, however, is still at a primitive stage. Here we report the discovery of an intriguing superlattice morphology from compositionally symmetric charged block copolymers, poly[(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) propyl sodium sulfonate methacrylate)]-b-polystyrene (POEGMA-PS), achieved by systematic variation of the molecular structure in general, and the charge content in particular. POEGMA-PS self-assembles into a superlattice lamellar morphology, a previously unknown class of diblock nanostructures, but strikingly similar to oxygen-deficient perovskite derivatives, when the fraction of charged groups in the POEGMA block is about 5-25%. The charge fraction and the tethering of the ionic groups both play critical roles in driving the superlattice formation. This study highlights the accessibility of superlattice morphologies by introducing charges in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Shim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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8
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Guan J, Shen J, Chen X, Wang H, Chen Q, Li J, Li Y. Crystal Forms and Microphase Structures of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Physically and Chemically Incorporated with Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Guan
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieqing Shen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingru Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengti Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingye Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Kim O, Kim K, Choi UH, Park MJ. Tuning anhydrous proton conduction in single-ion polymers by crystalline ion channels. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5029. [PMID: 30487526 PMCID: PMC6261987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of high-conductivity solid-state electrolyte materials with eliminated polarization loss is a great challenge. Here we show a promising potential of single-ion block copolymers with crystalline protogenic channels as efficient proton conductors. Through the self-organization of zwitterion, imidazole, and polystyrene sulfonate with controlled dipolar interactions therein, the distance between neighboring proton donors and acceptors in ionic crystals, as well as the dipolar orientation in nanoscale ionic phases was precisely tuned. This allowed a markedly high static dielectric constant comparable to water and fast structural diffusion of protons with a low potential barrier for single-ion polymers. The optimized sample exhibited a high proton diffusion coefficient of 2.4 × 10–6 cm2 s–1 under anhydrous conditions at 90 °C. High-conductivity solid-state electrolyte materials with minimal polarization loss are difficult to synthesize. Here the authors show single-ion block copolymers with crystalline protogenic channels having a promising potential to be used as efficient proton conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Kyoungwook Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - U Hyeok Choi
- Department of of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea. .,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea.
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10
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Chen XC, Jiang X, Balsara NP. Swelling of individual nanodomains in hydrated block copolymer electrolyte membranes. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:163325. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5029452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X. Chelsea Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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11
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Jung HY, Park MJ. Thermodynamics and phase behavior of acid-tethered block copolymers with ionic liquids. SOFT MATTER 2016; 13:250-257. [PMID: 27321068 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00947f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the phase behavior of acid-tethered block copolymers with and without ionic liquids. Two phosphonated block copolymers and their sulfonated analogs were synthesized by fine-tuning the degree of polymerization and the acid content. The block copolymers carrying acid groups with ionic liquids exhibited rich phase sequences, i.e., disorder-lamellae (LAM), gyroid-LAM, gyroid-hexagonal cylinder (HEX), and gyroid-A15 lattice, and the cation/anion ratio in the ionic liquid exerted profound effects on the segregation strength and topology of the self-assembled structures. Additionally, using ionic liquids with excessive cation content was found to enhance the effective Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, χeff, of the samples. However, as the anion content of the ionic liquids increased the segregation strength decreased. This is attributed to the packing frustration accompanied by the prevailing repulsive electrostatic interactions of the anions in the ionic liquid and the polymer matrix. As the hydrophobicity of the ionic liquids increased, well-defined ordered phases emerged in the phosphonated block copolymers with increased anion content, contrary to the disordered phases of the sulfonated samples. Thus, the balance between solvation energy of the anions and the electrostatic interactions is a key determinant of the thermodynamics of acid-tethered block copolymers containing ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784 Korea.
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784 Korea. and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784 Korea
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12
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Irwin MT, Hickey RJ, Xie S, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Lithium Salt-Induced Microstructure and Ordering in Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Irwin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuyi Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Jackson AC, Savage AM, Ertem SP, Tsai TH, Seifert S, Beyer FL, Liberatore MW, Herring AM, Coughlin EB. Achieving Continuous Anion Transport Domains Using Block Copolymers Containing Phosphonium Cations. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ye Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Aaron C. Jackson
- US Army Research
Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Alice M. Savage
- US Army Research
Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - S. Piril Ertem
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tsung-Han Tsai
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Frederick L. Beyer
- US Army Research
Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Matthew W. Liberatore
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Andrew M. Herring
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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14
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Sun J, Jiang X, Siegmund A, Connolly MD, Downing KH, Balsara NP, Zuckermann RN. Morphology and Proton Transport in Humidified Phosphonated Peptoid Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016; 49:3083-3090. [PMID: 27134312 PMCID: PMC4848730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Polymers
that conduct protons in the hydrated state are of crucial
importance in a wide variety of clean energy applications such as
hydrogen fuel cells and artificial photosynthesis. Phosphonated and
sulfonated polymers are known to conduct protons at low water content.
In this paper, we report on the synthesis phosphonated peptoid diblock
copolymers, poly-N-(2-ethyl)hexylglycine-block-poly-N-phosphonomethylglycine
(pNeh-b-pNpm), with volume fractions of pNpm (ϕNpm) values ranging from 0.13 to 0.44 and dispersity (Đ) ≤ 1.0003. The morphologies of the dry block
copolypeptoids were determined by transmission electron microscopy
and in both the dry and hydrated states by synchrotron small-angle
X-ray scattering. Dry samples with ϕNpm > 0.13
exhibited
a lamellar morphology. Upon hydration, the lowest molecular weight
sample transitioned to a hexagonally packed cylinder morphology, while
the others maintained their dry morphologies. Water uptake of all
of the ordered samples was 8.1 ± 1.1 water molecules per phosphonate
group. In spite of this, the proton conductivity of the ordered pNeh-b-pNpm copolymers ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 S/cm. We demonstrate
that proton conductivity is maximized in high molecular weight, symmetric
pNeh-b-pNpm copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China 266042
| | - Xi Jiang
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron Siegmund
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Michael D Connolly
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth H Downing
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P Balsara
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Chopade SA, So S, Hillmyer MA, Lodge TP. Anhydrous Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolyte Membranes via Polymerization-Induced Microphase Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:6200-6210. [PMID: 26927732 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) exhibiting high ionic conductivity coupled with mechanical robustness and high thermal stability are vital for the design of next-generation lithium-ion batteries and high-temperature fuel cells. We present the in situ preparation of nanostructured PEMs incorporating a protic ionic liquid (IL) into one of the domains of a microphase-separated block copolymer created via polymerization-induced microphase separation. This facile, one-pot synthetic strategy transforms a homogeneous liquid precursor consisting of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macro-chain-transfer agent, styrene and divinylbenzene monomers, and protic IL into a robust and transparent monolith. The resulting PEMs exhibit a bicontinuous morphology comprising PEO/protic IL conducting pathways and highly cross-linked polystyrene (PS) domains. The cross-linked PS mechanical scaffold imparts thermal and mechanical stability to the PEMs, with an elastic modulus approaching 10 MPa at 180 °C, without sacrificing the ionic conductivity of the system. Crucially, the long-range continuity of the PEO/protic IL conducting nanochannels results in an outstanding ionic conductivity of 14 mS/cm at 180 °C. We posit that proton conduction in the protic IL occurs via the vehicular mechanism and the PEMs exhibit an average proton transference number of 0.7. This approach is very promising for the development of high-temperature, robust PEMs with excellent proton conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay A Chopade
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Soonyong So
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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16
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Sharick S, Koski J, Riggleman RA, Winey KI. Isolating the Effect of Molecular Weight on Ion Transport of Non-Ionic Diblock Copolymer/Ionic Liquid Mixtures. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sharick
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jason Koski
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Sethuraman V, Pryamitsyn V, Ganesan V. Influence of molecular weight and degree of segregation on local segmental dynamics of ordered block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Pryamitsyn
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas 78712
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas 78712
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18
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Jung HY, Kim SY, Kim O, Park MJ. Effect of the Protogenic Group on the Phase Behavior and Ion Transport Properties of Acid-Bearing Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Jung
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Advanced
Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Advanced
Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Advanced
Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Advanced
Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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19
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McIntosh LD, Schulze MW, Irwin MT, Hillmyer MA, Lodge TP. Evolution of Morphology, Modulus, and Conductivity in Polymer Electrolytes Prepared via Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502281k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. McIntosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Morgan W. Schulze
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Matthew T. Irwin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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20
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Coletta E, Toney MF, Frank CW. Influences of liquid electrolyte and polyimide identity on the structure and conductivity of polyimide-poly(ethylene glycol) materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Coletta
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California 94305
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource; Menlo Park California 94025
| | - Curtis W. Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California 94305
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21
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Vishnyakov A, Neimark AV. Self-assembly in Nafion membranes upon hydration: water mobility and adsorption isotherms. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11353-64. [PMID: 25157931 DOI: 10.1021/jp504975u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
By means of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we explored geometrical, transport, and sorption properties of hydrated Nafion-type polyelectrolyte membranes. Composed of a perfluorinated backbone with sulfonate side chains, Nafion self-assembles upon hydration and segregates into interpenetrating hydrophilic and hydrophobic subphases. This segregated morphology determines the transport properties of Nafion membranes that are widely used as compartment separators in fuel cells and other electrochemical devices, as well as permselective diffusion barriers in protective fabrics. We introduced a coarse-grained model of Nafion, which accounts explicitly for polymer rigidity and electrostatic interactions between anionic side chains and hydrated metal cations. In a series of DPD simulations with increasing content of water, a classical percolation transition from a system of isolated water clusters to a 3D network of hydrophilic channels was observed. The hydrophilic subphase connectivity and water diffusion were studied by constructing digitized replicas of self-assembled morphologies and performing random walk simulations. A non-monotonic dependence of the tracer diffusivity on the water content was found. This unexpected behavior was explained by the formation of large and mostly isolated water domains detected at high water content and high equivalent polymer weight. Using MC simulations, we calculated the chemical potential of water in the hydrated polymer and constructed the water sorption isotherms, which extended to the oversaturated conditions. We determined that the maximum diffusivity and the onset of formation of large water domains corresponded to the saturation conditions at 100% humidity. The oversaturated membrane morphologies generated in the canonical ensemble DPD simulations correspond to the metastable and unstable states of Nafion membrane that are not realized in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Vishnyakov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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22
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Noh M, Cho BK. Phase behavior and ionic conductivity of dendron–coil–dendron block copolymer/ionic liquid electrolytes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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23
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Kim O, Kim SY, Park B, Hwang W, Park MJ. Factors Affecting Electromechanical Properties of Ionic Polymer Actuators Based on Ionic Liquid-Containing Sulfonated Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Byungrak Park
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Woonbong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Division of Advanced Materials
Science, and §Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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24
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Fast low-voltage electroactive actuators using nanostructured polymer electrolytes. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2208. [PMID: 23896756 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroactive actuators have received enormous interest for a variety of biomimetic technologies ranging from robotics and microsensors to artificial muscles. Major challenges towards practically viable actuators are the achievement of large electromechanical deformation, fast switching response, low operating voltage and durable operation. Here we report a new electroactive actuator composed of self-assembled sulphonated block copolymers and ionic liquids. The new actuator demonstrated improvements in actuation properties over other polymer actuators reported earlier, large generated strain (up to 4%) without any signs of back relaxation. In particular, the millimetre-scale displacements obtained for the actuators, with rapid response (<1 s) at sub-1-V conditions over 13,500 cycles in air, have not been previously reported in the literature. The key to success stems from the evolution of the unique hexagonal structure of the polymer layer with domain size gradients beneath the cathode during actuation, which promotes the bending motion of the actuators.
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25
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Kim SY, Lee J, Park MJ. Proton Hopping and Diffusion Behavior of Sulfonated Block Copolymers Containing Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4025152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yeon Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Joungphil Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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26
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Young WS, Kuan WF, Epps TH. Block copolymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shiue Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Wei-Fan Kuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware 19716
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27
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Gao R, Zhang M, Wang SW, Moore RB, Colby RH, Long TE. Polyurethanes Containing an Imidazolium Diol-Based Ionic-Liquid Chain Extender for Incorporation of Ionic-Liquid Electrolytes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Park MJ, Choi I, Hong J, Kim O. Polymer electrolytes integrated with ionic liquids for future electrochemical devices. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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30
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Direct sulfonation and photocrosslinking of unsaturated poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) for proton exchange membrane of direct methanol fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Kim O, Kim SY, Ahn H, Kim CW, Rhee YM, Park MJ. Phase Behavior and Conductivity of Sulfonated Block Copolymers Containing Heterocyclic Diazole-Based Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301803f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Onnuri Kim
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Hyungmin Ahn
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Chang Woo Kim
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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32
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Hoarfrost ML, Segalman RA. Conductivity Scaling Relationships for Nanostructured Block Copolymer/Ionic Liquid Membranes. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:937-943. [PMID: 35607047 DOI: 10.1021/mz300241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the properties of membranes composed of mixtures of block copolymers with ionic liquids, it is essential to understand universal scaling relationships between composition, structure, temperature, and ionic conductivity. In this work, we demonstrate the universality of relationships developed to describe the temperature and concentration dependence of ionic conductivity in such membranes by comparing the conductivity behavior of mixtures of ionic liquid with two block copolymer chemistries. The conductivities of all the mixtures are described by a single expression, which combines percolation theory with the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation. Percolation theory describes the power law dependence of conductivity on the overall volume fraction of ionic liquid, while the VTF equation takes into account the effect of the glass transition temperature of the conducting phase on the temperature dependence. The dominance of the overall volume fraction of ionic liquid in determining conductivity indicates that there is incredible flexibility in designing highly conductive block copolymer/ionic liquid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Hoarfrost
- Department
of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
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33
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Young WS, Epps TH. Ionic Conductivities of Block Copolymer Electrolytes with Various Conducting Pathways: Sample Preparation and Processing Considerations. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300362f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shiue Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United
States
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34
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Scalfani VF, Wiesenauer EF, Ekblad JR, Edwards JP, Gin DL, Bailey TS. Morphological Phase Behavior of Poly(RTIL)-Containing Diblock Copolymer Melts. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300328u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F. Scalfani
- Department
of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1370, United
States
| | - Erin F. Wiesenauer
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - John R. Ekblad
- Department
of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1370, United
States
| | - Julian P. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - Douglas L. Gin
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - Travis S. Bailey
- Department
of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1370, United
States
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35
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Hoarfrost ML, Tyagi MS, Segalman RA, Reimer JA. Effect of Confinement on Proton Transport Mechanisms in Block Copolymer/Ionic Liquid Membranes. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Hoarfrost
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Madhu S. Tyagi
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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36
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Gao R, Wang D, Heflin JR, Long TE. Imidazolium sulfonate-containing pentablock copolymer–ionic liquid membranes for electroactive actuators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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