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Lu D, Zou X, Li C. Advances in the application of named reactions in polymer synthesis. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221143691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the development of polymer science, more and more named reactions have been applied to synthesizing polymers. Introducing new reactions into polymer synthesis is undoubtedly an excellent expansion for monomer and polymer libraries. In this review, the named reactions employed in polymer-chain synthesis were divided into seven types: electrophilic reactions, nucleophilic reactions, transition metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions, free radical reactions, pericyclic reactions, multi-component reactions and rearrangement reactions. The discussion was mainly focused on the progress in the utilization of these named reactions in polymer synthesis, which could be a valuable reference for researchers in the polymer field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Zou
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Yang H, Xi W. Nucleobase-Containing Polymers: Structure, Synthesis, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E666. [PMID: 30965964 PMCID: PMC6418729 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleobase interactions play a fundamental role in biological functions, including transcription and translation. Natural nucleic acids like DNA are also widely implemented in material realm such as DNA guided self-assembly of nanomaterials. Inspired by that, polymer chemists have contributed phenomenal endeavors to mimic both the structures and functions of natural nucleic acids in synthetic polymers. Similar sequence-dependent responses were observed and employed in the self-assembly of these nucleobase-containing polymers. Here, the structures, synthetic approaches, and applications of nucleobase-containing polymers are highlighted and a brief look is taken at the future development of these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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4
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Synthesis of novel polymer brushes of poly(acrylonitrile-g-N,Nʹ-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) by nitrile modification. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-017-0525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Davidson JR, Appuhamillage GA, Thompson CM, Voit W, Smaldone RA. Design Paradigm Utilizing Reversible Diels-Alder Reactions to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16961-6. [PMID: 27299858 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A design paradigm is demonstrated that enables new functional 3D printed materials made by fused filament fabrication (FFF) utilizing a thermally reversible dynamic covalent Diels-Alder reaction to dramatically improve both strength and toughness via self-healing mechanisms. To achieve this, we used as a mending agent a partially cross-linked terpolymer consisting of furan-maleimide Diels-Alder (fmDA) adducts that exhibit reversibility at temperatures typically used for FFF printing. When this mending agent is blended with commercially available polylactic acid (PLA) and printed, the resulting materials demonstrate an increase in the interfilament adhesion strength along the z-axis of up to 130%, with ultimate tensile strength increasing from 10 MPa in neat PLA to 24 MPa in fmDA-enhanced PLA. Toughness in the z-axis aligned prints increases by up to 460% from 0.05 MJ/m(3) for unmodified PLA to 0.28 MJ/m(3) for the remendable PLA. Importantly, it is demonstrated that a thermally reversible cross-linking paradigm based on the furan-maleimide Diels-Alder (fmDA) reaction can be more broadly applied to engineer property enhancements and remending abilities to a host of other 3D printable materials with superior mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Davidson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Gayan A Appuhamillage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Christina M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Walter Voit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ronald A Smaldone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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Perdih P, Kržan A, Žagar E. Synthesis of Dendronized Poly(l-Glutamate) via Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040242. [PMID: 28773369 PMCID: PMC5502894 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly(l-glutamate) (PGlu) was modified with a second-generation dendron to obtain the dendronized polyglutamate, P(Glu-D). Synthesized P(Glu-D) exhibited a degree of polymerization (DPn) of 46 and a 43% degree of dendronization. Perfect agreement was found between the P(Glu-D) expected structure and the results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and size-exclusion chromatography coupled to a multi-angle light-scattering detector (SEC-MALS) analysis. The PGlu precursor was modified by coupling with a bifunctional building block (N3-Pr-NH2) in the presence of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) coupling reagent. The second-generation polyamide dendron was prepared by a stepwise procedure involving the coupling of propargylamine to the l-lysine carboxyl group, followed by attaching the protected 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) building block to the l-lysine amino groups. The hydroxyl groups of the resulting second-generation dendron were quantitatively deprotected under mild acidic conditions. The deprotected dendron with an acetylene focal group was coupled to the pendant azide groups of the modified linear copolypeptide, P(Glu-N3), in a Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction to form a 1,4-disubstituted triazole. The dendronization reaction proceeded quantitatively in 48 hours in aqueous medium as confirmed by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Perdih
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Andrej Kržan
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ema Žagar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Yu F, Cao X, Du J, Wang G, Chen X. Multifunctional Hydrogel with Good Structure Integrity, Self-Healing, and Tissue-Adhesive Property Formed by Combining Diels-Alder Click Reaction and Acylhydrazone Bond. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:24023-31. [PMID: 26466997 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel, as a good cartilage tissue-engineered scaffold, not only has to possess robust mechanical property but also has to have an intrinsic self-healing property to integrate itself or the surrounding host cartilage. In this work a double cross-linked network (DN) was designed and prepared by combining Diels-Alder click reaction and acylhydrazone bond. The DA reaction maintained the hydrogel's structural integrity and mechanical strength in physiological environment, while the dynamic covalent acylhydrazone bond resulted in hydrogel's self-healing property and controlled the on-off switch of network cross-link density. At the same time, the aldehyde groups contained in hydrogel further promote good integration of the hydrogel to surrounding tissue based on aldehyde-amine Schiff-base reaction. This kind of hydrogel has good structural integrity, autonomous self-healing, and tissue-adhesive property and simultaneously will have a good application in tissue engineering and tissue repair field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou 570228, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jie Du
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Arseneault M, Wafer C, Morin JF. Recent advances in click chemistry applied to dendrimer synthesis. Molecules 2015; 20:9263-94. [PMID: 26007183 PMCID: PMC6272213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are monodisperse polymers grown in a fractal manner from a central point. They are poised to become the cornerstone of nanoscale devices in several fields, ranging from biomedicine to light-harvesting. Technical difficulties in obtaining these molecules has slowed their transfer from academia to industry. In 2001, the arrival of the "click chemistry" concept gave the field a major boost. The flagship reaction, a modified Hüisgen cycloaddition, allowed researchers greater freedom in designing and building dendrimers. In the last five years, advances in click chemistry saw a wider use of other click reactions and a notable increase in the complexity of the reported structures. This review covers key developments in the click chemistry field applied to dendrimer synthesis from 2010 to 2015. Even though this is an expert review, basic notions and references have been included to help newcomers to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Arseneault
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Caroline Wafer
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Oyama KI, Watanabe N, Yamada T, Suzuki M, Sekiguchi Y, Kondo T, Yoshida K. Efficient and versatile synthesis of 5-O-acylquinic acids with a direct esterification using a p-methoxybenzyl quinate as a key intermediate. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Dibble DJ, Umerani MJ, Mazaheripour A, Park YS, Ziller JW, Gorodetsky AA. An Aza-Diels–Alder Route to Polyquinolines. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5020726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Dibble
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mehran J. Umerani
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Amir Mazaheripour
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Young S. Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alon A. Gorodetsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Tunca
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
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13
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Kim J, Kim J, Lee J, Song HK, Yang C. Synthesis of a Redox-Active Denpol as a Potential Electrode in Rechargeable Organic Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yu F, Cao X, Li Y, Zeng L, Zhu J, Wang G, Chen X. Diels–Alder crosslinked HA/PEG hydrogels with high elasticity and fatigue resistance for cell encapsulation and articular cartilage tissue repair. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00473f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gelation time of Diels–Alder crosslinked HA/PEG hydrogels can be reduced to an appropriate level for cell encapsulation and survival. At the same time, the DA click reaction makes the gel highly resilient and resistant to cyclic compression loading, which biomimics native articular cartilage biomechanical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuli Li
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Lei Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- Guangzhou, PR China
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15
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Yu F, Cao X, Li Y, Zeng L, Yuan B, Chen X. An injectable hyaluronic acid/PEG hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering formed by integrating enzymatic crosslinking and Diels–Alder “click chemistry”. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00869j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Injectable HA/PEG hydrogel was crosslinked by integrating the enzymatic crosslinking and Diels–Alder click chemistry and showed excellent shape recovery and anti-fatigue properties at a high compressive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Yuli Li
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Lei Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- PR China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Bo Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engendering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- PR China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
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16
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Zhang Y, Chen EYX. Polymerization of nonfood biomass-derived monomers to sustainable polymers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 353:185-227. [PMID: 24699900 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of sustainable routes to fine chemicals, liquid fuels, and polymeric materials from natural resources has attracted significant attention from academia, industry, the general public, and governments owing to dwindling fossil resources, surging energy demand, global warming concerns, and other environmental problems. Cellulosic material, such as grasses, trees, corn stover, or wheat straw, is the most abundant nonfood renewable biomass resources on earth. Such annually renewable material can potentially meet our future needs with a low carbon footprint if it can be efficiently converted into fuels, value added chemicals, or polymeric materials. This chapter focuses on various renewable monomers derived directly from cellulose or cellulose platforms and corresponding sustainable polymers or copolymers produced therefrom. Recent advances related to the polymerization processes and the properties of novel biomass-derived polymers are also reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, People's Republic of China,
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Wang Y, Liu B, Wang X, Zhao W, Liu D, Liu X, Cui D. Immortal ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone by a neat magnesium catalyst system: an approach to obtain block and amphiphilic star polymers in situ. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Building of various functional and topological microstructured PCLs via the immortal catalyst system of MgnBu2/ROH and click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Dongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, China
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Tonga M, Yesilbag Tonga G, Seber G, Gok O, Sanyal A. Dendronized polystyrene via orthogonal double-click reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Tonga
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; Bebek Istanbul 34342 Turkey
| | | | - Gonca Seber
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; Bebek Istanbul 34342 Turkey
| | - Ozgul Gok
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; Bebek Istanbul 34342 Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; Bebek Istanbul 34342 Turkey
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19
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Gandini A. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction: A versatile click–unclick tool in macromolecular synthesis. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Peng P, Cao X, Peng F, Bian J, Xu F, Sun R. Binding cellulose and chitosan via click chemistry: Synthesis, characterization, and formation of some hollow tubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Durmaz H, Sanyal A, Hizal G, Tunca U. Double click reaction strategies for polymer conjugation and post-functionalization of polymers. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Boutelle RC, Northrop BH. Substituent effects on the reversibility of furan-maleimide cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7994-8002. [PMID: 21866976 DOI: 10.1021/jo201606z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of furan and maleimide substitution on the dynamic reversibility of their Diels-Alder reactivity have been investigated computationally and by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Furan and furan derivatives bearing methoxy, methyl, or formyl groups at their 2- or 3-positions were investigated with maleimide and maleimide derivatives bearing N-methyl, N-allyl, and N-phenyl substituents. Computational predictions indicate that electronic and regiochemical effects of furan substitution significantly influence their Diels-Alder reactivity with maleimide, with reaction free energies of exo adduct formation ranging from ΔG = -9.4 to 0.9 kcal/mol and transition state barriers to exo adduct formation ranging from ΔG(‡) = 18.9 to 25.6 kcal/mol. Much less variation was observed for the reactivity of N-substituted maleimide derivatives and furan, with reaction and transition state free energies each falling within a range of 1.1 kcal/mol. Dynamic exchange experiments monitored by (1)H NMR spectroscopy support computational predictions. The results indicate the reactivity and reversibility of furan-maleimide cycloadditions can be tuned significantly through the addition of appropriate substituents and have implications in the use of furan and maleimide derivatives in the construction of thermally responsive organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Boutelle
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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