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Chen L, Sheng X, Li G, Huang F. Mechanically interlocked polymers based on rotaxanes. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7046-7065. [PMID: 35852571 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) has continued to encourage researchers to design and construct a variety of high-performance materials. Introducing mechanically interlocked structures into polymers has led to novel polymeric materials, called mechanically interlocked polymers (MIPs). Rotaxane-based MIPs are an important class, where the mechanically interlocked characteristic retains a high degree of structural freedom and mobility of their components, such as the rotation and sliding motions of rotaxane units. Therefore, these MIP materials are known to possess a unique set of properties, including mechanical robustness, adaptability and responsiveness, which endow them with potential applications in many emerging fields, such as protective materials, intelligent actuators, and mechanisorption. In this review, we outline the synthetic strategies, structure-property relationships, and application explorations of various polyrotaxanes, including linear polyrotaxanes, polyrotaxane networks, and rotaxane dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xinru Sheng
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China. .,Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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2
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Zeng H, Liu P, Xing H, Huang F. Symmetrically Tetra‐functionalized Pillar[6]arenes Prepared by Fragment Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Peiren Liu
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Hao Xing
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 P. R. China
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3
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Zeng H, Liu P, Xing H, Huang F. Symmetrically Tetra-functionalized Pillar[6]arenes Prepared by Fragment Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115823. [PMID: 34962061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to the highly symmetrical structures generated from one-pot syntheses, the partial functionalization of macrocycles is usually beset with low yields and onerous purifications of the target multifunctional macrocycles. To improve this circumstance, taking pillar[6]arenes as an example, a two-step fragment coupling method is developed for synthesizing symmetrically tetra-functionalized pillar[6]arenes, namely X-pillar[6]arenes. This method is simple and versatile, which makes hetero-fragment coupling and pre-functionalization available. Nine new macrocycles and a pillar[6]arene-based cage are prepared. In addition, one of the newly synthesized macrocycles, COOEtEtXP[6] , exhibits a strong cyan luminescence in the solid state under irradiation by 365 nm UV light. This emission originates from intramolecular through-space conjugation. Meanwhile, formation of a supramolecular polymer by multiple non-covalent intra/intermolecular interactions help rigidify the structure and make COOEtEtXP[6] an efficient solid-state emitter. It is believed that this fragment coupling can also be used to realize the multi-functionalization of other macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Zhejiang University, Department of Chemistry, Hangzhou, CHINA
| | - Peiren Liu
- Zhejiang University, Department of Chemistry, Hangzhou, CHINA
| | - Hao Xing
- Zhejiang University, Department of Chemistry, Hangzhou, CHINA
| | - Feihe Huang
- Zhejiang University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 310027, Hangzhou, CHINA
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4
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Solvent Dependent Disorder in M2(BzOip)2(H2O)·Solvate (M = Co or Zn). CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Kato K, Nemoto K, Mayumi K, Yokoyama H, Ito K. Ductile Glass of Polyrotaxane Toughened by Stretch-Induced Intramolecular Phase Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:32436-32440. [PMID: 28915000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new class of ductile glasses is created from a thermoplastic polyrotaxane. The hard glass, which has a Young's modulus of 1 GPa, shows crazing, necking, and strain hardening with a total elongation of 330%. Stress concentration is prevented through a unique stretch-induced intramolecular phase separation of the cyclic components and the exposed backbone. In situ synchrotron X-ray scattering studies indicate that the backbone polymer chains slip through the cyclic components in the regions where the stress is concentrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Kato
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kaito Nemoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Koichi Mayumi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoyama
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kohzo Ito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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6
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Aniline-containing guests recognized by α,α',δ,δ'-tetramethyl-cucurbit[6]uril host. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39057. [PMID: 27958375 PMCID: PMC5153640 DOI: 10.1038/srep39057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-guest complexation of symmetrical α,α',δ,δ'-tetramethyl-cucurbit[6]uril (TMeQ[6]) and cucurbit[7]uril (Q[7]) with a series of aniline-containing guests has been investigated by various experimental techniques including NMR, ITC, and X-ray crystallography. Experimental results indicate that both TMeQ[6] and Q[7] hosts can encapsulate aniline-containing guests to form stable inclusion complexes. However, the oval cavity of TMeQ[6] is more complementary in size and shape to the aromatic ring of the guests than the spherical cavity of Q[7]. Shielding and deshielding effects of the aromatic ring on guests lead to the remarkable chemical shifts of the TMeQ[6] host protons. The rotational restriction of the guests in the oval cavity of TMeQ[6] results in the large negative values of entropy. The X-ray crystal structure of the 1:1 inclusion complex between TMeQ[6] and N,N'-diethyl-benzene-1,4-diamine unambiguously reveals that the aromatic ring of the guest resides in the oval cavity of TMeQ[6].
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Lewis JEM, Winn J, Cera L, Goldup SM. Iterative Synthesis of Oligo[n]rotaxanes in Excellent Yield. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16329-16336. [PMID: 27700073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present an operationally simple iterative coupling strategy for the synthesis of oligomeric homo- and hetero[n]rotaxanes with precise control over the position of each macrocycle. The exceptional yield of the AT-CuAAC reaction, combined with optimized conditions that allow the rapid synthesis of the target oligomers, opens the door to the study of precision-engineered oligomeric interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Joby Winn
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Luca Cera
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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Martínez-Periñán E, de Juan A, Pouillon Y, Schierl C, Strauss V, Martín N, Rubio Á, Guldi DM, Lorenzo E, Pérez EM. The mechanical bond on carbon nanotubes: diameter-selective functionalization and effects on physical properties. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9254-64. [PMID: 27089449 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe the functionalization of SWNTs enriched in (6,5) chirality with electron donating macrocycles to yield rotaxane-type mechanically interlocked carbon nanotubes (MINTs). Investigations by means of electron microscopy and control experiments corroborated the interlocked nature of the MINTs. A comprehensive characterization of the MINTs through UV-vis-NIR, Raman, fluorescence, transient absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry was carried out. Analyses of the spectroscopic data reveal that the MINT-forming reaction proceeds with diameter selectivity, favoring functionalization of (6,5) SWNTs rather than larger (7,6) SWNTs. In the ground state, we found a lack of significant charge-transfer interactions between the electron donor exTTF and the SWNTs. Upon photoexcitation, efficient charge-transfer between the electron donating exTTF macrocycles and SWNTs was demonstrated. As a complement, we established significantly different charge-transfer rate constants and diffusion coefficients for MINTs and the supramolecular models, which confirms the fundamentally different type of interactions between exTTF and SWNTs in the presence or absence of the mechanical bond. Molecular mechanics and DFT calculations support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Martínez-Periñán
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto de Juan
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yann Pouillon
- Centro Joxe Mari Korta, Avenida de Tolosa, 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Christoph Schierl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Volker Strauss
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CC Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Rubio
- Centro Joxe Mari Korta, Avenida de Tolosa, 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Encarnación Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Yao Y, Wang Y, Zhao R, Shao L, Tang R, Huang F. Improved in vivo tumor therapy via host–guest complexation. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2691-2696. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02611c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A decomposable and intracellular pH-responsive drug delivery system by immobilizing a water-soluble pillar[5]arene onto hollow mesoporous nanoparticles through host–guest complexation was successfully prepared and its application in controlled drug delivery in vitro and in vivo was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Yang Wang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Li Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
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Saha S, Santra S, Ghosh P. [2]Pseudorotaxane composed of heteroditopic macrobicycle and pyridine N-oxide based axle: recognition site dependent axle orientation. Org Lett 2015; 17:1854-7. [PMID: 25825821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for threading an axle having a hydrogen bond acceptor unit in the cavity of a C3v symmetric amido-amine macrobicycle is investigated. The macrobicycle acts as a wheel in its neutral as well as triprotonated states to form threaded architectures with a pyridine N-oxide derivative. The negative oxygen dipole of the axle is capable of [2]pseudorotaxane formation in two different orientations with the wheel in its neutral and triprotonated states.
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11
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Xue M, Yang Y, Chi X, Yan X, Huang F. Development of Pseudorotaxanes and Rotaxanes: From Synthesis to Stimuli-Responsive Motions to Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7398-501. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Yu G, Jie K, Huang F. Supramolecular Amphiphiles Based on Host–Guest Molecular Recognition Motifs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7240-303. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guocan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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13
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Wei P, Yan X, Huang F. Reversible formation of a poly[3]rotaxane based on photo dimerization of an anthracene-capped [3]rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14105-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07044e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Polymeric molecular shuttles: Polypseudorotaxanes & polyrotaxanes based on viologen (paraquat) urethane backbones & bis(p-phenylene)-34-crown-10. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Ho TH, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Rotaxanes Synthesized Through Sodium-Ion-Templated Clipping of Macrocycles Around Nonconjugated Amide and Urea Functionalities. Chemistry 2014; 20:4563-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Li S, Weng GH, Lin W, Sun ZB, Zhou M, Zhu B, Ye Y, Wu J. An acid/base switchable and reversibly cross-linkable polyrotaxane. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A main chain-type polyrotaxane was fabricated based on the DP24C8/dialkylammonium recognition motif, in which the host could be controllably shuttled on the axle of the polyrotaxane upon acid–base stimuli and reversibly cross-linked via Pd coordination and decoordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Huan Weng
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Bin Sun
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036, P. R. China
| | - Yang Ye
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036, P. R. China
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Wang LY, Ko JL, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Using “Threading Followed by Shrinking” to Synthesize Highly Stable Dialkylammonium-Ion-Based Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2013; 19:8850-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Sugino H, Kawai H, Umehara T, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Effects of Axle-Core, Macrocycle, and Side-Station Structures on the Threading and Hydrolysis Processes of Imine-Bridged Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2012; 18:13722-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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