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Giermanska J, Ben Jabrallah S, Delorme N, Vignaud G, Chapel JP. Direct experimental evidences of the density variation of ultrathin polymer films with thickness. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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2
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In-Situ Energy Dispersive X-ray Reflectivity Applied to Polyoxometalate Films: An Approach to Morphology and Interface Stability Issues in Organic Photovoltaics. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12081240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic solar cells, characterized by a symmetrical regular layered structure, are very promising systems for developing green, low cost, and flexible solar energy conversion devices. Despite the efficiencies being appealing (over 17%), the technological transfer is still limited by the low durability. Several processes, in bulk and at interface, are responsible. The quick downgrading of the performance is due to a combination of physical and chemical degradations. These phenomena induce instability and a drop of performance in working conditions. Close monitoring of these processes is mandatory to understand the degradation pathways upon device operation. Here, an unconventional approach based on Energy Dispersive X-ray Reflectivity (ED-XRR) performed in-situ is used to address the role of Wells–Dawson polyoxometalate (K6-P2W18O62, hereafter K6-P2W18) as hole transporting layer in organic photovoltaics. The results demonstrate that K6-P2W18 thin films, showing ideal bulk and interface properties and superior optical/morphological stability upon prolonged illumination, are attractive candidates for the interface of durable OPV devices.
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Narayanan T, Konovalov O. Synchrotron Scattering Methods for Nanomaterials and Soft Matter Research. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E752. [PMID: 32041363 PMCID: PMC7040635 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to provide an overview of broad range of applications of synchrotron scattering methods in the investigation of nanoscale materials. These scattering techniques allow the elucidation of the structure and dynamics of nanomaterials from sub-nm to micron size scales and down to sub-millisecond time ranges both in bulk and at interfaces. A major advantage of scattering methods is that they provide the ensemble averaged information under in situ and operando conditions. As a result, they are complementary to various imaging techniques which reveal more local information. Scattering methods are particularly suitable for probing buried structures that are difficult to image. Although, many qualitative features can be directly extracted from scattering data, derivation of detailed structural and dynamical information requires quantitative modeling. The fourth-generation synchrotron sources open new possibilities for investigating these complex systems by exploiting the enhanced brightness and coherence properties of X-rays.
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4
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Vignaud G, Gibaud A. REFLEX: a program for the analysis of specular X-ray and neutron reflectivity data. J Appl Crystallogr 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718018186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of X-ray and neutron reflectivity has been generalized worldwide for scientists who want to determine specific physical properties (such as electron-density profile, scattering-length density, roughness and thickness) of films less than 200 nm thick deposited on a substrate. This paper describes a freeware program named REFLEX, which is a standalone program dedicated to the simulation and analysis of X-ray and neutron reflectivity from multilayers. This program was first written two decades ago and has been constantly improved since, but never published until now. The latest version of REFLEX covers generalized types of calculation of reflectivity curves including both neutron and X-ray reflectivity. In the case of X-rays, the program can deal with both s and p polarization, which is quite important in the soft X-ray region where the two polarizations can yield different results. Neutron reflectivity is calculated within the framework of non-spin-polarized neutrons. REFLEX has also been designed to include any type of fluid (such as supercritical CO2) on top of the analysed film and includes corrections of the footprint effect for analysis on an absolute scale.
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Ogieglo W, Rahimi K, Rauer SB, Ghanem B, Ma X, Pinnau I, Wessling M. How Do Organic Vapors Swell Ultrathin Films of Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity PIM-1? J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7210-7220. [PMID: 28703006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic sorption of ethanol and toluene vapor into ultrathin supported films of polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 down to a thickness of 6 nm are studied with a combination of in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and in situ X-ray reflectivity. Both ethanol and toluene significantly swell the PIM-1 matrix and, at the same time, induce persistent structural relaxations of the frozen-in glassy PIM-1 morphology. For ethanol below 20 nm, three effects were identified. First, the swelling magnitude at high vapor pressures is reduced by about 30% as compared to that of thicker films. Second, at low penetrant activities (below 0.3p/p0), films below 20 nm are able to absorb slightly more penetrant as compared with thicker films despite a similar swelling magnitude. Third, for the ultrathin films, the onset of the dynamic penetrant-induced glass transition Pg has been found to shift to higher values, indicating higher resistance to plasticization. All of these effects are consistent with a view where immobilization of the superglassy PIM-1 at the substrate surface leads to an arrested, even more rigid, and plasticization-resistant, yet still very open, microporous structure. PIM-1 in contact with the larger and more condensable toluene shows very complex, heterogeneous swelling dynamics, and two distinct penetrant-induced relaxation phenomena, probably associated with the film outer surface and the bulk, are detected. Following the direction of the penetrant's diffusion, the surface seems to plasticize earlier than the bulk, and the two relaxations remain well separated down to 6 nm film thickness, where they remarkably merge to form just a single relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ogieglo
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Khosorov Rahimi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bernhard Rauer
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bader Ghanem
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Al-Jazri Building 4, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Al-Jazri Building 4, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ingo Pinnau
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Al-Jazri Building 4, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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6
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Chebil MS, Vignaud G, Bal JK, Beuvier T, Delorme N, Grohens Y, Gibaud A. Reversibility in glass transition behavior after erasing stress induced by spin coating process. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Unni AB, Vignaud G, Chapel JP, Giermanska J, Bal JK, Delorme N, Beuvier T, Thomas S, Grohens Y, Gibaud A. Probing the Density Variation of Confined Polymer Thin Films via Simple Model-Independent Nanoparticle Adsorption. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Beena Unni
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
- International
and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
| | - G. Vignaud
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - J. P. Chapel
- Centre
de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Centre de
Recherche Paul Pascal, Université de Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - J. Giermanska
- Centre
de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Centre de
Recherche Paul Pascal, Université de Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - J. K. Bal
- Centre
for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Technology Campus, Block JD2, Sector III, Saltlake
City, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - N. Delorme
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - T. Beuvier
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - S. Thomas
- International
and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
| | - Y. Grohens
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - A. Gibaud
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
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8
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Gravimetric and density profiling using the combination of surface acoustic waves and neutron reflectivity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 487:465-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Narayanan T, Wacklin H, Konovalov O, Lund R. Recent applications of synchrotron radiation and neutrons in the study of soft matter. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2016.1277212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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Koo J, Koga T, Li B, Satija SK, Rafailovich MH. Extending the Anomalous Dilation in CO2 to Thick Polymer Blend Films: A Neutron Reflectivity Study. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaseung Koo
- Neutron
Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 305-353, South Korea
| | | | - Bingquan Li
- Dow Chemical, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Sushil K. Satija
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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11
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Philipp M, Körstgens V, Magerl D, Heller C, Yao Y, Wang W, Santoro G, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Sorption of Water and Initial Stages of Swelling of Thin PNIPAM Films Using in Situ GISAXS Microfluidics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:9619-9627. [PMID: 26280809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of low-molecular penetrants by thin polymer films, as well as structural changes provoked therein, is of high relevance for many fields of application. Complex permeation, diffusion, swelling, and dissolution processes are often induced within films by solvents or gases. Here, we use a novel in situ microfluidics-grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) setup to examine changes in film thickness and in the surface structure of a thin polymer film that sorbs a good solvent. Thus, this technique is highly complementary to the established techniques on the field of diffusion in polymers. The initial stages of water uptake and swelling are resolved for a 50 nm thin, hydrophilic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) film, before its dissolution sets in. The initial stages of swelling are tentatively described by anomalous swelling induced by a time- and space-dependent diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Philipp
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Magerl
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Heller
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yuan Yao
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Weijia Wang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Santoro
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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12
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Jiang N, Endoh MK, Koga T. Structures and Dynamics of Adsorbed Polymer Nanolayers on Planar Solids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21948-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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13
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Yang Q, Xu Q, Loos K. Enhanced Polystyrene Surface Mobility under Carbon Dioxide at Low Temperature for Nanoparticle Embedding Control. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5025686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Yang
- Department of Polymer
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qun Xu
- College
of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Jiang N, Sendogdular L, Di X, Sen M, Gin P, Endoh MK, Koga T, Akgun B, Dimitriou M, Satija S. Effect of CO2 on a Mobility Gradient of Polymer Chains near an Impenetrable Solid. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502591x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maya K. Endoh
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tadanori Koga
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Bulent Akgun
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Michael Dimitriou
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sushil Satija
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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15
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Bal JK, Beuvier T, Chebil MS, Vignaud G, Grohens Y, Sanyal MK, Gibaud A. Relaxation of Ultrathin Polystyrene Films Hyperswollen in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501281t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Bal
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Cedex 9, 72000, France
- Centre
for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Technology Campus, Block JD2, Sector III, Saltlake City, Kolkata, 700098, India
| | - T. Beuvier
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Cedex 9, 72000, France
| | - M. S. Chebil
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Cedex 9, 72000, France
- Laboratoire
d’Ingénierie des MATériaux de Bretagne, Centre de Recherche, Rue de Saint Maudé, BP 92116, 56321 Lorient Cedex France
| | - G. Vignaud
- Laboratoire
d’Ingénierie des MATériaux de Bretagne, Centre de Recherche, Rue de Saint Maudé, BP 92116, 56321 Lorient Cedex France
| | - Y. Grohens
- Laboratoire
d’Ingénierie des MATériaux de Bretagne, Centre de Recherche, Rue de Saint Maudé, BP 92116, 56321 Lorient Cedex France
| | - M. K. Sanyal
- Surface
Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - A. Gibaud
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Cedex 9, 72000, France
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16
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Shinkai T, Ito K, Yokoyama H. Swelling measurement of polymers in high pressure carbon dioxide using a spectroscopic reflectometer. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Chandran S, Begam N, Padmanabhan V, Basu J. Confinement enhances dispersion in nanoparticle–polymer blend films. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3697. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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18
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Mukherjee M, Souheib Chebil M, Delorme N, Gibaud A. Power law in swelling of ultra-thin polymer films. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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