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Johnson B, Sankara Raman A, Narla A, Jhulki S, Chen L, Marder SR, Ramprasad R, Turcheniuk K, Yushin G. Polyphosphazene-Based Anion-Anchored Polymer Electrolytes For All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15410-15420. [PMID: 38585116 PMCID: PMC10993324 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Safety concerns of traditional liquid electrolytes, especially when paired with lithium (Li) metal anodes, have stimulated research of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) to exploit the superior thermal and mechanical properties of polymers. Polyphosphazenes are primarily known for their use as flame retardant materials and have demonstrated high Li-ion conductivity owing to their highly flexible P = N backbone which promotes Li-ion conduction via inter- and intrachain hopping along the polymer backbone. While polyphosphazenes are largely unexplored as SPEs in the literature, a few existing examples showed promising ionic conductivity. By anchoring the anion to the polymer backbone, one may primarily allow the movement of Li ions, alleviating the detrimental effects of polarization that are common in conventional dual-ion conducting SPEs. Anion-anchored SPEs, known as single Li-ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SLiC-SPEs), exhibit high Li-ion transference numbers (tLi+), which limits Li dendrite growth, thus further increasing the safety of SPEs. However, previously reported SLiC-SPEs suffer from inadequate ionic conductivity, small electrochemical stability windows (ESWs), and limited cycling stability. Herein, we report three polyphosphazene-based SLiC-SPEs comprising lithiated polyphosphazenes. The SLiC polyphosphazenes were prepared through a facile synthesis route, opening the door for enhanced tunability of polymer properties via facile macromolecular nucleophilic substitution and subsequent lithiation. State-of-the-art characterization techniques, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR) were employed to probe the effect of the polymer structure on Li-ion dynamics and other electrochemical properties. Produced SPEs showed thermal stability up to ∼208 °C with ionic conductivities comparable to that of the best-reported SLiC-SPEs that definitively comprise no solvents or plasticizers. Among the three lithiated polyphosphazenes, the SPE containing dilithium poly[bis(trifluoroethylamino)phosphazene] (pTFAP2Li) exhibited the most promising electrochemical characteristics with tLi+ of 0.76 and compatibility with both Li metal anodes and LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes; through 40 cycles at 100 °C, the PEO-pTFAP2Li blend showed 81.2% capacity utilization and 86.8% capacity retention. This work constitutes one of the first successful demonstrations of the cycling performance of a true all-solid-state Li-metal battery using SLiC polyphosphazene SPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy
R. Johnson
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ashwin Sankara Raman
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Aashray Narla
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lihua Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rampi Ramprasad
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kostia Turcheniuk
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gleb Yushin
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Veroutis E, Merz S, Eichel RA, Granwehr J. Intra- and inter-molecular interactions in choline-based ionic liquids studied by 1D and 2D NMR. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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3
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Schmidt F, Pugliese A, Santini CC, Castiglione F, Schönhoff M. Spectral deconvolution in electrophoretic NMR to investigate the migration of neutral molecules in electrolytes. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:271-279. [PMID: 31826301 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic nuclear magnetic resonance (eNMR) is a powerful tool in studies of nonaqueous electrolytes, such as ionic liquids. It delivers electrophoretic mobilities of the ionic constituents and thus sheds light on ion correlations. In applications of liquid electrolytes, uncharged additives are often employed, detectable via 1 H NMR. Characterizing their mobility and coordination to charged entities is desirable; however, it is often hampered by small intensities and 1 H signals overlapping with major constituents of the electrolyte. In this work, we evaluate methods of phase analysis of overlapping resonances to yield electrophoretic mobilities even for minor constituents. We use phase-sensitive spectral deconvolution via a set of Lorentz distributions for the investigation of the migration behavior of additives in two different ionic liquid-based lithium salt electrolytes. For vinylene carbonate as an additive, no field-induced drift is observed; thus, its coordination to the Li+ ion does not induce a correlated drift with Li+ . On the other hand, in a solvate ionic liquid with tetraglyme (G4) as an additive, a correlated migration of tetraglyme with lithium as a complex solvate cation is directly proven by eNMR. The phase evaluation procedure of superimposed resonances thus broadens the applicability of eNMR to application-relevant complex electrolyte mixtures containing neutral additives with superimposed resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmidt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Pugliese
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Catherine C Santini
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon, UMR 5265 CNRS-C2P2, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
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Hosseinioun A, Nürnberg P, Schönhoff M, Diddens D, Paillard E. Improved lithium ion dynamics in crosslinked PMMA gel polymer electrolyte. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27574-27582. [PMID: 35529199 PMCID: PMC9070570 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05917b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic transport was investigated in a PMMA gel electrolyte by electrochemical, Raman, PFG-NMR, e-NMR spectroscopies and ab initio calculations. The presence of the PMMA matrix reduces anionic mobility and decorrelates cationic and anionic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hosseinioun
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (IEK-12)
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Pinchas Nürnberg
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Diddo Diddens
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (IEK-12)
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Elie Paillard
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (IEK-12)
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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5
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Gouverneur M, Schmidt F, Schönhoff M. Negative effective Li transference numbers in Li salt/ionic liquid mixtures: does Li drift in the “Wrong” direction? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7470-7478. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08580j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to association with anions and an inverted drift direction in an electric field, Li+ cations have negative effective transference numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gouverneur
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - F. Schmidt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - M. Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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6
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Brinkkötter M, Gouverneur M, Sebastião PJ, Vaca Chávez F, Schönhoff M. Spin relaxation studies of Li + ion dynamics in polymer gel electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:7390-7398. [PMID: 28243635 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08756f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two ternary polymer gel electrolyte systems are compared, containing either polyethylene oxide (PEO) or the poly-ionic liquid poly(diallyldimethylammonium) bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (PDADMA-TFSI). Both gel types are based on the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (P14TFSI) and LiTFSI. We study the influence of the polymers on the local lithium ion dynamics at different polymer concentrations using 7Li spin-lattice relaxation data in dependence on frequency and temperature. In all cases the relaxation rates are well described by the Cole-Davidson motional model with Arrhenius dependence of the correlation time and a temperature dependent quadrupole coupling constant. For both polymers the correlation times are found to increase with polymer concentration. The activation energy of local motions slightly increases with increasing PEO concentration, and slightly decreases with increasing PDADMA-TFSI concentration. Thus the local Li+ motion is reduced by the presence of either polymer; however, the reduction is less effective in the PDADMA+ samples. We thus conclude that mechanical stabilization of a liquid electrolyte by a polymer can be achieved at a lower decrease of Li+ motion when a cationic polymer is used instead of PEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brinkkötter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - M Gouverneur
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - P J Sebastião
- Centre of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Vaca Chávez
- FAMAF - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba & IFEG-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Bhandary R, Schönhoff M. Polymer effect on lithium ion dynamics in gel polymer electrolytes: Cationic versus acrylate polymer. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Grünebaum M, Hiller MM, Jankowsky S, Jeschke S, Pohl B, Schürmann T, Vettikuzha P, Gentschev AC, Stolina R, Müller R, Wiemhöfer HD. Synthesis and electrochemistry of polymer based electrolytes for lithium batteries. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Stolwijk NA, Kösters J, Wiencierz M, Schönhoff M. On the extraction of ion association data and transference numbers from ionic diffusivity and conductivity data in polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Kösters J, Schönhoff M, Stolwijk NA. Ion Transport Effects in a Solid Polymer Electrolyte Due to Salt Substitution and Addition Using an Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2527-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp311563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kösters
- Institut für Materialphysik, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10,
48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie, University of Münster, Corrensstr.
28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicolaas A. Stolwijk
- Institut für Materialphysik, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10,
48149 Münster, Germany
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