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Gao M, Meng Y, Shen C, Pei Q. Stiffness Variable Polymers Comprising Phase-Changing Side-Chains: Material Syntheses and Application Explorations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109798. [PMID: 35119148 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness variable materials have been applied in a variety of engineering fields that require adaptation, automatic modulation, and morphing because of their unique property to switch between a rigid, load-bearing state and a soft, compliant state. Stiffness variable polymers comprising phase-changing side-chains (s-SVPs) have densely grafted, highly crystallizable long alkyl side-chains in a crosslinked network. Such a bottlebrush network-like structure gives rise to rigidity modulation as a result of the reversible crystallization and melting of the side chains. The corresponding modulus changes can be more than 1000-fold within a narrow temperature span, from ≈102 MPa to ≈102 kPa or lower. Other important properties of the s-SVP, such as stretchability, optical transmittance, and adhesion, can also be altered. This work reviews the underlying molecular mechanisms in the s-SVP's, discusses the material's structure-property relationship, and summarizes important applications explored so far, including reversible shape transformation, bistable electromechanical transduction, optical modulation, and reversible adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Claire Shen
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qibing Pei
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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2
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Mixed morphology in low molar mass fluorinated block copolymers. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Yoshimura Y, Chandra A, Nabae Y, Hayakawa T. Chemically tailored high-χ block copolymers for perpendicular lamellae via thermal annealing. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3497-3506. [PMID: 30855615 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A chemically tailored high-χ block copolymer (BCP), polystyrene-block-poly[2-hydroxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfanyl)propyl methacrylate] (PS-b-PHFMA), was designed to incorporate tailored surface affinities and chemical incompatibilities for engineering perpendicular lamellae using thermal annealing. PS-b-PHFMA was synthesized via the sequential anionic polymerization of styrene and glycidyl methacrylate and the post-polymerization functionalization of the glycidyl moieties with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanethiol. The bulk studies revealed lamellae with a minimum domain spacing of 9.6 nm and a large effective Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χeff) of 0.191 at 25 °C. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular lamellae of the PS-b-PHFMA prepared on thermally-annealed thin films. The introduction of hydrophobic trifluoroethyl moieties onto the hydrophilic glycidyl moieties successfully balanced the surface affinity of the PHFMA block relative to PS, while simultaneously increasing the strength of segregation. Thus, χeff of the chemically tailored BCP increased, and a perpendicular orientation was facilitated on the thin films using thermal annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Yoshimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
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4
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Qu T, Guan S, Zhang C, Zheng X, Zhao Y, Chen A. Liquid crystalline moiety-assisted perpendicular orientation of cylindrical domains within P4VP-b-PMA(Az) films with high aspect ratio. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7107-7112. [PMID: 30175354 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) films with perpendicularly aligned cylindrical domains of high aspect ratio have important applications in diverse fields. However, an aspect ratio of the cylinders as high as 200 has rarely been reported so far. Here we demonstrate an efficient route to the formation of normally aligned P4VP cylinders with high aspect ratio surrounded by a matrix of azobenzene-containing block (PMA(Az)) via hierarchical self-assembly. A crisscross structure, consisting of parallelly aligned liquid crystalline (LC) layers and normally aligned self-assembly domains, is expected to assist the formation of well-defined nanostructures. The LC layers in the cylindrical films self-assemble to form smectic phase after solvent annealing, as confirmed by WAXD and UV-vis spectra. We found that the aspect ratio of the vertical P4VP cylinders is up to 200 and the film thickness reaches 6 μm. P4VP is a functional polymer, making this P4VP-b-PMA(Az) film more suitable for advanced filters, multi-nanochannels, nanolithography, and high-density storage media, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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5
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Houvenagel S, Moine L, Picheth G, Dejean C, Brûlet A, Chennevière A, Faugeras V, Huang N, Couture O, Tsapis N. Comb-Like Fluorophilic-Lipophilic-Hydrophilic Polymers for Nanocapsules as Ultrasound Contrast Agents. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3244-3256. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Houvenagel
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Laurence Moine
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Guilherme Picheth
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Camille Dejean
- BioCIS, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Alexis Chennevière
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Vincent Faugeras
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS (UMR 7587), INSERM (U979), Paris 75238 CEDEX 05, France
| | - Nicolas Huang
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Olivier Couture
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS (UMR 7587), INSERM (U979), Paris 75238 CEDEX 05, France
| | - Nicolas Tsapis
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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6
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Narayanan T, Wacklin H, Konovalov O, Lund R. Recent applications of synchrotron radiation and neutrons in the study of soft matter. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2016.1277212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Li Y, Xu Y, Cao S, Zhao Y, Qu T, Iyoda T, Chen A. Nanoporous Films with Sub-10 nm in Pore Size from Acid-Cleavable Block Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Xueyuan Road 37 Haidian District Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Yawei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Xueyuan Road 37 Haidian District Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Shubo Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Xueyuan Road 37 Haidian District Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Yongbin Zhao
- Shandong Oubo New Material Co Ltd; Dongying Part Economic Development Zone; Shangdong 257088 P. R. China
| | - Ting Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Xueyuan Road 37 Haidian District Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Tomokazu Iyoda
- Division of Integrated Molecular Engineering; Chemical Resources Laboratory; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midoriku Yokohama Kanagawa 226-8503 Japan
| | - Aihua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Xueyuan Road 37 Haidian District Beijing 100191 P. R. China
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Nojima S, Higaki Y, Ishige R, Kabayama H, Ohta N, Masunaga H, Hirai T, Kojio K, Takahara A. Crystallization-induced structure fluctuation of crystallized microdomain structure composed of strongly segregated crystalline-crystalline diblock copolymers. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Huang J, He T, He X, Xu J, Zuo B, Wang X. Fabrication of V-shaped brushes consisting of two highly incompatible arms of PEG and fluorinated PMMA and their protein-resistance performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xumiao He
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jianquan Xu
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
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10
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Nanocomposites based on nanostructured PI-b-PMMA copolymer and selectively placed PMMA-modified magnetic nanoparticles: Morphological and magnetic characterization. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Vora A, Alva G, Chunder A, Schmidt K, Magbitang T, Lofano E, Arellano N, Cheng J, Sanders DP. Synthesis and Thin-film Self-assembly of Cylinder-Forming High-χ Block Copolymers. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2016. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.29.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Zheng X, Li Z, Zhao Y, Qu T, Cao S, Wang P, Li Y, Iyoda T, Chen A. Polydimethylsiloxane-assisted alignment transition from perpendicular to parallel of cylindrical microdomains in block copolymer films. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation transition from perpendicular to parallel alignment of PEO cylindrical microdomains within PEO-b-PMA(Az) films has been demonstrated via introducing tiny polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiong Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zongbo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yongbin Zhao
- National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy
- Future Science and Technology City
- Beijing 102209
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Shubo Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Pingping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yayuan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Tomokazu Iyoda
- Division of Integrated Molecular Engineering
- Chemical Resources Laboratory
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Aihua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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13
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Ouhib F, Dirani A, Aqil A, Glinel K, Nysten B, Jonas AM, Jerôme C, Detrembleur C. Transparent superhydrophobic coatings from amphiphilic-fluorinated block copolymers synthesized by aqueous polymerization-induced self-assembly. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of transparent and superhydrophobic coatings by co-deposition of an aqueous solution of an amphiphilic fluorinated block copolymer with silica was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ouhib
- Centre for Education and Research on Macromolecules
- Chemistry Department
- University of Liège
- Allée de la chimie 4000 Liège
- Belgium
| | - Ali Dirani
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Bio- & Soft Matter
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Abdelhafid Aqil
- Centre for Education and Research on Macromolecules
- Chemistry Department
- University of Liège
- Allée de la chimie 4000 Liège
- Belgium
| | - Karine Glinel
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Bio- & Soft Matter
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Bernard Nysten
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Bio- & Soft Matter
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Alain M. Jonas
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Bio- & Soft Matter
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Christine Jerôme
- Centre for Education and Research on Macromolecules
- Chemistry Department
- University of Liège
- Allée de la chimie 4000 Liège
- Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Centre for Education and Research on Macromolecules
- Chemistry Department
- University of Liège
- Allée de la chimie 4000 Liège
- Belgium
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14
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Hirahara E, Paunescu M, Polishchuk O, Jeong E, Ng E, Shan J, Kim J, Hong S, Baskaran D, Lin G, Vora A, Tjio M, Arellano N, Rettner CT, Lofano E, Liu CC, Tsai H, Chunder A, Nguyen K, Friz AM, Bowers AN, Balakrishnan S, Cheng JY, Sanders DP. Directed self-assembly of topcoat-free, integration-friendly high-xblock copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2087398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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15
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Maher MJ, Rettner CT, Bates CM, Blachut G, Carlson MC, Durand WJ, Ellison CJ, Sanders DP, Cheng JY, Willson CG. Directed self-assembly of silicon-containing block copolymer thin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3323-3328. [PMID: 25594107 DOI: 10.1021/am508197k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The directed self-assembly (DSA) of lamella-forming poly(styrene-block-trimethylsilylstyrene) (PS-PTMSS, L0=22 nm) was achieved using a combination of tailored top interfaces and lithographically defined patterned substrates. Chemo- and grapho-epitaxy, using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) based prepatterns, achieved density multiplications up to 6× and trench space subdivisions up to 7×, respectively. These results establish the compatibility of DSA techniques with a high etch contrast, Si-containing BCP that requires a top coat neutral layer to enable orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Maher
- Department of Chemistry and §McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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16
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Vora A, Chunder A, Tjio M, Magbitang T, Lofano E, Arellano N, Schmidt K, Nguyen K, Cheng J, Sanders DP. Synthesis and Characterization of Polycarbonate-containing All-organic High-χ Block Copolymers for Directed Self-assembly. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2015. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.28.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Vora A, Chunder A, Tjio M, Balakrishman S, Lofano E, Cheng J, Sanders DP, Hirahara E, Akiyama Y, Polishchuk O, Paunescu M, Baskaran D, Hong S, Lin G. Directed Self-assembly of Topcoat-free, Integration-friendly High-^|^chi; Block Copolymers. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2014. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.27.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Bates
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J. Maher
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dustin W. Janes
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C. Grant Willson
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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19
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Wu H, Huang X. Structural evolution of low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene diblock copolymer thin film. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:539457. [PMID: 24302862 PMCID: PMC3835911 DOI: 10.1155/2013/539457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural evolution of low-molecular-weight poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene (PEO-b-PS) diblock copolymer thin film with various initial film thicknesses on silicon substrate under thermal annealing was investigated by atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and contact angle measurement. At film thickness below half of the interlamellar spacing of the diblock copolymer (6.2 nm), the entire silicon is covered by a polymer brush with PEO blocks anchored on the Si substrate due to the substrate-induced effect. When the film is thicker than 6.2 nm, a dense polymer brush which is equal to half of an interlamellar layer was formed on the silicon, while the excess material dewet this layer to form droplets. The droplet surface was rich with PS block and the PEO block crystallized inside the bigger droplet to form spherulite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangxi Scientific Experiment Center of Mining, Metallurgy and Environment, and School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Deshmukh P, Ahn SK, Geelhand de Merxem L, Kasi RM. Interplay between Liquid Crystalline Order and Microphase Segregation on the Self-Assembly of Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Brush Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401448j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Deshmukh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Suk-kyun Ahn
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Polymer
Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | - Rajeswari M. Kasi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Polymer
Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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