1
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Nobori H, Fujimoto D, Yoshioka J, Fukao K, Konishi T, Taguchi K. Phase transitions and dynamics in ionic liquid crystals confined in nanopores. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044902. [PMID: 38258924 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate the phase-transition behavior of ionic liquid crystals, namely 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [Cnmim]BF4, confined in cylindrical nanopores using differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray scattering, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Here, n is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl part of this ionic liquid crystal. For n = 10 and 12, the isotropic liquid phase changes to the smectic phase and then to a metastable phase for the cooling process. During the subsequent heating process, the metastable phase changes to the isotropic phase via crystalline phases. The transition temperatures for this ionic liquid crystal confined in nanopores decrease linearly with the increase in the inverse pore diameter, except for the transitions between the smectic and isotropic phases. In the metastable phase, the relaxation rate of the α-process shows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann type of temperature dependence for some temperature ranges. The glass transition temperature evaluated from the dynamics of the α-process decreases with the decrease in the pore diameter and increases with the increase in the carbon number n. The effect of confinement on the chain dynamics can clearly be observed for this ionic liquid crystal. For n = 10, the melting temperature of the crystalline phase is slightly higher than that of the smectic phase for the bulk, while, in the nanopores, the melting temperature of the smectic phase is higher than that of the crystalline phase. This suggests that the smectic phase can be thermodynamically stable, thanks to the confinement effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nobori
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshioka
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Koji Fukao
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Konishi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Taguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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2
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Chowdhury M, Monnier X, Cangialosi D, Priestley RD. Decoupling of Glassy Dynamics from Viscosity in Thin Supported Poly( n-butyl methacrylate) Films. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:333-340. [PMID: 36267547 PMCID: PMC9576260 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We utilized fast scanning calorimetry to characterize the glass transition temperature (T g) and intrinsic molecular mobility of low-molecular-weight poly(n-butyl methacrylate) thin films of varying thicknesses. We found that the T g and intrinsic molecular mobility were coupled, showing no film thickness-dependent variation. We further employed a unique noncontact capillary nanoshearing technique to directly probe layer-resolved gradients in the rheological response of these films. We found that layer-resolved shear mobility was enhanced with a reduction in film thickness, whereas the effective viscosity decreased. Our results highlight the importance of polymer-substrate attractive interactions and free surface-promoted enhanced mobility, establishing a competitive nanoconfinement effect in poly(n-butyl methacrylate) thin films. Moreover, the findings indicate a decoupling in the thickness-dependent variation of T g and intrinsic molecular mobility with the mechanical responses (shear mobility and effective viscosity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Chowdhury
- Lab
of Soft Interfaces, Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Center
for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Xavier Monnier
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Princeton
Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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3
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Abstract
The lightweight and high-strength functional nanocomposites are important in many practical applications. Natural biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties provide inspiration for improving the performance of composite materials. Previous studies have usually focused on the bionic design of the material's microstructure, sometimes overlooking the importance of the interphase in the nanocomposite system. In this Perspective, we will focus on the construction and control of the interphase in confined space and the connection between the interphase and the macroscopic properties of the materials. We shall survey the current understanding of the critical size of the interphase and discuss the general rules of interphase formation. We hope to raise awareness of the interphase concept and encourage more experimental and simulation studies on this subject, with the aim of an optimal design and controllable preparation of polymer nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- South
China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School
of Molecular Science and Engineering, South
China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials
and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic
of China
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4
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Randazzo K, Bartkiewicz M, Graczykowski B, Cangialosi D, Fytas G, Zuo B, Priestley RD. Direct Visualization and Characterization of Interfacially Adsorbed Polymer atop Nanoparticles and within Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Randazzo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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5
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Zha H, Wang Q, Wang X, Cangialosi D, Zuo B. Enhanced Free Surface Mobility Facilitates the Release of Free-Volume Holes in Thin-Film Polymer Glasses. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zha
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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6
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Xu Q, Zhu N, Fang H, Wang X, Priestley RD, Zuo B. Decoupling Role of Film Thickness and Interfacial Effect on Polymer Thin Film Dynamics. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1-8. [PMID: 35548993 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The film thickness and substrate interface are the two most common parameters to tune the dynamics of supported thin films. Here, we investigated the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal expansion of thin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films with various thicknesses and different interfacial effects. We showed that, although the Tg of the thin films can be modulated equivalently by the two factors, their ability to change the expansivity (β) is quite different; that is, β increases notably with a reduction in the thickness, while it is insensitive to perturbations at the interface. We attribute the deviation in modulating β by the thickness and the interfacial effect to the disparate abilities to change the free volume content in the film by a free surface and substrate interface. This leads to a situation where thin films with dissimilar thicknesses and interfacial properties can have the same Tg but very different β values, suggesting that Tg alone cannot unequivocally quantify thin film dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ningtao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huasong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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7
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Mapesa EU, Shahidi N, Kremer F, Doxastakis M, Sangoro J. Interfacial Dynamics in Supported Ultrathin Polymer Films-From the Solid to the Free Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:117-125. [PMID: 33307705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics in ultrathin layers is investigated using nanostructured electrodes to perform broadband dielectric spectroscopy measurements, and by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Using poly(vinyl acetate) as the model system and taking advantage of access to the distribution of relaxation times in an extended temperature range above the glass transition temperature, Tg, we demonstrate that while the mean rates of the segmental relaxation remain bulklike down to 12 nm film thickness, modified molecular mobilities arise in the interfacial zones. Combining results from simulations and experiments, we show unambiguously that both the slow relaxations arising from adsorbed polymer segments and the faster modes attributed to segments in the vicinity of the free interface have non-Arrhenius temperature activation. These interfacial regions span thicknesses of ∼1.5 nm each just above the calorimetric Tg independent of molecular weight and film thickness. These deviations at interfaces are relevant for applications of polymers in adhesion, coatings, and polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Urandu Mapesa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Nobahar Shahidi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Department of Molecular Physics, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manolis Doxastakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Joshua Sangoro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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8
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Thees MF, McGuire JA, Roth CB. Review and reproducibility of forming adsorbed layers from solvent washing of melt annealed films. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5366-5387. [PMID: 32365149 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest chain adsorption in the melt may be responsible for a number of property changes in thin films by making correlations between the residual adsorbed layer thickness hads(t) measured after a given solvent washing procedure as a function of annealing time t of the film at an elevated temperature prior to this solvent rinse. This procedure, frequently called "Guiselin's experiment", refers to the thought experiment proposed in a 1992 theoretical treatment by Guiselin that assumed chain segments in contact with the surface are irreversibly adsorbed whereby unadsorbed chains could be washed away by solvent without disturbing the adsorbed substrate contact points in the melt. In the present work, we review this recent literature, identifying and experimentally testing a common protocol for forming adsorbed layers hads(t) from solvent washing melt films. We find hads(t) curves to be far less reproducible and reliable than implied in the literature, strongly dependent on solvent washing and substrate cleaning conditions, and annealing at elevated temperatures is unnecessary as densification of films sitting at room temperature makes the glassy film harder to wash off, leaving behind hads of comparable thickness. This review also summarizes literature understanding developed over several decades of study on polymer adsorption in solution, which experimentally demonstrated that polymer chains in solution are highly mobile, diffusing and exchanging on the surface even in the limit of strong adsorption, contradicting Guiselin's assumption. Preformed adsorbed layers of different thicknesses hads are shown to not affect the average glass transition temperature or physical aging of 30 nm thick films. In summary, a number of open questions and implications are discussed related to thin films and polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Thees
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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9
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Napolitano S. Irreversible adsorption of polymer melts and nanoconfinement effects. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5348-5365. [PMID: 32419002 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For almost a decade, growing experimental evidence has revealed a strong correlation between the properties of nanoconfined polymers and the number of chains irreversibly adsorbed onto nonrepulsive interfaces, e.g. the supporting substrate of thin polymer coatings, or nanofillers dispersed in polymer melts. Based on such a correlation, it has already been possible to tailor structural and dynamics properties - such as the glass transition temperature, the crystallization rate, the thermal expansion coefficients, the viscosity and the wettability - of nanomaterials by controlling the adsorption kinetics. This evidence indicates that irreversible adsorption affects nanoconfinement effects. More recently, also the opposite phenomenon was experimentally observed: nanoconfinement alters interfacial interactions and, consequently, also the number of chains adsorbed in equilibrium conditions. In this review we discuss this intriguing interplay between irreversible adsorption and nanoconfinement effects in ultrathin polymer films. After introducing the methods currently used to prepare adsorbed layers and to measure the number of irreversibly adsorbed chains, we analyze the models employed to describe the kinetics of adsorption in polymer melts. We then discuss the structure of adsorbed polymer layers, focusing on the complex macromolecular architecture of interfacial chains and on their thermal expansion; we examine the way in which the structure of the adsorbed layer affects the thermal glass transition temperature, vitrification, and crystallization. By analyzing segmental dynamics of 1D confined systems, we describe experiments to track the changes in density during adsorption. We conclude this review with an analysis of the impact of nanoconfinement on adsorption, and a perspective on future work where we also address the key ideas of irreversibility, equilibration and long-range interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium.
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10
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Golmohammadi N, Boland-Hemmat M, Barahmand S, Eslami H. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Chem Phys 2020; 152:114901. [PMID: 32199431 DOI: 10.1063/1.5145142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed efficient coarse-grained (CG) models of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), using three mapping schemes, in which a repeat unit is lumped into either three or four beads. The CG potentials are parameterized to reproduce target distributions of an underlying accurate atomistic model [H. Eslami and F. Müller-Plathe, Macromolecules 42, 8241-8250 (2009)]. The CG simulations allow equilibration of long PET chains at all length scales. The CG results on the density of PET in melt and glassy states, chain dimension, local packing, and structure factor are in good agreement with experiment. We have established a link between the glass transition temperature and the local movements including conformational transitions and mean-square displacements of chain segments. Temperature transferabilities of the three proposed models were studied by comparing CG results on the static and thermodynamic properties of a polymer with atomistic and experimental findings. One of the three CG models has a good degree of transferability, following all inter- and intra-structural rearrangements of the atomistic model, over a broad range of temperature. Furthermore, as a distinct point of strength of CG, over atomistic, simulations, we have examined the dynamics of PET long chains, consisting of 100 repeat units, over a regime where entanglements dominate the dynamics. Performing long-time (550 ns) CG simulations, we have noticed the signature of a crossover from Rouse to reptation dynamics. However, a clear separation between the Rouse and the reptation dynamics needs much longer time simulations, confirming the experimental findings that the crossover to full reptation dynamics is very protracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Golmohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | | | - Sanam Barahmand
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | - Hossein Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
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11
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Ma MC, Guo YL. Physical Properties of Polymers Under Soft and Hard Nanoconfinement: A Review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Klonos PA, Kluge M, Robert T, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Molecular dynamics, crystallization and hydration study of Poly(Propylene succinate) based Poly(Ester amide)s. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Sasaki T, Nakane T, Sato A. Segmental dynamics of free-standing and supported polymer thin films predicted from a surface-controlled model. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Chang T, Zhang H, Shen X, Hu Z. Polymer-Polymer Interfacial Perturbation on the Glass Transition of Supported Low Molecular Weight Polystyrene Thin Films. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:435-441. [PMID: 35651128 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clarifying interfacial perturbation on polymer relaxation is important for polymer material development. Herein we investigated polymer-polymer interfacial perturbation on low molecular weight (MW) polystyrene (PS) thin film (15-180 nm) glass transition by depositing various polymers atop PS films. Overall, rubbery topcoats induced Tg depression of PS thin film (below 60 nm), while glassy topcoats induced Tg elevation of PS thin film (below 30 nm). Importantly, for the rubbery topcoat, Tg perturbation strength is largely dependent on the Tg difference between interfacial polymers and a larger Tg difference would induce stronger perturbation, while for the glassy topcoat this dependence is inconspicuous. Meanwhile, the interfacial perturbation length during PS glass transition by rubbery topcoats is estimated to be around 8 nm, while it is considered to be about 3.5 nm for glassy topcoats. The different interfacial perturbation length induced by disparate topcoats was accounted for by their different perturbation strength on adjacent PS molecules and disparate interfacial roughness. The results can promote the understanding of polymer interfacial perturbation and benefit the design and development of polymer-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxin Chang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xuezhen Shen
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhijun Hu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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15
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Katsumata R, Dulaney AR, Kim CB, Ellison CJ. Glass Transition and Self-Diffusion of Unentangled Polymer Melts Nanoconfined by Different Interfaces. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reika Katsumata
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Austin R. Dulaney
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chae Bin Kim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, The University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Zuo B, Inutsuka M, Kawaguchi D, Wang X, Tanaka K. Conformational Relaxation of Poly(styrene-co-butadiene) Chains at Substrate Interface in Spin-Coated and Solvent-Cast Films. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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17
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Huang Z, Jiang J, Shi L, Wang X, Xue G, Li L, Shen Z, Zhou D. Dependences of Confining Size and Interfacial Curvature on the Glass Transition of Polydimethylsiloxane in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Huang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology MOE; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology MOE; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Lingying Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology MOE; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Gi Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology MOE; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Linling Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology MOE; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology MOE; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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18
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Luo S, Chen Y, Sha Y, Xue G, Zhuravlev E, Schick C, Wang X, Zhou D, Li L. Molecular weight and interfacial effect on the kinetic stabilization of ultrathin polystyrene films. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Cangialosi D. Glass Transition and Physical Aging of Confined Polymers Investigated by Calorimetric Techniques. RECENT ADVANCES, TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64062-8.00013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Napolitano S, Sferrazza M. How irreversible adsorption affects interfacial properties of polymers. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 247:172-177. [PMID: 28202131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing experimental evidence shows that the behavior of polymer chains confined at the nanoscale level strongly depends on the degree of adsorption correlated to the number density of monomers pinned onto the supporting substrate. In this contribution, after introducing the physics behind the mechanisms of irreversible adsorption, we review recent experimental observations on how adsorption affects properties of polymer melts confined in 1D, focusing on those related to the thermal glass transition, maximum water uptake, viscosity and crystallization. These findings strongly support a new physical framework of confined soft matter, not trivially limited to finite size effects and interfacial interactions, but also enriched by non-equilibrium phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bâtiment NO, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium.
| | - Michele Sferrazza
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
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21
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Zhao W, Su Y, Müller AJ, Gao X, Wang D. Direct Relationship Between Interfacial Microstructure and Confined Crystallization in Poly(Ethylene Oxide)/Silica Composites: The Study of Polymer Molecular Weight Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yunlan Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department; Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastia'n 20018 Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
| | - Xia Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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22
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Braatz ML, Infantas Meléndez L, Sferrazza M, Napolitano S. Unexpected impact of irreversible adsorption on thermal expansion: Adsorbed layers are not that dead. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:203304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4974834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Braatz
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bâtiment NO, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Leslie Infantas Meléndez
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bâtiment NO, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Michele Sferrazza
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bâtiment NO, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
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23
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Boucher VM, Cangialosi D, Alegría A, Colmenero J. Complex nonequilibrium dynamics of stacked polystyrene films deep in the glassy state. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:203312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4977207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Perez-de-Eulate NG, Sferrazza M, Cangialosi D, Napolitano S. Irreversible Adsorption Erases the Free Surface Effect on the Tg of Supported Films of Poly(4- tert-butylstyrene). ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:354-358. [PMID: 35610865 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
When cooled at constant rate, a 25 nm thin film of poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) vitrifies 50 K lower than in bulk. This record sets the largest depression in thermal glass transition temperature (Tg) ever observed upon confinement at the nanoscale level. Same as for other supported polymer layers, this reduction in Tg has been attributed to the presence of a free surface, the ensemble of molecules at the interface with air remaining in the liquid state also at temperatures well below bulk Tg. Here, we verify that such tremendous shifts can be erased upon prolonged annealing in the liquid state, hinting at a metastable nature of confinement effects. We demonstrate that the recovery of bulk behavior and the manifestation of the free surface are enslaved to the kinetics of irreversible adsorption of chains on the supporting substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G. Perez-de-Eulate
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal
5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Michele Sferrazza
- Département
de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal
5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory
of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bâtiment
NO, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
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25
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Hao T, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Nie Y, Wei Y, Li S. Segmental dynamics in interfacial region of composite materials. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Zuo B, Liu Y, Liang Y, Kawaguchi D, Tanaka K, Wang X. Glass Transition Behavior in Thin Polymer Films Covered with a Surface Crystalline Layer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing
Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing
Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing
Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Xinping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing
Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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27
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Napolitano S, Glynos E, Tito NB. Glass transition of polymers in bulk, confined geometries, and near interfaces. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:036602. [PMID: 28134134 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
When cooled or pressurized, polymer melts exhibit a tremendous reduction in molecular mobility. If the process is performed at a constant rate, the structural relaxation time of the liquid eventually exceeds the time allowed for equilibration. This brings the system out of equilibrium, and the liquid is operationally defined as a glass-a solid lacking long-range order. Despite almost 100 years of research on the (liquid/)glass transition, it is not yet clear which molecular mechanisms are responsible for the unique slow-down in molecular dynamics. In this review, we first introduce the reader to experimental methodologies, theories, and simulations of glassy polymer dynamics and vitrification. We then analyse the impact of connectivity, structure, and chain environment on molecular motion at the length scale of a few monomers, as well as how macromolecular architecture affects the glass transition of non-linear polymers. We then discuss a revised picture of nanoconfinement, going beyond a simple picture based on interfacial interactions and surface/volume ratio. Analysis of a large body of experimental evidence, results from molecular simulations, and predictions from theory supports, instead, a more complex framework where other parameters are relevant. We focus discussion specifically on local order, free volume, irreversible chain adsorption, the Debye-Waller factor of confined and confining media, chain rigidity, and the absolute value of the vitrification temperature. We end by highlighting the molecular origin of distributions in relaxation times and glass transition temperatures which exceed, by far, the size of a chain. Fast relaxation modes, almost universally present at the free surface between polymer and air, are also remarked upon. These modes relax at rates far larger than those characteristic of glassy dynamics in bulk. We speculate on how these may be a signature of unique relaxation processes occurring in confined or heterogeneous polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Wei W, Feng S, Zhou Q, Liang H, Long Y, Wu Q, Gao H, Liang G, Zhu F. Study on glass transition and physical aging of polystyrene nanowires by differential scanning calorimetry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Unni AB, Vignaud G, Chapel JP, Giermanska J, Bal JK, Delorme N, Beuvier T, Thomas S, Grohens Y, Gibaud A. Probing the Density Variation of Confined Polymer Thin Films via Simple Model-Independent Nanoparticle Adsorption. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Beena Unni
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
- International
and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
| | - G. Vignaud
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - J. P. Chapel
- Centre
de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Centre de
Recherche Paul Pascal, Université de Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - J. Giermanska
- Centre
de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
- Centre de
Recherche Paul Pascal, Université de Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - J. K. Bal
- Centre
for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Technology Campus, Block JD2, Sector III, Saltlake
City, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - N. Delorme
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - T. Beuvier
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - S. Thomas
- International
and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
| | - Y. Grohens
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - A. Gibaud
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, Université du Maine, UMR 6283 CNRS, 72000 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
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30
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31
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Neubauer N, Treß M, Winkler R, Mapesa EU, Kipnusu WK, Uhlmann P, Kremer F. Molecular Dynamics of Swollen Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Brushes. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Neubauer
- Institute
of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Treß
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - René Winkler
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Wycliffe Kiprop Kipnusu
- Institute
of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut
für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V., 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Institute
of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Burroughs MJ, Napolitano S, Cangialosi D, Priestley RD. Direct Measurement of Glass Transition Temperature in Exposed and Buried Adsorbed Polymer Nanolayers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory
of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bâtiment NO, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro
de Física
de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo
Manuel de Lardizábal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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33
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34
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Beena Unni A, Vignaud G, Bal JK, Delorme N, Beuvier T, Thomas S, Grohens Y, Gibaud A. Solvent Assisted Rinsing: Stability/Instability of Ultrathin Polymer Residual Layer. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Beena Unni
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
- International
and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India
| | - G. Vignaud
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - J. K. Bal
- Centre
for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Technology Campus,
Block JD2, Sector III, Saltlake City, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - N. Delorme
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, UMR 6283 CNRS, Université du Maine, Le Mans, Cedex 9, 72000, France
| | - T. Beuvier
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, UMR 6283 CNRS, Université du Maine, Le Mans, Cedex 9, 72000, France
| | - S. Thomas
- International
and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560 India
| | - Y. Grohens
- FRE
CNRS 3744, IRDL, Univ. Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - A. Gibaud
- LUNAM
Université, IMMM, Faculté de Sciences, UMR 6283 CNRS, Université du Maine, Le Mans, Cedex 9, 72000, France
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35
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Nie Y, Zhou Z, Hao T, Ye X, Yang W. The Distribution of Glass Transition Temperatures in Ultrathin Polymer Films Controlled by Segment Density or Interfacial Interaction. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201500062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Nie
- Institute of Polymer Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Tongfan Hao
- Institute of Polymer Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Xubo Ye
- Institute of Polymer Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Wenming Yang
- Institute of Polymer Materials; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
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36
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Cheng S, Holt AP, Wang H, Fan F, Bocharova V, Martin H, Etampawala T, White BT, Saito T, Kang NG, Dadmun MD, Mays JW, Sokolov AP. Unexpected Molecular Weight Effect in Polymer Nanocomposites. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:038302. [PMID: 26849618 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.038302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the interfacial layer between the polymer matrix and nanoparticles largely determine the macroscopic properties of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). Although the static thickness of the interfacial layer was found to increase with the molecular weight (MW), the influence of MW on segmental relaxation and the glass transition in this layer remains to be explored. In this Letter, we show an unexpected MW dependence of the interfacial properties in PNC with attractive polymer-nanoparticle interactions: the thickness of the interfacial layer with hindered segmental relaxation decreases as MW increases, in sharp contrast to theoretical predictions. Further analyses reveal a reduction in mass density of the interfacial layer with increasing MW, which can elucidate these unexpected dynamic effects. Our observations call for a significant revision of the current understandings of PNCs and suggest interesting ways to tailor their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwang Cheng
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Adam P Holt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Fei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Halie Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Thusitha Etampawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - B Tyler White
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Nam-Goo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Mark D Dadmun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Jimmy W Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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37
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Zhang L, Elupula R, Grayson SM, Torkelson JM. Major Impact of Cyclic Chain Topology on the Tg-Confinement Effect of Supported Thin Films of Polystyrene. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravinder Elupula
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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38
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Sabzevari SM, McGraw JD, Jacobs K, Wood–Adams P. Sacrificial mica substrates influence the slip boundary condition of dewetting polymer films. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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40
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Spièce J, Martínez-Tong DE, Sferrazza M, Nogales A, Napolitano S. Are polymers glassier upon confinement? SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6179-6186. [PMID: 26086889 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01229e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glass forming systems are characterized by a stability against crystallization upon heating and by the easiness with which their liquid phase can be transformed into a solid lacking of long-range order upon cooling (glass forming ability). Here, we report the thickness dependence of the thermal phase transition temperatures of poly(l-lactide acid) thin films supported onto solid substrates. The determination of the glass transition, cold crystallization and melting temperatures down to a thickness of 6 nm, permitted us to build up parameters describing glass stability and glass forming ability. We observed a strong influence of the film thickness on the latter, while the former is not affected by 1D confinement. Further experiments permitted us to highlight key structural morphology features giving insights to our ellipsometric results via a physical picture based on the changes in the free volume content in proximity of the supporting interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Spièce
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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41
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Carrillo JMY, Cheng S, Kumar R, Goswami M, Sokolov AP, Sumpter BG. Untangling the Effects of Chain Rigidity on the Structure and Dynamics of Strongly Adsorbed Polymer Melts. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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42
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Delorme N, Chebil MS, Vignaud G, Le Houerou V, Bardeau JF, Busselez R, Gibaud A, Grohens Y. Experimental evidence of ultrathin polymer film stratification by AFM force spectroscopy. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2015; 38:56. [PMID: 26087914 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
By performing Atomic Force Microscopy measurements of pull-off force as a function of the temperature, we were able to probe the dynamic of supported thin polystyrene (PS) films. Thermal transitions induce modifications in the surface energy, roughness and surface modulus that are clearly detected by AFM and related to PS chain relaxation mechanisms. We demonstrated the existence of three transition temperatures that can be associated to the relaxation of polymer chains located at different depth regions within the polymer film. Independently of the film thickness, we have confirmed the presence of a region of high mobility for the polymer chains at the free interface. The thickness of this region is estimated to be above 7nm. The detection of a transition only present for film thicker than the gyration radius Rg is linked to the dynamics of polymer chains in a bulk conformation (i.e. not in contact with the free interface). We claim here that our results demonstrate, in agreement with other techniques, the stratification of thin polymer film depth profile in terms of relaxation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delorme
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000, Le Mans, France.
| | - Mohamed Souheib Chebil
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Guillaume Vignaud
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne (LIMATB), Université de Bretagne Sud, Rue Saint Maudé, 56321, Lorient, France
| | - Vincent Le Houerou
- Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Bardeau
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Rémi Busselez
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Alain Gibaud
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Yves Grohens
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne (LIMATB), Université de Bretagne Sud, Rue Saint Maudé, 56321, Lorient, France
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43
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Goldansaz H, Goharpey F, Afshar-Taromi F, Kim I, Stadler FJ, van Ruymbeke E, Karimkhani V. Anomalous Rheological Behavior of Dendritic Nanoparticle/Linear Polymer Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Goldansaz
- Institut
de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN),
Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fatemeh Goharpey
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Afshar-Taromi
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Il Kim
- BK21
PLUS Centre for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer
Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian J. Stadler
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
- Nanshan District
Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory
of Special Functional Materials, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Engineering
Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Ceramics, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Evelyne van Ruymbeke
- Institut
de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN),
Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Vahid Karimkhani
- Department
of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- BK21
PLUS Centre for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer
Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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44
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Neubauer N, Winkler R, Tress M, Uhlmann P, Reiche M, Kipnusu WK, Kremer F. Glassy dynamics of poly(2-vinyl-pyridine) brushes with varying grafting density. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3062-3066. [PMID: 25740018 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular dynamics of poly(2-vinyl-pyridine) (P2VP) brushes is measured by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) in a wide temperature (250 K to 440 K) and broad spectral (0.1 Hz to 1 MHz) range. This is realized using nanostructured, highly conductive silicon electrodes being separated by silica spacers as small as 35 nm. A "grafting-to"-method is applied to prepare the P2VP-brushes with five different grafting densities (0.030 nm(-2) to 0.117 nm(-2)), covering the "true-brush" regime with highly stretched coils and the "mushroom-to-brush" transition regime. The film thickness ranges between 1.8 to 7.1 (±0.2) nm. Two relaxations are observed, an Arrhenius-like process being attributed to fluctuations in the poly(glycidyl-methacrylate) (PGMA) linker used for the grafting reaction and the segmental dynamics (dynamic glass transition) of the P2VP brushes. The latter is characterized by a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann dependence similar to bulk P2VP. The results can be comprehended considering the length scale on which the dynamic glass transition (≤1 nm) takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Neubauer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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45
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Li L, Chen J, Deng W, Zhang C, Sha Y, Cheng Z, Xue G, Zhou D. Glass Transitions of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Confined in Nanopores: Conversion of Three- and Two-Layer Models. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5047-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp511248q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linling Li
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of
Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of
Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Deng
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of
Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of
Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ye Sha
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of
Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of
Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Gi Xue
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of
Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of
Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Xinjiang
Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matters,
College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, P. R. China
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46
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Axpe E, Bugnicourt L, Merida D, Goiriena-Goikoetxea M, Unzueta I, Sanchez-Eugenia R, Garcia JA, Plazaola F, Contera S. Sub-nanoscale free volume and local elastic modulus of chitosan–carbon nanotube biomimetic nanocomposite scaffold-materials. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3169-3176. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale elastic modulus and mass transport properties calculated with free volume theory of biomimetic nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering and 3D cell cultures applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Axpe
- Clarendon Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Loic Bugnicourt
- Clarendon Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - David Merida
- Department of Electricity and Electronics
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Leioa
- Spain
| | - Maite Goiriena-Goikoetxea
- Department of Electricity and Electronics
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Leioa
- Spain
- BCMaterials
| | - Iraultza Unzueta
- Department of Electricity and Electronics
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Leioa
- Spain
- BCMaterials
| | | | - Jose Angel Garcia
- BCMaterials
- Basque Center for Materials
- Applications and Nanostructures
- Parque Tecnológico Bizkaia
- Derio
| | - Fernando Plazaola
- Department of Electricity and Electronics
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Leioa
- Spain
| | - Sonia Contera
- Clarendon Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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47
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Martínez-Tong DE, Cui J, Soccio M, García C, Ezquerra TA, Nogales A. Does the Glass Transition of Polymers Change Upon 3D Confinement? MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Cui
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia; IEM-CSIC; C/Serrano 121 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia; IEM-CSIC; C/Serrano 121 Madrid 28006 Spain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Carolina García
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano; IQFR-CSIC; C/Serrano 119 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Tiberio A. Ezquerra
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia; IEM-CSIC; C/Serrano 121 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Aurora Nogales
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia; IEM-CSIC; C/Serrano 121 Madrid 28006 Spain
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48
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Feng S, Chen Y, Mai B, Wei W, Zheng C, Wu Q, Liang G, Gao H, Zhu F. Glass transition of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanospheres in aqueous dispersion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15941-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01849d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Housmans
- Laboratory
of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, Bâtiment
NO, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Michele Sferrazza
- Département
de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory
of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, Bâtiment
NO, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
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50
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Chen J, Li L, Zhou D, Xu J, Xue G. Effect of Molecular Chain Architecture on Dynamics of Polymer Thin Films Measured by the Ac-Chip Calorimeter. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Department of Polymer
Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing
University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Linling Li
- Department of Polymer
Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing
University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer
Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing
University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Polymer
Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing
University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Gi Xue
- Department of Polymer
Science
and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing
University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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