1
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Lin Y, Kouznetsova TB, Foret AG, Craig SL. Solvent Polarity Effects on the Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran Ring Opening. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3920-3925. [PMID: 38308653 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The spiropyran mechanophore (SP) is employed as a reporter of molecular tension in a wide range of polymer matrices, but the influence of surrounding environment on the force-coupled kinetics of its ring opening has not been quantified. Here, we report single-molecule force spectroscopy studies of SP ring opening in five solvents that span normalized Reichardt solvent polarity factors (ETN) of 0.1-0.59. Individual multimechanophore polymers were activated under increasing tension at constant 300 nm s-1 displacement in an atomic force microscope. The extension results in a plateau in the force-extension curve, whose midpoint occurs at a transition force f* that corresponds to the force required to increase the rate constant of SP activation to approximately 30 s-1. More polar solvents lead to mechanochemical reactions that are easier to trigger; f* decreases across the series of solvents, from a high of 415 ± 13 pN in toluene to a low of 234 ± 9 pN in n-butanol. The trend in mechanochemical reactivity is consistent with the developing zwitterionic character on going from SP to the ring-opened merocyanine product. The force dependence of the rate constant (Δx‡) was calculated for all solvent cases and found to increase with ETN, which is interpreted to reflect a shift in the transition state to a later and more productlike position. The inferred shift in the transition state position is consistent with a double-well (two-step) reaction potential energy surface, in which the second step is rate determining, and the intermediate is more polar than the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Alex G Foret
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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2
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Beech HK, Wang S, Sen D, Rota D, Kouznetsova TB, Arora A, Rubinstein M, Craig SL, Olsen BD. Reactivity-Guided Depercolation Processes Determine Fracture Behavior in End-Linked Polymer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1685-1691. [PMID: 38038127 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The fracture of polymer networks is tied to the molecular behavior of strands within the network, yet the specific molecular-level processes that determine the mechanical limits of a network remain elusive. Here, the question of reactivity-guided fracture is explored in otherwise indistinguishable end-linked networks by tuning the relative composition of strands with two different mechanochemical reactivities. Increasing the substitution of less mechanochemically reactive ("strong") strands into a network comprising more reactive ("weak") strands has a negligible impact on the fracture energy until the strong strand content reaches approximately 45%, at which point the fracture energy sharply increases with strong strand content. This aligns with the measured strong strand percolation threshold of 48 ± 3%, revealing that depercolation, or the loss of a percolated network structure, is a necessary criterion for crack propagation in a polymer network. Coarse-grained fracture simulations agree closely with the tearing energy trend observed experimentally, confirming that weak strand scissions dominate the failure until the strong strands approach percolation. The simulations further show that twice as many strands break in a mixture than in a pure network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley K Beech
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Devosmita Sen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dechen Rota
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Akash Arora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Janissen R, Filonenko GA. Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran under Internal Stresses of a Glassy Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23198-23204. [PMID: 36509594 PMCID: PMC9782785 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanophores are powerful molecular tools used to track bond rupture and characterize mechanical damage in polymers. The majority of mechanophores are known to respond to external stresses, and we report in this study the first precedent of a mechanochemical response to internal, residual stresses that accumulate during polymer vitrification. While internal stress is intrinsic to polymers that can form solids, we demonstrate that it can dramatically affect the mechanochemistry of spiropyran probes and alter their intramolecular isomerization barriers by up to 70 kJ mol-1. This new behavior of spiropyrans (SPs) enables their application for analysis of internal stresses distribution and their mechanochemical characterization on the molecular level. Spectroscopy and imaging based on SP mechanochemistry showed high topological sensitivity and allowed us to discern different levels of internal stress impacting various locations along the polymer chain. The nature of the developed technique allows for wide-field imaging of stress heterogeneities in polymer samples of irregular shapes and dimensions, making it feasible to directly observe molecular-level manifestations of mechanical stresses that accompany the formation of a vast number of solid polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Janissen
- Single-Molecule
Biophysics, Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Georgy A. Filonenko
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628
CD, The Netherlands,
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4
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Gao W, Xiang S, Bai M, Ruan Y, Zheng J, Cao X, Xu Y, Chen Y, Weng W. Carbon dot crosslinking towards mechanochemically and photochemically induced fluorescence resonance energy transfer. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Qiu W, Scofield JMP, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Mechanochromophore-linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100866. [PMID: 35338794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color-changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore-linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub-class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joel M P Scofield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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6
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He S, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Dreuw A, Göstl R. Tailoring the Properties of Optical Force Probes for Polymer Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:15889-15897. [PMID: 34582082 PMCID: PMC9292383 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The correlation of mechanical properties of polymer materials with those of their molecular constituents is the foundation for their holistic comprehension and eventually for improved material designs and syntheses. Over the last decade, optical force probes (OFPs) were developed, shedding light on various unique mechanical behaviors of materials. The properties of polymers are diverse, ranging from soft hydrogels to ultra‐tough composites, from purely elastic rubbers to viscous colloidal solutions, and from transparent glasses to super black dyed coatings. Only very recently, researchers started to develop tailored OFP solutions that account for such material requirements in energy (both light and force), in time, and in their spatially detectable resolution. We here highlight notable recent examples and identify future challenges in this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang He
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silvia P Centeno
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Mao Y, Kubota Y, Gong J, Kurose T, Ishigami A, Seshimo K, Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H, Ito H. Mechanical Performance and Visual Fracture Warning Function of Mechanochromic Stimuli-Recovery Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Mao
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuto Kubota
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kota Seshimo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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8
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Vaidya S, Sharma M, Brückner C, Kasi RM. Rhodamine-Installed Polynorbornenes: Molecular Design, Structure, and Stimuli-Responsive Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15017-15028. [PMID: 34151083 PMCID: PMC8210439 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a number of tailored architectures of rhodamine dye-norbornene conjugate monomers and corresponding homopolymers derived from them is described. The impact of the monomer architecture on the mechanochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic properties of rhodamine-modified polynorbornenes is reported. Color changes were caused by the reversible interconversion between the "open" and "closed" spirolactam form of the covalently attached dye. Monomers were synthesized in two principle architectures that varied on: (1) the number of polymerizable norbornene groups tethered to a bifunctional rhodamine dye; (2) the presence of flexible methylene spacers between the dye and the polymerizable norbornene groups. Introduction of norbornene groups on each of the two hydroxy groups of a bifunctional rhodamine resulted in a cross-linked polymer that exhibited better mechanochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic properties compared to the corresponding polymer without cross-links, derived from the derivatization of bifunctional rhodamine with only one norbornene. The introduction of flexible methylene spacers between the two polymerizable norbornenes and the dye molecule resulted in a polymeric framework with rapidly reversible color-changing properties upon mechanical or photostimulation. The ideal monomer molecular structure, whereby (1) attaching norbornene on both sides of the rhodamine dye and (2) methylene spacers between the dye and norbornenes on both sides afforded the nonpareil polymer structure that was capable of thermoreversible mechanochromic and photochromic features, and irreversible thermochromic features. These new materials may find utility as multi-stimuli-responsive soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Vaidya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rajeswari M. Kasi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Polymer
Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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9
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Brown CL, Bowser BH, Meisner J, Kouznetsova TB, Seritan S, Martinez TJ, Craig SL. Substituent Effects in Mechanochemical Allowed and Forbidden Cyclobutene Ring-Opening Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3846-3855. [PMID: 33667078 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Woodward and Hoffman once jested that a very powerful Maxwell demon could seize a molecule of cyclobutene at its methylene groups and tear it open in a disrotatory fashion to obtain butadiene (Woodward, R. B.; Hoffmann, R. The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1969, 8, 781-853). Nearly 40 years later, that demon was discovered, and the field of covalent polymer mechanochemistry was born. In the decade since our demon was befriended, many fundamental investigations have been undertaken to build up our understanding of force-modified pathways for electrocyclic ring-opening reactions. Here, we seek to extend that fundamental understanding by exploring substituent effects in allowed and forbidden ring-opening reactions of cyclobutene (CBE) and benzocyclobutene (BCB) using a combination of single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and computation. We show that, while the forbidden ring-opening of cis-BCB occurs at a lower force than the allowed ring-opening of trans-BCB on the time scale of the SMFS experiment, the opposite is true for cis- and trans-CBE. Such a reactivity flip is explained through computational analysis and discussion of the so-called allowed/forbidden gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Brandon H Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jan Meisner
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stefan Seritan
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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10
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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11
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Mao Y, Kubota Y, Kurose T, Ishigami A, Seshimo K, Aoki D, Otsuka H, Ito H. Energy Dissipation and Mechanoresponsive Color Evaluation of a Poly( n-hexyl Methacrylate) Soft Material Enhanced by a Mechanochromic Cross-Linker with Dynamic Covalent Bonds. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Mao
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuto Kubota
- Department of Systems Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kota Seshimo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ooayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ooayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ooayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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12
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Deneke N, Rencheck ML, Davis CS. An engineer's introduction to mechanophores. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6230-6252. [PMID: 32567642 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (MPs) are a class of stimuli-responsive materials that are of increasing interest to engineers due to their potential applications as stress sensors. These mechanically responsive molecules change color or become fluorescent upon application of a mechanical stimulus as they undergo a chemical reaction when a load is applied. By incorporating MPs such as spirolactam, spiropyran, or dianthracene into a material system, the real-time stress distribution of the matrix can be directly observed through a visual response, ideal for damage and failure sensing applications. A wide array of applications that require continuous structural health monitoring could benefit from MPs including flexible electronics, protective coatings, and polymer matrix composites. However, there are significant technical challenges preventing MP implementation in industry. Effective strategies to quantitatively calibrate the photo response of the MP with applied stress magnitudes must be developed. Additionally, environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet light exposure can potentially impact the performance of MPs. By addressing these limitations, engineers can work to move MPs from the synthetic chemistry bench to the field. This review aims to highlight recent progress in MP research, discuss barriers to implementation, and provide an outlook on the future of MPs, specifically focused on polymeric material systems. Although the focus is on engineering MPs for bulk materials, a brief overview of mechanochemistry will be discussed followed by methods for activation and quantification of MP photo response (concentrating specifically on fluorescently active species). Finally, current challenges and future directions in MP research will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Mitchell L Rencheck
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
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13
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Cao Z. Highly Stretchable Tough Elastomers Crosslinked by Spiropyran Mechanophores for Strain‐Induced Colorimetric Sensing. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
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14
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Grady ME, Birrenkott CM, May PA, White SR, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Localization of Spiropyran Activation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5847-5854. [PMID: 32396732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of planar and curved glass surfaces with spiropyran (SP) molecules and localized UV-induced activation of the mechanophore are demonstrated. Fluorescence spectra of UV-irradiated SP-functionalized surfaces reveal that increases in surface roughness or curvature produce more efficient conversion of the mechanophore to the open merocyanine (MC) form. Further, force-induced activation of the mechanophore is achieved at curved glass-polymer interfaces and not planar interfaces. Minimal fluorescence signal from UV-irradiated SP-functionalized planar glass surfaces precluded mechanical activation testing. Curved glass-polymer interfaces are prepared by SP functionalization of E-glass fibers, which are subsequently embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. Mechanical activation is induced through shear loading by a single fiber microbond testing protocol. In situ detection of SP activation at the interface is monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence increase during interfacial testing suggests that attachment of the interfacial SP molecule to both fiber surface and polymer matrix is present and able to achieve significant activation of SP at the fiber-polymer matrix interface. Unlike previous studies for bulk polymers, SP activation is detected at relatively low levels of applied shear stress. By linking SP at the glass-polymer interface and transferring load directly to that interface, a more efficient mechanism for eliciting the SP response is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Grady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 506 Administration Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Cassandra M Birrenkott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Preston A May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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15
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Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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16
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Stimuli-chromism of photoswitches in smart polymers: Recent advances and applications as chemosensors. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Lin Y, Hansen HR, Brittain WJ, Craig SL. Strain-Dependent Kinetics in the Cis-to-Trans Isomerization of Azobenzene in Bulk Elastomers. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8492-8498. [PMID: 31525921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cis-to-trans isomerization of azobenzene is accelerated in a bulk PDMS elastomer under uniaxial tension. The kinetics are cleanly described by a single-exponential first-order process (k = 2.7 × 10-5 s-1) in the absence of tension but become multiexponential under constant strains of 40-90%. The complex kinetics can be reasonably modeled as a two-component process. The majority (∼92%) process is slower and occurs with a rate constant that is similar to that of the unstrained system (k = 2.3-2.7 × 10-5 s-1), whereas the rate constant of the minority (∼8%) process increases from k = 10.1 × 10-5 s-1 at 40% strain to k = 21.3 × 10-5 s-1 at 90% strain. Simple models of expected force-rate relationships suggest that the average force of tension per strand in the minority component ranges from 28 to 44 pN across strains of 40-90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Heather R Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas 78666 , United States
| | - William J Brittain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas 78666 , United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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18
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Kabb CP, O'Bryan CS, Morley CD, Angelini TE, Sumerlin BS. Anthracene-based mechanophores for compression-activated fluorescence in polymeric networks. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7702-7708. [PMID: 31588318 PMCID: PMC6764261 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02487e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent attention given to functionalities that respond to mechanical force has led to a deeper understanding of force transduction and mechanical wear in polymeric materials. Furthermore, polymers have been carefully designed such that activation of "mechanophores" leads to productive outputs, such as material reinforcement or changes in optical properties. In this work, a crosslinker containing an anthracene-maleimide linkage was designed and used to prepare networks that display a fluorescence response when damaged. The pressure-dependent damage of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) networks was monitored using solid-state fluorescence spectroscopy, with increasing compressive forces leading to higher degrees of mechanophore activation. When a stamp was used to compress the networks, only the areas in contact with the raised portion of the stamp underwent mechanophore activation, resulting in the generation of patterns that were only visible under UV light. Finally, an isomeric "flex" mechanophore was designed and used to prepare networks that were compressed and compared to the previously described networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Kabb
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory , Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering , Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
| | - Christopher S O'Bryan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
| | - Cameron D Morley
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
| | - Thomas E Angelini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
- Institute for Cell and Regenerative Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory , Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering , Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
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19
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Vidavsky Y, Yang SJ, Abel BA, Agami I, Diesendruck CE, Coates GW, Silberstein MN. Enabling Room-Temperature Mechanochromic Activation in a Glassy Polymer: Synthesis and Characterization of Spiropyran Polycarbonate. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10060-10067. [PMID: 31244138 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iris Agami
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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20
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Control and optical mapping of mechanical transitions in polymer networks and DNA-based soft materials. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Lin Y, Barbee MH, Chang CC, Craig SL. Regiochemical Effects on Mechanophore Activation in Bulk Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15969-15975. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Meredith H. Barbee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chia-Chih Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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22
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Xing C, Wang L, Xian L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xi K, Zhang Q, Jia X. Enhanced Thermal Ageing Stability of Mechanophore in Polyurethane Network by Introducing Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Lei Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Linna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Kai Xi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Xudong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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23
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24
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Imato K, Kanehara T, Nojima S, Ohishi T, Higaki Y, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Repeatable mechanochemical activation of dynamic covalent bonds in thermoplastic elastomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10482-5. [PMID: 27424868 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Repeated mechanical scission and recombination of dynamic covalent bonds incorporated in segmented polyurethane elastomers are demonstrated by utilizing a diarylbibenzofuranone-based mechanophore and by the design of the segmented polymer structures. The repeated mechanochemical reactions can accompany clear colouration and simultaneous fading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan. and Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanehara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shiki Nojima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohishi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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25
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Li M, Liu W, Zhu S. Smart polyolefins feeling the force: Color changeable poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene-octene) in response to mechanical force. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xing C, Cai Y, Xi K, Jia X. Light and force dual-responsive waterborne polyurethane in multiple states. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel SP-WPU presents UV light and force dual-responsive properties in both dispersed state and solid state. The environmental friendly material provides an alternative to extend the application for smart coatings and textiles in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Yikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Chong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Yifeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Kai Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Xudong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
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27
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Li M, Zhang Q, Zhu S. Photo-inactive divinyl spiropyran mechanophore cross-linker for real-time stress sensing. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Kosuge T, Imato K, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Polymer–Inorganic Composites with Dynamic Covalent Mechanochromophore. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kosuge
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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29
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Göstl R, Sijbesma RP. π-extended anthracenes as sensitive probes for mechanical stress. Chem Sci 2016; 7:370-375. [PMID: 28791098 PMCID: PMC5518546 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03297k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart molecular systems having the ability to report on mechanical strain or failure in polymers via alteration of their optical properties are of great interest in materials science. However, only limited attention has been devoted to targeted chromophore engineering to fine-tune their physicochemical properties. Here, we describe the synthesis of π-extended anthracenes that can be released from their respective maleimide Diels-Alder adducts through the application of mechanical stress in solution and in the solid state. We demonstrate the improvement of fluorescence quantum yield as well as the tuning of excitation and emission wavelengths while retaining their excellent mechanochemical properties laying the foundation for a new series of mechanophores whose spectral characteristics can be modularly adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Göstl
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
| | - R P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xian-Jing Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin-Yang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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31
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Clough JM, Balan A, van Daal TLJ, Sijbesma RP. Probing Force with Mechanobase-Induced Chemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Tom L. J. van Daal
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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32
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Clough JM, Balan A, van Daal TLJ, Sijbesma RP. Probing Force with Mechanobase-Induced Chemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1445-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Tom L. J. van Daal
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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33
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Larsen MB, Boydston AJ. Investigations in Fundamental and Applied Polymer Mechanochemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
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34
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Chen SG, Zhao ZX, Jiang XN, Wang L, Zhou TY, Lu CL, Zhao X, Jiang XK, Ma Y, Wang RX, Li ZT. Temperature-Responsive Chiral (A)6
B Supramolecular Cages Based on Conformational Preferences. Chem Asian J 2015; 11:465-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Gui Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiao-Nan Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Lu Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian-You Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Cheng-Lu Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xi-Kui Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ren-Xiao Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
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35
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Gossweiler GR, Kouznetsova TB, Craig SL. Force-Rate Characterization of Two Spiropyran-Based Molecular Force Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6148-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Gossweiler
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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36
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Kim JW, Jung Y, Coates GW, Silberstein MN. Mechanoactivation of Spiropyran Covalently Linked PMMA: Effect of Temperature, Strain Rate, and Deformation Mode. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502555d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yukyung Jung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Meredith N. Silberstein
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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37
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Clough JM, Balan A, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical Reactions Reporting and Repairing Bond Scission in Polymers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:209-38. [PMID: 26104999 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The past 10 years have seen a resurgence of interest in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. Whilst the destructive effects of mechanical force on polymer chains have been known for decades, it was only recently that researchers tapped into these forces to realize more useful chemical transformations. The current review discusses the strategic incorporation of weak covalent bonds in polymers to create materials with stress-sensing and damage-repairing properties. Firstly, the development of mechanochromism and mechanoluminescence as stress reporters is considered. The second half focuses on the net formation of covalent bonds as a response to mechanical force, via mechanocatalysis and mechanically unmasked chemical reactivity, and concludes with perspectives for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M Clough
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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38
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Lin Y, Fang X, Xu Y, Ruan Y, Weng W. Spiropyran as a Mechanochromic Probe in Dual Cross-Linked Elastomers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500760p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Fang
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Ruan
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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39
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Wang Z, Ma Z, Zhang Z, Wu F, Jiang H, Jia X. Mechanical activation of a dithioester derivative-based retro RAFT-HDA reaction. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hemmer JR, Smith PD, van Horn M, Alnemrat S, Mason BP, de Alaniz JR, Osswald S, Hooper JP. High strain-rate response of spiropyran mechanophores in PMMA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Patrick D. Smith
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Matt van Horn
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Sufian Alnemrat
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Brian P. Mason
- Research Department; Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division; 3767 Strauss Ave. Indian Head Maryland 20640
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Sebastian Osswald
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
| | - Joseph P. Hooper
- Department of Physics; Naval Postgraduate School; 833 Dyer Way Monterey California 93943
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41
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Peterson GI, Boydston AJ. Kinetic Analysis of Mechanochemical Chain Scission of Linear Poly(phthalaldehyde). Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1611-4. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lee CK, Diesendruck CE, Lu E, Pickett AN, May PA, Moore JS, Braun PV. Solvent Swelling Activation of a Mechanophore in a Polymer Network. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corissa K. Lee
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Enjiong Lu
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Austin N. Pickett
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Preston A. May
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Beckman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Larsen MB, Boydston AJ. Successive Mechanochemical Activation and Small Molecule Release in an Elastomeric Material. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1276-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411891x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Zhang H, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanochemistry of Topological Complex Polymer Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:135-207. [PMID: 25791486 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although existing since the concept of macromolecules, polymer mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field which attracts great scientific interest in its ability to bias conventional reaction pathways and its potential to fabricate mechanoresponsive materials. We review here the effect of topology on the mechanical degradation of polymer chains and the activation of mechanophores in polymer backbones. The chapter focuses on both experimental and theoretical work carried out in the past 70 years. After a general introduction (Sect. 1), where the concept, the history, and the application of polymer mechanochemistry are briefly described, flow fields to study polymer mechanochemistry are discussed (Sect. 2), results of mechanochemistry study are presented for linear polymers (Sect. 3), cyclic polymers (Sect. 4), graft polymers (Sect. 5), star-shaped polymers (Sect. 6), hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers (Sect. 7), and systems with dynamic topology (Sect. 8). Here we focus on (1) experimental results involving the topological effect on the coil-to-stretch transition and the fracture of the polymer chains, (2) the underlying mechanisms and the key factor that determines the mechanical stability of the macromolecules, (3) theoretical models that relate to the experimental observations, and (4) rational design of mechanophores in complex topology to achieve multiple activations according to the existing results observed in chain degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China.
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