1
|
Dutta S, Sing CE. Brownian dynamics simulations of bottlebrush polymers in dilute solution under simple shear and uniaxial extensional flows. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044901. [PMID: 38258921 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We study the dynamics of bottlebrush polymer molecules in dilute solutions subjected to shear and uniaxial extensional flows using Brownian dynamics simulations with hydrodynamic interaction (HI). Bottlebrush polymers are modeled using a coarse-grained representation, consisting of a set of beads interacting pairwise via a purely repulsive potential and connected by finitely extensible nonlinear springs. We present the results for molecular stretching, stress, and solution viscosity during the startup of flow as well as under steady state as a function of side chain length while keeping the backbone length fixed. In extensional flow, the backbone fractional extension and the first normal stress difference decrease with an increase in side chain length at a fixed Weissenberg number (Wi). Using simulation results both in the presence of and in the absence of HI, we show that this is primarily a consequence of steric interaction resulting from the dense grafting of side chains. In shear flow, we observe a shear-thinning behavior in all cases, although it becomes less pronounced with increasing side chain length. Furthermore, nonmonotonicity in the backbone fractional extension is observed under shear, particularly at high Wi. We contextualize our simulation results for bottlebrush polymers with respect to existing studies in the literature for linear polymers and show that the unique dynamical features characterizing bottlebrush polymers arise on account of their additional molecular thickness due to the presence of densely grafted side chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Dutta
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Charles E Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Wang F, Li Z, Zheng Y, Gu T, Zhang R, Jiang Z. In situ reaction enabled surface segregation toward dual-heterogeneous antifouling membranes for oil-water separation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132425. [PMID: 37647665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating membranes with superior antifouling property and long-term high performance is in great demand for efficient oil-water separation. Herein, we reported a reaction enabled surface segregation method for antifouling membrane fabrication, in which the pre-synthesized fluorinated ternary copolymer Pluronic F127 was coordinated with Ti4+ as segregation additive in the membrane casting bath. Additionally, tannic acid was utilized to enhance the self-assembly of the copolymer in the coagulation bath, and freshly-biomineralized TiO2 was anchored into the membrane surface through hydrogen bond. A hydrogel layer was constructed onto the membrane surface with synergistically tailored heterogeneous chemical composition and heterogeneous geometrical roughness. The dual-heterogeneous membrane exhibited hydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic features, resulting in high water flux (621.7 L m-2 h-1) at low operation pressure of 0.05 MPa and an excellent antifouling property (only 4.8% flux decline during 24-hour filtration). In situ reaction enabled surface segregation method will accelerate the development of antifouling membranes for oil-in-water emulsion separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tianrun Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Runnan Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ge H, Shi W, He C, Feng A, Thang SH. Star-Shaped Thermoplastic Elastomers Prepared via RAFT Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092002. [PMID: 37177150 PMCID: PMC10180775 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) demonstrate excellent overall performance and account for the largest industrial output. The traditional methods of preparation styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers mainly focused on anionic polymerization, and strict equipment conditions were required. In recent years, controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) has developed rapidly, enabling the synthesis of polymers with various complex topologies while controlling their molecular weight. Herein, a series of core crosslinked star-shaped poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene)s (SISs) was synthesized for the first time via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Meanwhile, linear triblock SISs with a similar molecular weight were synthesized as a control. We achieved not only the controlled/living radical polymerization of isoprene but also investigated the factors influencing the star-forming process. By testing the mechanical and thermal properties and characterizing the microscopic fractional phase structure, we found that both the linear and star-shaped SISs possessed good tensile properties and a certain phase separation structure, demonstrating the characteristics of thermoplastic elastomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wencheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chen He
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Anchao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - San H Thang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang B, Cui S, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Structure and Phase Behavior of Bottlebrush Diblock Copolymer-Linear Homopolymer Ternary Blends. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuquan Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee D, Charpota N, Mei H, Terlier T, Pietrzak D, Stein GE, Verduzco R. Impact of Processing Effects on Surface Segregation of Bottlebrush Polymer Additives. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Nilesh Charpota
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- SIMS Lab, Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Danica Pietrzak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maguire SM, Demaree JD, Boyle MJ, Keller AW, Bilchak CR, Kagan CR, Murray CB, Ohno K, Composto RJ. Surface Enrichment of Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles in a Miscible Polymer Nanocomposite. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Maguire
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John Derek Demaree
- US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Michael J. Boyle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Austin W. Keller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Connor R. Bilchak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Cherie R. Kagan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher B. Murray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kohji Ohno
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim KH, Nam J, Choi J, Seo M, Bang J. From macromonomers to bottlebrush copolymers with sequence control: synthesis, properties, and applications. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers (BBPs) are a type of comb-like macromolecules with densely grafted polymeric sidechains attached to the polymer backbones, and many intriguing properties and applications have been demonstrated due to...
Collapse
|
8
|
Mei H, Mahalik JP, Lee D, Laws TS, Terlier T, Stein GE, Kumar R, Verduzco R. Understanding interfacial segregation in polymer blend films with random and mixed side chain bottlebrush copolymer additives. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9028-9039. [PMID: 34523659 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01146d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers are complex macromolecules with tunable physical properties dependent on the chemistry and architecture of both the side chains and the backbone. Prior work has demonstrated that bottlebrush polymer additives can be used to control the interfacial properties of blends with linear polymers but has not specifically addressed the effects of bottlebrush side chain microstructures. Here, using a combination of experiments and self-consistent field theory (SCFT) simulations, we investigated the effects of side chain microstructures by comparing the segregation of bottlebrush additives having random copolymer side chains with bottlebrush additives having a mixture of two different homopolymer side chain chemistries. Specifically, we synthesized bottlebrush polymers with either poly(styrene-ran-methyl methacrylate) side chains or with a mixture of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) side chains. The bottlebrush additives were matched in terms of PS and PMMA compositions, and they were blended with linear PS or PMMA chains that ranged in length from shorter to longer than the bottlebrush side chains. Experiments revealed similar behaviors of the two types of bottlebrushes, with a slight preference for mixed side-chain bottlebrushes at the film surface. SCFT simulations were qualitatively consistent with experimental observations, predicting only slight differences in the segregation of bottlebrush additives driven by side chain microstructures. Specifically, these slight differences were driven by the chemistries of the bottlebrush polymer joints and side chain end-groups, which were entropically repelled and attracted to interfaces, respectively. Using SCFT, we also demonstrated that the interfacial behaviors were dominated by entropic effects with high molecular weight linear polymers, leading to enrichment of bottlebrush near interfaces. Surprisingly, the SCFT simulations showed that the chemistry of the joints connecting the bottlebrush backbones and side chains played a more significant role compared with the side chain end groups in affecting differences in surface excess of bottlebrushes with random and mixed side chains. This work provides new insights into the effects of side chain microstructure on segregation of bottlebrush polymer additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Mei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Jyoti P Mahalik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Dongjoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Travis S Laws
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- SIMS Lab, Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Gila E Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chan JM, Kordon AC, Zhang R, Wang M. Direct visualization of bottlebrush polymer conformations in the solid state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109534118. [PMID: 34599105 PMCID: PMC8501853 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109534118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the behavior of single chains is integral to the foundation of polymer science, a clear and convincing image of single chains in the solid state has still not been captured. For bottlebrush polymers, understanding their conformation in bulk materials is especially important because their extended backbones may explain their self-assembly and mechanical properties that have been attractive for many applications. Here, single-bottlebrush chains are visualized using single-molecule localization microscopy to study their conformations in a polymer melt composed of linear polymers. By observing bottlebrush polymers with different side chain lengths and grafting densities, we observe the relationship between molecular architecture and conformation. We show that bottlebrushes are significantly more rigid in the solid state than previously measured in solution, and the scaling relationships between persistence length and side chain length deviate from those predicted by theory and simulation. We discuss these discrepancies using mechanisms inspired by polymer-grafted nanoparticles, a conceptually similar system. Our work provides a platform for visualizing single-polymer chains in an environment made up entirely of other polymers, which could answer a number of open questions in polymer science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Avram C Kordon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Ruimeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng YT, Tsao HK, Sheng YJ. Non-affinity adsorption of nanorods onto smooth walls via an entropy driven mechanism. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5756-5762. [PMID: 34019063 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Preferential adsorption of nanorods onto smooth walls is investigated using dissipative particle dynamics in the absence of specific attraction and a depletant. Although the translational and rotational entropy of nanorods is significantly reduced after adsorption, the effective attraction between the nanorod and wall is clearly identified based on the distribution profile of rods. As the rod length increases, the attractive interaction grows stronger and clusters of aligned nanorods can emerge on the smooth wall. However, the presence of a depletion zone of nanorods adjacent to the adsorbed layer gives zero surface excess. These two regions correspond to the primary minimum and maximum mean force potentials observed. Since adsorbed nanorods lose their rotational and translational entropy, the strong adsorption of long nanorods has to be attributed to the entropy gain associated with the increase in free volume for the solvent in this athermal system. Nonetheless, as the surface roughness is present, entropy-driven attraction is lessened, similar to the depletion force between colloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan T, Patel BB, Walsh DJ, Dutta S, Guironnet D, Diao Y, Sing CE. Implicit Side-Chain Model and Experimental Characterization of Bottlebrush Block Copolymer Solution Assembly. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bijal B. Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sarit Dutta
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim KH, Kim M, Moon J, Huh J, Bang J. Bottlebrush Copolymer as Surface Neutralizer for Vertical Alignment of Block Copolymer Nanodomains in Thin Films. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:346-353. [PMID: 35549064 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein we designed bottlebrush copolymers for use as a neutral additive to block copolymer (BCP) thin films in which they are segregated to the interfaces via architectural effects and produce nonpreferential interfaces to induce perpendicular orientation of BCP microdomains. Two BCP systems were employed, a conventional poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) with relatively low χ and similar surface energies between blocks, and a high χ poly(styrene-b-methacrylic acid) (PS-b-PMAA) with distinct surface energies. The bottlebrushes, with either short side-chains of PS-r-PMMA or PS-r-PMAA random copolymers, were synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Remarkably, it was observed that the top and bottom interfaces of both BCP films were enriched with bottlebrush copolymers, regardless of the surface energy difference between blocks, hence, vertically oriented microdomains were achieved for both BCP systems. This can be attributed to the screening of polymer interactions by a good solvent during the spin-casting process, allowing architectural effects to play a role in surface segregation of bottlebrush copolymers, as confirmed by contact angle measurements and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). We believe that this concept can be further extended to various applications that require polymer films with functional surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsoo Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joona Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Mei H, Mah AH, Hu Z, Li Y, Terlier T, Stein GE, Verduzco R. Rapid Processing of Bottlebrush Coatings through UV-Induced Cross-Linking. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1135-1142. [PMID: 35653204 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers can be used to introduce novel surface properties including hydrophilicity, stimuli-responsiveness, and reduced friction forces. However, simple, general, and efficient approaches to cross-linking bottlebrush polymer films and coatings are limited. Here, we report that bottlebrush polymers with an unsaturated polynorbornene backbone and thiol-terminated side chains can be cross-linked on demand by UV irradiation to produce uniform and insoluble bottlebrush polymer coatings. To quantify the kinetics and efficiency of cross-linking by UV exposure (254 nm), we measured the normalized residual thickness (NRT) of bottlebrush and linear polymer films after UV exposure and solvent washing. For bottlebrush polymers with thiol-terminated polystyrene (PS) side chains, the NRT exceeded 60% for a UV dose of 1.0 J/cm2, while unfunctionalized linear PS required a dose of 7.9 J/cm2 to achieve similar NRT values. Rapid UV-induced cross-linking of the bottlebrush PS was attributed to the thiol-ene coupling of the thiol-terminated side chains with the unsaturated polynorbornene backbones, as demonstrated through FTIR measurements and control studies involving bottlebrush polymers with saturated backbones. To establish the broader applicability of this approach, UV-induced cross-linking was demonstrated for thin films of bottlebrush polymers with thiol-terminated poly(methyl acrylate) (BB-PMMA-SH) side chains and those with poly(ethylene glycol) (BB-PEG) and poly(lactic acid) (BB-PLA) side chains which do not contain thiol end groups. UV-induced cross-linking of BB-PEG and BB-PLA films required the use of a multifunctional thiol additive. Finally, we demonstrated that bottlebrush polymer multilayers can be fabricated through sequential deposition and UV-induced cross-linking of different bottlebrush polymer chemistries. The cross-linking process outlined in this work is simple, general, and efficient and produces solvent-resistant coatings that preserve the unique properties and functions of bottlebrush polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Mei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Adeline Huizhen Mah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Zhiqi Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- SIMS Lab, Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miyagi K, Mei H, Terlier T, Stein GE, Verduzco R. Analysis of Surface Segregation of Bottlebrush Polymer Additives in Thin Film Blends with Attractive Intermolecular Interactions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Miyagi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- SIMS Lab, Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oda Y, Inutsuka M, Awane R, Totani M, Yamada NL, Haraguchi M, Ozawa M, Matsuno H, Tanaka K. A Dynamic Interface Based on Segregation of an Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polymer Containing Fluoroalkyl and Oligo(ethylene oxide) Moieties. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Oda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Manabu Inutsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryo Awane
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masayasu Totani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Norifumi L. Yamada
- Neutron Science Division, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Acceleration Research Organization, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Masayuki Haraguchi
- Materials Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Chiba 274-0052, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ozawa
- Materials Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Chiba 274-0052, Japan
| | - Hisao Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mei H, Laws TS, Mahalik JP, Li J, Mah AH, Terlier T, Bonnesen P, Uhrig D, Kumar R, Stein GE, Verduzco R. Entropy and Enthalpy Mediated Segregation of Bottlebrush Copolymers to Interfaces. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jyoti P. Mahalik
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | | | - Adeline H. Mah
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | | | - Peter Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - David Uhrig
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Travis S. Laws
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cho S, Son J, Kim I, Ahn H, Jang HS, Joo SH, Park KH, Lee E, Kim Y, Ahn SK. Asymmetric polystyrene-polylactide bottlebrush random copolymers: Synthesis, self-assembly and nanoporous structures. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
20
|
Choinopoulos I. Grubbs' and Schrock's Catalysts, Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization and Molecular Brushes-Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E298. [PMID: 30960282 PMCID: PMC6419171 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, molecular brushes and other macromolecular architectures bearing a bottlebrush segment where the main chain is synthesized by ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) mediated by Mo or Ru metal complexes are considered. A brief review of metathesis and ROMP is presented in order to understand the problems and the solutions provided through the years. The synthetic strategies towards bottlebrush copolymers are demonstrated and each one discussed separately. The initiators/catalysts for the synthesis of the backbone with ROMP are discussed. Syntheses of molecular brushes are presented. The most interesting properties of the bottlebrushes are detailed. Finally, the applications studied by different groups are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Choinopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mah AH, Laws T, Li W, Mei H, Brown CC, Ievlev A, Kumar R, Verduzco R, Stein GE. Entropic and Enthalpic Effects in Thin Film Blends of Homopolymers and Bottlebrush Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis Laws
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Wei Li
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | - Chance C. Brown
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Anton Ievlev
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Chemical and Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang HS, Kim KH, Bang J. Thermal Approaches to Perpendicular Block Copolymer Microdomains in Thin Films: A Review and Appraisal. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800728. [PMID: 30500096 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer thin films are highly versatile and accessible materials capable of producing nanofeatures in the size regime of a few to hundreds of nanometers by a simple spin-coating-and-anneal process. Unfortunately, this simple protocol usually leads to parallel microdomains, which limits the applicability of such nanofeatures. A great deal of effort has been put into achieving perpendicular microdomains, but those that incorporate thermal annealing are arguably the most practical and reproducible in the lab and industry. This review discusses the recent ongoing efforts on various thermal approaches to achieving perpendicular microdomains in order to provide the readers with a toolbox to work with.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joona Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chang D, Li T, Li L, Jakowski J, Huang J, Keum JK, Lee B, Bonnesen PV, Zhou M, Garashchuk S, Sumpter BG, Hong K. Selectively Deuterated Poly(ε-caprolactone)s: Synthesis and Isotope Effects on the Crystal Structures and Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsook Chang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Lengwan Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jacek Jakowski
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jingsong Huang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jong Kahk Keum
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Peter V. Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jacobs M, Liang H, Pugnet B, Dobrynin AV. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Surface and Interfacial Tension of Graft Polymer Melts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:12974-12981. [PMID: 30350680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the surface properties of polymer melts is crucial for designing new polymeric coatings, adhesives, and composites. Here, we study the effect of molecular architecture on surface and interfacial tension of melts of graft and linear polymers by molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, we elucidate the effect of the degree of polymerization of the side chains nsc and their grafting density 1/ ng on the surface tension of the graft polymer/vacuum interface, γG, and the interfacial tension of the interface between graft and linear polymer melts, γGL. For the case of the graft polymer/vacuum interface, our simulations confirm that the surface tension is a linear function of the fraction of the backbone ends fbe and side chain ends fse, γG = γ∞ - γbe fbe - Δγ fse, where γ∞ is the surface tension of the system of graft polymers with infinite molecular weight and γbe and Δγ are surface tension contributions from backbone ends and difference between contributions coming from the side chain ends and grafting points, respectively. This dependence of the surface tension highlights the entropic origin of the surface tension corrections associated with the redistribution of the grafting points and ends at the interface. However, the interfacial tension of the interface between graft and linear polymer melts does not show any significant dependence on the molecular structure of the graft polymers, thus pointing out the dominance of enthalpic contribution to the interfacial tension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jacobs
- Department of Polymer Science , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Heyi Liang
- Department of Polymer Science , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Brandon Pugnet
- Department of Physics , Lafayette College , Easton , Pennsylvania 18045 , United States
| | - Andrey V Dobrynin
- Department of Polymer Science , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Borodinov N, Belianinov A, Chang D, Carrillo JM, Burch MJ, Xu Y, Hong K, Ievlev AV, Sumpter BG, Ovchinnikova OS. Molecular reorganization in bulk bottlebrush polymers: direct observation via nanoscale imaging. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18001-18009. [PMID: 30226257 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers are important for a variety of applications ranging from drug delivery to electronics. The functional flexibility of the branched sidechains has unique assembly properties when compared to linear block polymer systems. However, reports of direct observation of molecular reorganization have been sparse. This information is necessary to enhance the understanding of the structure-property relationships in these systems and yield a rational design approach for novel polymeric materials. In this work, we report direct visualization of bottlebrush molecular organization and the formation of nematic-type ordering in an amorphous polymer bottlebrush system, captured with plasma etching and helium ion microscopy. By observing the unperturbed structure of this material at high resolution and quantifying image features, we were able to qualitatively link experimental results with structures predicted by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The direct visualization and computation workflow developed in this work can be applied to a broad variety of polymers with different architectures, linking imaging results with other, independent channels of information for better understanding and control of these classes of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Borodinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mah AH, Afzali P, Qi L, Pesek S, Verduzco R, Stein GE. Bottlebrush Copolymer Additives for Immiscible Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luqing Qi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77006, United States
| | - Stacy Pesek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77006, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77006, United States
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang R, Liu Y, He M, Su Y, Zhao X, Elimelech M, Jiang Z. Antifouling membranes for sustainable water purification: strategies and mechanisms. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:5888-5924. [PMID: 27494001 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00579e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges to the sustainability of modern society is an inadequate supply of clean water. Due to its energy-saving and cost-effective features, membrane technology has become an indispensable platform technology for water purification, including seawater and brackish water desalination as well as municipal or industrial wastewater treatment. However, membrane fouling, which arises from the nonspecific interaction between membrane surface and foulants, significantly impedes the efficient application of membrane technology. Preparing antifouling membranes is a fundamental strategy to deal with pervasive fouling problems from a variety of foulants. In recent years, major advancements have been made in membrane preparation techniques and in elucidating the antifouling mechanisms of membrane processes, including ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. This review will first introduce the major foulants and the principal mechanisms of membrane fouling, and then highlight the development, current status and future prospects of antifouling membranes, including antifouling strategies, preparation techniques and practical applications. In particular, the strategies and mechanisms for antifouling membranes, including passive fouling resistance and fouling release, active off-surface and on-surface strategies, will be proposed and discussed extensively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingrui He
- Key Laboratory for Green Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanlei Su
- Key Laboratory for Green Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xueting Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, USA
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen S, Hou L, Wang Q, Dong D, Zhang N. Facile synthesis of cylindrical molecular brushes via Lewis pair-mediated polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A general strategy for creating molecular brushes via Lewis pair-mediated polymerization is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Liman Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Qiliao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Dewen Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Ning Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Magurudeniya HD, Ringstrand BS, Seifert S, Firestone MA. Reversible hierarchical structure induced by solvation and temperature modulation in an ionic liquid-based random bottlebrush copolymer. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01218k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Discoidal bottlebrush poly(ionic liquid)s are reversibly stacked into 1-D rod like assembles by temperature changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha D. Magurudeniya
- Materials Physics & Applications Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA 87545
| | - Bryan S. Ringstrand
- Materials Physics & Applications Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA 87545
| | - Sönke Seifert
- X-ray Sciences Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA 60439
| | - Millicent A. Firestone
- Materials Physics & Applications Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA 87545
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Reorientation of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3-hydroxyhexanoate) crystal in thin film induced by polyethylene glycol. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
31
|
Ahn SK, Carrillo JMY, Keum JK, Chen J, Uhrig D, Lokitz BS, Sumpter BG, Michael Kilbey S. Nanoporous poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin film structures from self-organization of a tunable molecular bottlebrush scaffold. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7071-7080. [PMID: 28422265 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to widely tune the design of macromolecular bottlebrushes provides access to self-assembled nanostructures formed by microphase segregation in melt, thin film and solution that depart from structures adopted by simple linear copolymers. A series of random bottlebrush copolymers containing poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(d,l-lactide) (PLA) side chains grafted on a poly(norbornene) backbone were synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using the grafting through approach. P3HT side chains induce a physical aggregation of the bottlebrush copolymers upon solvent removal by vacuum drying, primarily driven by attractive π-π interactions; however, the amount of aggregation can be controlled by adjusting side chain composition or by adding linear P3HT chains to the bottlebrush copolymers. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations reveal that linear P3HT chains preferentially associate with P3HT side chains of bottlebrush copolymers, which tends to reduce the aggregation. The nanoscale morphology of microphase segregated thin films created by casting P3HT-PLA random bottlebrush copolymers is highly dependent on the composition of P3HT and PLA side chains, while domain spacing of nanostructures is mainly determined by the length of the side chains. The selective removal of PLA side chains under alkaline conditions generates nanoporous P3HT structures that can be tuned by manipulating molecular design of the bottlebrush scaffold, which is affected by molecular weight and grafting density of the side chains, and their sequence. The ability to exploit the unusual architecture of bottlebrushes to fabricate tunable nanoporous P3HT thin film structures may be a useful way to design templates for optoelectronic applications or membranes for separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
He Q, Wang SF, Hu R, Akgun B, Tormey C, Peri S, Wu DT, Foster MD. Evidence and Limits of Universal Topological Surface Segregation of Cyclic Polymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:167801. [PMID: 28474912 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.167801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
If you mix lines and circles, what happens at the edge of the mixture? The problem is simply stated, but the answer is not obvious. Twenty years ago it was proposed that a universal topological driving force would drive cyclic chains to enrich the surface of blends of linear and cyclic chains. Here such behavior is demonstrated experimentally for sufficiently long chains and the limit in molecular weight where packing effects dominate over the topological driving force is identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming He
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, USA
| | - Shih-Fan Wang
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, USA
| | - Renfeng Hu
- Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Departments, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Bulent Akgun
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Caleb Tormey
- Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Departments, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Somesh Peri
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, USA
| | - David T Wu
- Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Departments, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Mark D Foster
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sugimoto S, Oda Y, Hirata T, Matsuyama R, Matsuno H, Tanaka K. Surface segregation of a branched polymer with hydrophilic poly[2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl vinyl ether] side chains. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01984f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A branched polymer with hydrophilic side chains was designed and prepared for anti-biofouling surface construction through its preferential segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Sugimoto
- Department of Automotive Science
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Yukari Oda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Toyoaki Hirata
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Ruriko Matsuyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Hisao Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER)
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Automotive Science
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Majewski PW, Yager KG. Rapid ordering of block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:403002. [PMID: 27537062 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Block-copolymers self-assemble into diverse morphologies, where nanoscale order can be finely tuned via block architecture and processing conditions. However, the ultimate usage of these materials in real-world applications may be hampered by the extremely long thermal annealing times-hours or days-required to achieve good order. Here, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of block-copolymer self-assembly kinetics, and review the techniques that have been demonstrated to influence, and enhance, these ordering kinetics. We discuss the inherent tradeoffs between oven annealing, solvent annealing, microwave annealing, zone annealing, and other directed self-assembly methods; including an assessment of spatial and temporal characteristics. We also review both real-space and reciprocal-space analysis techniques for quantifying order in these systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pesek SL, Xiang Q, Hammouda B, Verduzco R. Small-angle neutron scattering analysis of bottlebrush backbone and side chain flexibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L. Pesek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; 6100 Main Street MS-362 Houston Texas 77005
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment; Rice University; 6100 Main Street MS-362 Houston Texas 77005
| | - Qiqi Xiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; 6100 Main Street MS-362 Houston Texas 77005
| | - Boualem Hammouda
- National Institutes for of Standards and Technology, Center for Neutron Research; 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 6102 Gaithersburg Maryland 20899-6102
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; 6100 Main Street MS-362 Houston Texas 77005
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment; Rice University; 6100 Main Street MS-362 Houston Texas 77005
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering; Rice University; 6100 Main Street MS-325 Houston Texas 77005
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kripotou S, Psylla C, Kyriakos K, Raftopoulos KN, Zhao J, Zhang G, Pispas S, Papadakis CM, Kyritsis A. Structure and Crystallization Behavior of Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) Chains in Core–Shell Brush Copolymers with Poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) Side Chains. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Kripotou
- Physics
Department, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou
9, Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece
| | - Christina Psylla
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Kyriakos
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Konstantinos N. Raftopoulos
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical
and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou Ave., Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Physics
Department, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou
9, Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Teng CY, Sheng YJ, Tsao HK. Boundary-induced segregation in nanoscale thin films of athermal polymer blends. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4603-4610. [PMID: 27108653 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00559d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface segregation of binary athermal polymer blends confined in a nanoscale thin film was investigated by dissipative particle dynamics. The polymer blend included linear/linear, star/linear, bottlebrush/linear, and rod-like/linear polymer systems. The segregation was driven by purely entropic effects and two different mechanisms were found. For the linear/linear and star/linear polymer blends, the smaller sized polymers were preferentially segregated to the boundary because their excluded volumes were smaller than those of the matrix polymers. For the bottlebrush/linear and rod-like/linear polymer blends, the polymers with a larger persistent length were preferentially segregated to the boundary because they favored staying in the depletion zone by alignment with the wall. Our simulation outcome was consistent with experimental results and also agreed with theoretical predictions - that is, a surface excess dictated by the chain ends for the branch/linear system. These consequences are of great importance in controlling the homogeneity and surface properties of polymer blend thin films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Teng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan. and Department of Physics, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Verduzco R, Li X, Pesek SL, Stein GE. Structure, function, self-assembly, and applications of bottlebrush copolymers. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:2405-20. [PMID: 25688538 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bottlebrush polymers are a type of branched or graft polymer with polymeric side-chains attached to a linear backbone, and the unusual architectures of bottlebrushes provide a number of unique and potentially useful properties. These include a high entanglement molecular weight, enabling rapid self-assembly of bottlebrush block copolymers into large domain structures, the self-assembly of bottlebrush block copolymer micelles in a selective solvent even at very low dilutions, and the functionalization of bottlebrush side-chains for recognition, imaging, or drug delivery in aqueous environments. This review article focuses on recent developments in the field of bottlebrush polymers with an emphasis on applications of bottlebrush copolymers. Bottlebrush copolymers contain two (or more) different types of polymeric side-chains. Recent work has explored the diverse properties and functions of bottlebrush polymers and copolymers in solutions, films, and melts, and applications explored include photonic materials, bottlebrush films for lithographic patterning, drug delivery, and tumor detection and imaging. We provide a brief introduction to bottlebrush synthesis and physical properties and then discuss work related to: (i) bottlebrush self-assembly in melts and bulk thin films, (ii) bottlebrushes for photonics and lithography, (iii) bottlebrushes for small molecule encapsulation and delivery in solution, and (iv) bottlebrush micelles and assemblies in solution. We briefly discuss three potential areas for future research, including developing a more quantitative model of bottlebrush self-assembly in the bulk, studying the properties of bottlebrushes at interfaces, and investigating the solution assembly of bottlebrush copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, William Marsh Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang C, Oda Y, Kawaguchi D, Kanaoka S, Aoshima S, Tanaka K. Dynamic-driven Surface Segregation of a Hydrophilic Component in Diblock Copolymer Films. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - Yukari Oda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - Daisuke Kawaguchi
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim S, Yoo M, Baettig J, Kang EH, Koo J, Choe Y, Choi TL, Khan A, Son JG, Bang J. Perpendicularly Oriented Block Copolymer Thin Films Induced by Neutral Star Copolymer Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:133-137. [PMID: 35596386 DOI: 10.1021/mz500761h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
By introducing neutral star copolymers consisting of poly(styrene-r-methyl methacrylate) (PS-r-PMMA) arms, a perpendicular orientation of PS-b-PMMA microdomains in thin films could be achieved without any surface treatment. The star copolymers were synthesized by arm-first method in which short chain arms are cross-linked by employing a multifunctional coupling reagent via atom transfer radical polymerization. To find the optimal neutral composition for the perpendicular orientation, we varied the composition of MMA in PS-r-PMMA arms from 40 mol % to 80 mol %. It was found that the star copolymer having an overall PS and PMMA composition of 59:41 exhibits the well-ordered perpendicular orientation of lamellar structures after thermal annealing. Furthermore, we also prepared the deuterated star copolymers to trace them within PS-b-PMMA films along vertical direction by neutron reflectivity. In this case, it was observed that star copolymers were mainly located at the top surface and bottom interface of the films, thereby effectively neutralizing the surface/interfacial energy differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Misang Yoo
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Julia Baettig
- Department
of Materials, ETH-Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eun-Hye Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaseung Koo
- Neutron
Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, 305-353, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngson Choe
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Kumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Anzar Khan
- Department
of Materials, ETH-Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeong Gon Son
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Joona Bang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee JS, Lee NH, Peri S, Foster MD, Majkrzak CF, Hu R, Wu DT. Surface segregation driven by molecular architecture asymmetry in polymer blends. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:225702. [PMID: 25494077 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.225702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The contributions of chain ends and branch points to surface segregation of long-branched chains in blends with linear chains have been studied using neutron reflectometry and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for a series of novel, well-defined polystyrenes. A linear response theory accounting for the number and type of branch points and chain ends is consistent with surface excesses and composition profile decay lengths, and allows the first determination of branch point potentials. Surface excess is determined primarily by chain ends with branch points playing a secondary role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sik Lee
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Nam-Heui Lee
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Somesh Peri
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Mark D Foster
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Charles F Majkrzak
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Renfeng Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - David T Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| |
Collapse
|