Benzoxazine-Based Thermosets with Autonomous Self-Healing Ability

Main-Chain Benzoxazines Containing an Erythritol Acetal Structure: Thermal and Degradation Properties

In this paper, the bio-based raw material erythritol was used to introduce an acetal structure into the benzoxazine resins. The benzoxazine-based resins containing an erythritol acetal structure could be degraded in an acidic solution and were environmentally friendly thermosetting resins. Compounds and resins were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses, and melting points were studied by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC); the molecular weight was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of polybenzoxazine resins were studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), respectively. The thermal aging, wet-heat resistance, and degradation properties of polybenzoxazine resins were tested. The results showed that the polybenzoxazine resins synthesized in this paper had good thermal-oxidative aging, and wet-heat resistance and could be completely degraded in an acidic solution (55 °C DMF: water: 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution = 5:2:4 (v/v/v)).

Ring Opening Polymerization Used for the Production of VOC Free High-Performance Ecofriendly Novel PBZ/PDA/CeO2 Nanocomposites

This study analyzed the fabrication and characterization of polybenzoxazine/polydopamine/ceria as tertiary nanocomposites. To this end, a new benzoxazine monomer (MBZ) was fabricated based on the well-known Mannich reaction of naphthalene-1-amine, 2-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol and formaldehyde under ultrasonic-assisted process. Polydopamine (PDA) was used as dispersing polymer nanoparticles and surface modifier for CeO2 by in-situ polymerization of dopamine with the assistance of ultrasonic waves. Then, nanocomposites (NC)s were manufactured by in-situ route under thermal conditions. The FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectra confirmed the preparation of the designed MBZ monomer. The FE-SEM and TEM results showed the morphological aspects of prepared NCs and illustrated the distribution of CeO2 NPs in the polymer matrix. The XRD patterns of NCs showed the presence of crystalline phases of nanoscale CeO2 in an amorphous matrix. The TGA results reveal that the prepared NCs are classified as thermally stable materials.

Synthesis of Bio-Based Polybenzoxazine and Its Antibiofilm and Anticorrosive Activities

Candida albicans are highly widespread pathogenic fungi in humans. Moreover, its developed biofilm causes serious clinical problems, leading to drug failure caused by its inherent drug tolerance. Hence, the inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence characteristics provide other means of addressing infections. Polymer composites (PCs) derived from natural products have attracted increasing interest in the scientific community, including antimicrobial applications. PCs are a good alternative approach to solving this challenge because of their excellent penetration power inside biofilms. The main objectives of this study were to synthesize a novel curcumin-based polybenzoxazine polymer composite (poly(Cu-A) PC) using Mannich condensation reaction and evaluate their potency as an antibiofilm and anticorrosive candidate against C. albicans. In addition, their anticorrosive efficacy was also explored. PC exhibited significant antibiofilm efficacy versus C. albicans DAY185 by the morphologic changing of yeast to hyphae, and>90% anticorrosive efficacy was observed at a higher dose of PC. These prepared PC were safe in vivo against Caenorhabditis elegans and Raphanus raphanistrum. The study shows that a polybenzoxazine polymer composite has the potential for controlling biofilm-associated fungal infections and virulence by C. albicans, and opens a new avenue for designing PCs as antifungal, anticorrosive agents for biofilm-associated fungal infections and industrial remediation.

Supercapacitor and high k properties of CNT-PbS reinforced quinoxaline amine based polybenzoxazine composites

The new 2,3-diphenylquinoxalin-6-amine (dpqa) was designed and synthesized through an efficient and high yield condensation process. Data from FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy have been adopted to ascertain the molecular structure of benzoxazine compounds. Furthermore, the quinoxaline amine based benzoxazine (BA-dpqa) was synthesized using bisphenol-A and paraformaldehyde followed by combining different weight percentages (1, 5 and 10 wt%) of (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane functionalized CNT-PbS with benzoxazine to obtain nanocomposites. The thermal and morphological properties of the quinoxaline amine based neat polybenzoxazine matrix poly(BA-dpqa) and CNT-PbS/poly(BA-dpqa) composites were analysed by XRD, TGA and SEM analysis. The values of the degradation temperature (T_d) obtained for neat poly(BA-dpqa) and 10 wt% CNT-PbS/poly(BA-dpqa) composites are 414 °C and 424 °C. Furthermore, the chair yield percentage was calculated as 33% and 35% respectively. The water contact angle of polybenzoxazine gradually increased from 89° to 127° proportional to the content of CNT-PbS. Among the composites, 10 wt% CNT-PbS reinforced poly(BA-dpqa) nanocomposites possess higher dielectric constant (k = 11.0) than other composites. The pseudocapacitor nature of the prepared electrodes is demonstrated by the good electrochemical performance according to the CV curve. Also, the prepared 10 wt% CNT-PbS/poly(BA-dpqa) (637 F g^-1 at 5 A g^-1 and 11.8 Ω) electrode shows better capacitance and lower charge transfer resistance values than 5 wt% CNT-PbS/poly(BA-dpqa) (613 F g^-1 at 5 A g^-1 and 13.2 Ω) and neat poly(BA-dpqa) (105 F g^-1 at 5 A g^-1 and 15.6 Ω) according to the charge/discharge curves and EIS spectra. 10 wt% CNT-PbS/poly(BA-dpqa) shows 99.2% cycling efficiency even at the 2000th cycle, which indicates the good electrochemical performance of the prepared electrode.

Spiro-Twisted Benzoxazine Derivatives Bearing Nitrile Group for All-Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes in Lithium Batteries

In this study, two nitrile-functionalized spiro-twisted benzoxazine monomers, namely 2,2′-((6,6,6′,6′-tetramethyl-6,6′,7,7′-tetrahydro-2H,2′H-8,8′-spirobi[indeno[5,6-e][1,3]oxazin]-3,3′(4H,4′H)-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))diacetonitrile (TSBZBC) and 4,4′-(6,6,6′,6′-tetramethyl-6,6′,7,7′-tetrahydro-2H,2′H-8,8′-spirobi[indeno[5,6-e][1,3]oxazin]-3,3′(4H,4′H)-diyl)dibenzonitrile (TSBZBN) were successfully developed as cross-linkable precursors. In addition, the incorporation of the nitrile group by covalent bonding onto the crosslinked spiro-twisted molecular chains improve the miscibility of SPE membranes with lithium salts while maintaining good mechanical properties. Owing to the presence of a high fractional free volume of spiro-twisted matrix, the –CN groups would have more space for rotation and vibration to assist lithium migration, especially for the benzyl cyanide-containing SPE. When combined with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolytes, a new type of CN-containing semi-interpenetrating polymer networks for solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were prepared. The PEO-TSBZBC and PEO-TSBZBN composite SPEs (with 20 wt% crosslinked structure in the polymer) are denoted as the BC20 and BN20, respectively. The BC20 sample exhibited an ionic conductivity (σ) of 3.23 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 80 °C and a Li⁺ ion transference number of 0.187. The LiFePO₄ (LFP)|BC20|Li sample exhibited a satisfactory charge–discharge capacity of 163.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C (with approximately 100% coulombic efficiency). Furthermore, the Li|BC20|Li cell was more stable during the Li plating/stripping process than the Li|BN20|Li and Li|PEO|Li samples. The Li|BC20|Li symmetric cell could be cycled continuously for more than 2700 h without short-circuiting. In addition, the specific capacity of the LFP|BC20|Li cell retained 87% of the original value after 50 cycles.

Vitrimers trigger covalent bonded bio-silica fused composite materials for recycling, reshaping, and self-healing applications

Bio-based benzoxazines used eugenol and incorporated bio-silica (BS) and trimethylolpropane-tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (SH) for self-healing, recycling, and reshaping applications.

Self-Polymerization Promoting Monomers: In Situ Transformation of Disulfide-Linked Benzoxazines into the Thiazolidine Structure

Polybenzoxazines obtained especially from green synthons are facing challenges of the requirement of high ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature of the monomer, thus affecting their exploration at the industrial front. This demands effective structural changes in the monomer itself, to mediate catalyst-free polymerization at a low energy via one-step synthesis protocol. In this regard, monomers based on disulfide-linked bisbenzoxazine were successfully synthesized using cystamine (biobased) and cardanol (agro-waste)/phenol. Reduction of the disulfide bridge in the monomer using dithiothreitol under mild conditions in situ transformed the oxazine ring in the monomer, via neighboring group participation of the -SH group in a transient intermediate monomer, into a thiazolidine structure, which is otherwise difficult to synthesize. Structural transformation of ring-opening followed by the ring-closing intramolecular reaction led to an interconversion of O-CH₂-N containing a six-membered oxazine ring to S-CH₂-N containing a five-membered thiazolidine ring and a phenolic-OH. The structure of the monomer with the oxazine ring and its congener with the thiazolidine ring was characterized by spectroscopic methods and X-ray analysis. Kinetics of structural transformation at a molecular level is studied in detail, and it was found that the reaction proceeded via a transient 2-aminoethanethiol-linked benzoxazine intermediate, as supported by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and density functional theory studies. The thiazolidine-ring-containing monomer promotes ROP at a substantially low temperature than the reported mono-/bisoxazine monomers due to the dual mode of facilitation of the ROP reaction, both by phenolic-OH and by ring strain. Surprisingly, both the monomer structures led to the formation of a similar polymer structure, as supported by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared study. The current work highlights the benefits of inherent functionalities in naturally sourced feedstocks as biosynthons for the new latest generation of benzoxazine monomers.

Building biobased, degradable, flexible polymer networks from vanillin via thiol–ene “click” photopolymerization

A new biobased allyl ether monomer with acetal groups is synthesized from renewable vanillin for building flexible transparent thiol–ene networks with good degradability under mild acidic conditions.

Heat-resistant and robust biobased benzoxazine resins developed with a green synthesis strategy

Two high-performance biobased benzoxazine resins from mono-phenols are developed with a green synthesis strategy.

Polybenzoxazines: a sustainable platform for the design of fast responsive and catalyst-free vitrimers based on trans-esterification exchanges

This work explores a new strategy, aiming for the synthesis of catalyst-free vitrimers by taking advantage of the abundant number of tertiary amines covalently bound into a polybenzoxazine network.

Synthesis of thioamide containing polybenzoxazines by the Willgerodt–Kindler reaction

Benzoxazines with thioamide linkages were successfully prepared by the Willgerodt–Kindler route.

Elucidating the role of acetylene in ortho-phthalimide functional benzoxazines: design, synthesis, and structure–property investigations

Novel ortho-phthalimide-benzoxazines containing acetylene have been designed and their corresponding thermosets exhibit excellent thermal stability although the expected benzoxazole cyclization at a much higher temperature did not take place.

Eco-Friendly Sustainable Poly(benzoxazine-co-urethane) with Room-Temperature-Assisted Self-Healing Based on Supramolecular Interactions

This work is an attempt to develop bio-based eco-friendly poly(benzoxazine-co-urethane) [poly(U-co-CDL-aee)] materials using cardanol-based benzoxazines (CDL) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) to check their self-healing ability and thermal properties. CDL monomers were synthesized using cardanol, amino ethoxyethanol (aee) or 3-aminopropanol (3-ap), and paraformaldehyde through the Mannich reaction. Later, CDL-aee or CDL-3-ap monomers were copolymerized with a urethane precursor (HMDI), followed by ring-opening polymerization through thermal curing. The thermal properties of poly(U-co-CDL) were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The self-healing behavior of the bio-based poly(U-co-CDL) was checked by applying a mild external pressure. The results revealed that the developed poly(U-co-CDL) showed repeatable self-healing ability due to supramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. Further, the self-healing ability of poly(U-co-CDL) was studied using density functional theory (DFT). From the above results, the developed material with superior self-healing ability can be used in the form of self-healing coatings and composites for various applications with extended shelf-life and reliability.

A cardanol-based polybenzoxazine vitrimer: recycling, reshaping and reversible adhesion

This paper reports the development of the first vitrimer based on polybenzoxazines containing disulfide bonds and cardanol.

Amino-Functionalized Lead Phthalocyanine-Modified Benzoxazine Resin: Curing Kinetics, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties

Phenol-diaminodiphenylmethane-based benzoxazine (P-ddm)/phthalocyanine copolymer was prepared by using P-ddm resin as matrix and 3,10,17,24-tetra-aminoethoxy lead phthalocyanine (APbPc) as additive. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the curing behavior, curing kinetics, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal stability, and impact strength of the prepared copolymers. The kinetic parameters for the P-ddm/APbPc blend curing processes were examined by utilizing the iso-conversional, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, and Málek methods. The P-ddm/APbPc blends exhibit two typical curing processes, and DSC results confirmed that the blending of APbPc monomer can effectively reduce the curing temperature of P-ddm resin. The autocatalytic models also described the non-isothermal curing reaction rate well, and the appropriate kinetic parameters of the curing process were obtained. The DMA and impact strength experiments proved that the blending of APbPc monomer can significantly improve the toughness and stiffness of P-ddm resin, the highest enhancements were observed on 25 wt.% addition of APbPc, the recorded values for the storage modulus and impact strength were 1003 MPa and 3.60 kJ/m² higher, respectively, while a decline of 24.6 °C was observed in the glass transition temperature values. TGA curves indicated that the cured copolymers also exhibit excellent thermal stabilities.

Unexpected Healability of an ortho-Blocked Polybenzoxazine Resin

Ring-opening polymerization of bifunctional benzoxazine has long been thought to produce a permanent network structure without reprocessing ability. Here, we demonstrate that surprising healability can be achieved by a controlled polymerization of an ortho-blocked bifunctional benzoxazine poly(oC-hda). The cured resin possesses a cross-linked structure, but can be deformed, remolded from crushed pieces or healed from mechanical damage. Based on a series of intensive experiments, we show that the healability can be explained by a dynamic bonding exchange mechanism between the phenoxy structures existing during the curing process. Moreover, we verify the possibility to heal the fatigue damaged poly(oC-hda) based composite to extend its service life. Our study provides another dynamic covalent bond to synthesize healable polymers, offering a broad platform for combining healability and desired thermosetting features together.

Facile Fabrication of Self-Healable and Antibacterial Soy Protein-Based Films with High Mechanical Strength

Soy protein isolate (SPI), a ubiquitous and readily available biopolymer, has drawn increasing attention because of its sustainability, abundance, and low price. However, the poor mechanical properties, tedious performance adjustments, irreversible damage, and weak microorganism resistance have limited its applications. In this study, a facile but delicate strategy is proposed to fabricate an excellently self-healable and remarkably antibacterial SPI-based material with high mechanical strength by integrating polyethyleneimine (PEI) and metal ions (Cu(II) or Zn(II)). The tensile strengths of the SPI/PEI-Cu-0.750 and SPI/PEI-Zn-0.750 films reach up to 10.46 ± 0.50 and 9.06 ± 0.62 MPa, which is 367.06 and 306.28% strength increase compared to that of neat SPI film, respectively. Due to abundant non-covalent bonds and low glass transition temperature of the network, both SPI/PEI-Cu and SPI/PEI-Zn films exhibit a satisfactory self-healing behavior even at room temperature. Furthermore, SPI/PEI-Cu and SPI/PEI-Zn films demonstrate high bacterial resistance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This facile strategy of establishing dynamic networks in a biomaterial with numerous excellent properties will enormously expand the scope of its applications, especially in the field of recyclable and durable materials.

Coumarines as masked phenols for amide functional benzoxazines

Benzoxazines with amide linkages were successfully prepared from 3,4-dihydrocoumarine using either one-pot or stepwise pathways.

Combining polybenzoxazines and polybutadienes via simultaneous inverse and direct vulcanization for flexible and recyclable thermosets by polysulfide dynamic bonding

Simultaneous inverse and direct vulcanization of a benzoxazine and a polybutadiene gave recyclable films through dynamic S–S bonding.

Design and functionalization of bioactive benzoxazines. An unexpected ortho-substitution effect

A family of o, p- and N-functionalized dihydro-2H-benzo-1,3-oxazines was synthesized and characterized.

High sulfur content polymers: The effect of crosslinker structure on inverse vulcanization

The discovery of inverse vulcanization has allowed polymers to be made using elemental sulfur as the major component. However, until now, there has been little discussion of why seemingly similar crosslinkers result in polymers with radically different properties. Combining synthesis, spectroscopy, and modeling, this study reveals the structure-property relationships of sulfur polymers and reports a new system using 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene as a crosslinker that can stabilize up to 90 wt % of elemental sulfur.

Thermally assisted self-healing behavior of anhydride modified polybenzoxazines based on transesterification

A self-healing polybenzoxazine is synthesized solely based on dynamic ester bonds. For this purpose, an anhydride (succinic anhydride) was added into bisphenol F derived benzoxazine monomer before thermocuring. Owing to the transesterification of newly formed ester bonds, the thermoset network behaves as a thermoplastic at 140 °C in the presence of Zn (Ac)2, and shows self-healing properties even after multiple damage-healing cycles. Furthermore, kinetics study indicates that the transesterification is a first-order reaction and the activation energy is about 135.4 kJ/mol. This study proposes a facile and economical way to prepare self-healing polybenzoxazine. It has promising applications in coating, adhesive, and other smart materials that rely on structurally dynamic polymers.

Toughening effect and mechanism of polyamide 12 and modified montmorillonite in polybenzoxazine resin

The mechanical properties of polybenzoxazine (PBa) resins were improved by adding polyamide 12 (PA12) and modified montmorillonite (OMMT) as additives. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of PBa and resulting PBa composites were investigated using an Instron universal material testing instrument and dynamic mechanical analysis. The morphologies of the fracture surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results of morphological studies showed that PBa/PA12/OMMT composites exhibit significantly improved mechanical properties and thermal stability compared with that of the pristine PBa. When the OMMT content increased to 1 wt%, the fracture toughness (1.36 MPa·m1/2) and the fracture energy (G IC, 315.76 J·m−2) of PBa/PA12/OMMT-1 composites increased by 67.9% and 181.4%, respectively, compared with those of the pristine PBa. The thermal stability properties demonstrated that the storage modulus and glass transition temperature (T g) of PBa/PA12/OMMT composites gradually increased with the addition of OMMT particles. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that PBa/PA12/OMMT composites possess a toughening mechanism of crack deflection, with a large bulk of voids and debonding induced by PA12 and OMMT clay particles. Moreover, the OMMT might provide microvoid nucleating sites at its surface to release constrains for shear yielding.

Low-Dissipation Thermosets Derived from Oligo(2,6-Dimethyl Phenylene Oxide)-Containing Benzoxazines

Poly(2,6-dimethyl phenyl oxide) (PPO) is known for its low dissipation factor. To achieve insulating materials with low dissipation factors for high-frequency communication applications, a telechelic oligomer-type benzoxazine (P-APPO) and a main-chain type benzoxazine polymer (BPA-APPO) were prepared from an amine end-capped oligo (2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide) (APPO). The APPO was prepared from a nucleophilic substitution of a phenol-end capped oligo (2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide) (a commercial product, SA 90) with fluoronitrobenzene, and followed by catalytic hydrogenation. After self-curing or curing with a dicyclopentadiene-phenol epoxy (HP 7200), thermosets with high-Tg and low-dissipation factor can be achieved. Furthermore, the resulting epoxy thermosets show better thermal and dielectric properties than those of epoxy thermoset cured from its precursor SA90, demonstrating it is a successful modification in simultaneously enhancing the thermal and dielectric properties.

Two-photon fluorescent polysiloxane-based films with thermally responsive self switching properties achieved by a unique reversible spirocyclization mechanism

The first example of a two-photon fluorescent polysiloxane-based film with fantastic thermal-responsive properties was reported. A unique alkaline tuned reversible spirocyclization mechanism was proposed.

Responsiveness and reversibility are present in nature, and are ubiquitous in biological systems. The realization of reversibility and responsiveness is of great importance in the development of properties and the design of new materials. However, two-photon fluorescent thermal-responsive materials have not been reported to date. Herein, we engineered thermally responsive polysiloxane materials (Dns-non) that exhibited unique two-photon luminescence, and this is the first report about thermally responsive luminescent materials with two-photon fluorescence. The fluorescence of Dns-non could switch from the “on” to “off” state through a facile heating and cooling process, which could be observed by the naked eye. Monitoring the temperature of the CPU in situ was achieved by easily coating D1-non onto the CPU surface, which verified the potential application in devices of Dns-non. A unique alkaline tuned reversible transition mechanism of rhodamine-B from its spirocyclic to its ring-open state was proposed. Furthermore, Dns-non appeared to be a useful cell adhesive for the culture of cells on the surface. We believe that the constructed thermally responsive silicon films which have promising utilization as a new type of functional fluorescent material, may show broad applications in materials chemistry or bioscience.

Polysiloxane-based two-photon fluorescent elastomers with superior mechanical and self-healing properties and their application in bioimaging

The first report of the synthesis of novel self-healing elastomers possessing a dynamic dual cross-linked network and exhibiting a unique two-photon fluorescence, which show potential for application in bioimaging.

Main-chain benzoxazine precursor block copolymers

A novel strategy for one-pot preparation of block copolymers of benzoxazine precursors with polyetheramines is described.