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Zheng H, Shi Y, Bi L, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Shao C, Cui D, Cheng X, Tang R, Pan H, Wu Z, Fu B. Dual Functions of MDP Monomer with De- and Remineralizing Ability. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1172-1180. [PMID: 35450492 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221088214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) has been speculated to induce mineralization, but there has been no convincing evidence of its ability to induce intrafibrillar mineralization. Polymers play a critical role in biomimetic mineralization as stabilizers/inducers of amorphous precursors. Hence, MDP-induced biomimetic mineralization without polymer additives has not been fully verified or elucidated. By combining 3-dimensional stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, surface zeta potentials, contact angle measurements, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with circular dichroism, we show that amphiphilic MDP can not only demineralize dentin by releasing protons as an acidic functional monomer but also infiltrate collagen fibrils (including dentin collagen), unwind the triple helical structure by breaking hydrogen bonds, and finally immobilize within collagen. MDP-bound collagen functions as a huge collagenous phosphoprotein (HCPP), in contrast to chemical phosphorylation modifications. HCPP can induce biomimetic mineralization itself without polymer additives by alternatively attracting calcium and phosphate through electrostatic attraction. Therefore, we herein propose the dual functions of amphiphilic MDP monomer with de- and remineralizing ability. MDP in the free state can demineralize dentin substrates by releasing protons, whereas MDP in the collagen-bound state as HCPP can induce intrafibrillar mineralization. The dual functions of MDP monomer with de- and remineralization properties might create a new epoch in adhesive dentistry and preventive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zheng
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Dental Biomaterials and Devices for Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Y Shi
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Dental Biomaterials and Devices for Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - L Bi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Dental Biomaterials and Devices for Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Z Zhou
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Dental Biomaterials and Devices for Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - C Shao
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D Cui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - X Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - R Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - H Pan
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Z Wu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Dental Biomaterials and Devices for Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - B Fu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Dental Biomaterials and Devices for Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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González-González DC, Rodríguez-Félix DE, García-Sifuentes CO, Castillo-Ortega MM, Encinas-Encinas JC, Santacruz Ortega HDC, Romero-García J. Collagen scaffold derived from tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) skin: Obtention, structural and physico-chemical properties. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2022.2048332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Romero-García
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Saltillo, México
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Hung CW, Mazumder N, Lin DJ, Chen WL, Lin ST, Chan MC, Zhuo GY. Label-Free Characterization of Collagen Crosslinking in Bone-Engineered Materials Using Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-11. [PMID: 33829983 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineered biomaterials provide unique functions to overcome the bottlenecks seen in biomedicine. Hence, a technique for rapid and routine tests of collagen is required, in which the test items commonly include molecular weight, crosslinking degree, purity, and sterilization induced structural change. Among them, the crosslinking degree mainly influences collagen properties. In this study, second harmonic generation (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy are used in combination to explore the collagen structure at molecular and macromolecular scales. These measured parameters are applied for the classification and quantification among the different collagen scaffolds, which were verified by other conventional methods. It is demonstrated that the crosslinking status can be analyzed from SHG images and presented as the coherency of collagen organization that is correlated with the mechanical properties. Also, the comparative analyses of SHG signal and relative CARS signal of amide III band at 1,240 cm−1 to δCH2 band at 1,450 cm−1 of these samples provide information regarding the variation of the molecular structure during a crosslinking process, thus serving as nonlinear optical signatures to indicate a successful crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Hung
- PhD Program for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung40402, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka576104, India
| | - Dan-Jae Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung40402, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Shih-Ting Lin
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung40447, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ming-Che Chan
- Institute of Photonic System, College of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University, Tainan71150, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei City112, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Guan-Yu Zhuo
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung40447, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung40402, Taiwan R.O.C
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Chen X, Meng J, Xu H, Shinoda M, Kishimoto M, Sakurai S, Yamane H. Fabrication and Properties of Electrospun Collagen Tubular Scaffold Crosslinked by Physical and Chemical Treatments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:755. [PMID: 33670963 PMCID: PMC7957483 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineered scaffold was regarded as a promising approach instead of the autograft. In this study, small diameter electrospun collagen tubular scaffold with random continuous smooth nanofibers was successfully fabricated. However, the dissolution of collagen in concentrated aqueous (conc. aq.) acetic acid caused to the serious denaturation of collagen. A novel method ammonia treatment here was adopted which recovered the collagen triple helix structure according to the analysis of IR spectra. Further dehydrothermal (DHT) and glutaraldehyde (GTA) treatments were applied to introduce the crosslinks to improve the properties of collagen tube. The nanofibrous structure of collagen tube in a wet state was preserved by the crosslinking treatments. Swelling ratio and weight loss decreased by at least two times compared to those of the untreated collagen tube. Moreover, tensile strength was significantly enhanced by DHT treatment (about 0.0076 cN/dTex) and by GTA treatment (about 0.075 cN/dTex). In addition, the surface of crosslinked collagen tube kept the hydrophilic property. These results suggest that DHT and GTA treatments can be utilized to improve the properties of electrospun collagen tube which could become a suitable candidate for tissue engineered scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chen
- Deptartment of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (J.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Jie Meng
- Deptartment of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (J.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Huaizhong Xu
- Deptartment of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (J.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Masaya Shinoda
- Nitta Gelatin Inc., Osaka 581-0024, Japan; (M.S.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Shinichi Sakurai
- Deptartment of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (J.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hideki Yamane
- Deptartment of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (J.M.); (S.S.)
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Abdel-Mohsen A, Abdel-Rahman R, Kubena I, Kobera L, Spotz Z, Zboncak M, Prikryl R, Brus J, Jancar J. Chitosan-glucan complex hollow fibers reinforced collagen wound dressing embedded with aloe vera. Part I: Preparation and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Leme-Kraus AA, Phansalkar RS, Dos Reis MC, Aydin B, Sousa ABS, Alania Y, McAlpine J, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Bedran-Russo AK. Dimeric Proanthocyanidins on the Stability of Dentin and Adhesive Biointerfaces. J Dent Res 2019; 99:175-181. [PMID: 31826696 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519892959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A dentin biomodification strategy with selective proanthocyanidin (PAC)-enriched extracts reinforces dentin and dentin-resin interfaces. Enrichment of the extracts according to the degree of polymerization allows exploration of bioactive principles of PACs and structure-activity relationships. This study investigated the sustained dentin matrix biomodification and dentin-resin bioadhesion of 2 fractions consisting exclusively of B-type PAC dimers with or without a single galloyl motif (specifically, DIMERG and DIMERNG) and their precursor material, enriched grape seed extract (e-GSE; Vitis vinifera). The biomodification potential was determined by long-term evaluation of the apparent modulus of elasticity and collagen solubility (hydroxyproline release). Chemical characterization of the dentin matrix was performed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The bioadhesive properties were assessed by a microtensile bond strength test at different time points, and macro-hybrid layers were produced to verify the degree of conversion of the adhesive resin. Fractions consisting of DIMERG, DIMERNG, and their precursor, e-GSE, increased the modulus of elasticity at all time points and reduced collagen degradation. Specimens treated with DIMERNG remained stable throughout 12 mo of storage, whereas a significant drop in the modulus of elasticity was observed for the DIMERG and e-GSE groups at 6 mo. The fractions and precursor did not affect the degree of resin conversion at the hybrid layer. Changes in infrared resonances corresponding to collagen cross-links in the dentin matrix occurred for all treatments. Higher bond strength was observed for dentin treated with e-GSE as compared with DIMERG and DIMERNG; all biointerfaces remained stable after 12 mo. Nongalloylated PACs mediate stable dentin biomodification, which includes protective activity against collagen degradation and reinforcement of the anchoring dentin matrix. Collectively, PACs with a higher degree of oligomerization offer a robust bioadhesion between the hydrophilic dentin matrix and the hydrophobic adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Leme-Kraus
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R S Phansalkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M C Dos Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Aydin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A B S Sousa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y Alania
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S N Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A K Bedran-Russo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Chen J, Cai Z, Wei Q, Wang D, Wu J, Tan Y, Lu J, Ai H. Proanthocyanidin-crosslinked collagen/konjac glucomannan hydrogel with improved mechanical properties and MRI trackable biodegradation for potential tissue engineering scaffolds. J Mater Chem B 2019; 8:316-331. [PMID: 31819938 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02053e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Collagen (Col) has been intensively exploited as a biomaterial for its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradation and bioactivity. However, the poor mechanical properties and rapid biodegradation of reconstituted collagen hydrogels have always been the bottlenecks for their further development especially for vascular tissue engineering. Herein, based on the self-assembly characteristics of collagen, a ternary hydrogel scaffold, comprising rigid collagen molecules, flexible konjac glucomannan (KGM) chains and biocompatible crosslinkers of proanthocyanidin (PA), has been designed to achieve a synergistic interaction for essentially optimizing the mechanical properties of the so-obtained Col/KGM/PA hydrogel, which possesses not only substantially improved strength but also good elasticity. PA endows these scaffolds with controllable biodegradation and anti-calcification and antioxidant activities. TEM discovered the co-existence of two types of fibrils with distinctly different arrangement patterns, explaining the contribution of KGM macromolecules to elasticity generation. The in vivo variations of Col/KGM/PA implants are visualized in real-time by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, a quantitative technique of MRI T2-mapping combined with histology is designed to visualize the in vivo biodegradation mechanism of layer-by-layer erosion for these hydrogels. Simultaneously, three different relationships between the respective processes of in vivo degradation and in vivo dehydration of these controlled hydrogel implants were clearly revealed by this technique. Such a designed Col/KGM/PA composite hydrogel realizes the essential integration of good biocompatibility, controllable biodegradation and improved mechanical properties for developing a desired scaffold material for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Zhongyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Qingrong Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of medical imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Yanfei Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Jian Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Hua Ai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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8
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Chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells on the [devitalized costal cartilage matrix/poly(vinyl alcohol)/fibrin] hybrid scaffolds. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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de Campos Vidal B, Mello MLS. Variable collagen-DNA complex formation in vitro as assessed by optical anisotropy and infrared microspectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:510-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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The structure and properties of natural sheep casing and artificial films prepared from natural collagen with various crosslinking treatments. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:959-968. [PMID: 31136752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The structure and properties of natural sheep casing and collagen films with various crosslinking treatments have been investigated in detail to develop satisfied artificial casings prepared from collagen. The sheep casing consists of large number of thick collagen fibers oriented at ±45° from longitudinal direction with high-density interwoven network structure. The structural feature of sheep casing gave the special mouthfeel of 'cracking bite' of sausages. Whereas, layered structure filled with fine collagen fibrils and large gaps in collagen film results in poor mechanical properties and higher swelling ratio in water. Furthermore, a degree of denaturation of collagen during extraction process also lead to poor mechanical properties. After glutaraldehyde (GTA) and dehydrothermal (DHT) treatments, the formation of crosslinking improved mechanical properties of collagen films significantly and the tensile strength and tensile modulus increased more than three times compared with those of untreated collagen film in wet before and after boiling. The swelling ratio of treated collagen films also decreased dramatically. No obvious effects on denaturation of collagen film after GTA treatment, but the degree of denaturation of DHT treated collagen film increased slightly.
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11
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Oliveira PN, Montembault A, Sudre G, Alcouffe P, Marcon L, Gehan H, Lux F, Albespy K, Centis V, Campos D, Roques S, Meulle M, Renard M, Durand M, Denost Q, Bordenave L, Vandamme M, Chereul E, Vandesteene M, Boucard N, David L. Self-crosslinked fibrous collagen/chitosan blends: Processing, properties evaluation and monitoring of degradation by bi-fluorescence imaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:353-367. [PMID: 30817967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porous collagen/chitosan scaffolds with different Collagen:Chitosan (Coll:Ch) ratios were prepared by freeze-drying followed by self-crosslinking via dehydrothermal treatment (DHT) and characterized as biomaterials for tissue engineering. Cy7 and Cy5.5 fluorochromes were covalently grafted to collagen and chitosan, respectively. Thus, it was possible, using optical fluorescence imaging of the two fluorochromes, to simultaneously track their in vivo biodegradation, in a blend scaffold form. The fluorescence signal evolution, due to the bioresorption, corroborated with histological analysis. In vitro cytocompatibility of Coll:Ch blend scaffolds were evaluated with standardized tests. In addition, the scaffolds showed a highly interconnected porous structure. Extent of crosslinking was analyzed by convergent analysis using thermogravimetry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and PBS uptake. The variations observed with these techniques indicate strong interactions between collagen and chitosan (covalent and hydrogen bonds) promoted by the DHT. The mechanical properties were characterized to elucidate the impact of the different processing steps in the sample preparation (DHT, neutralization and sterilization by β-irradiation) and showed a robust processing scheme with low impact of Coll:Ch composition ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Oliveira
- IMP, CNRS UMR 5223, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 15 bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - A Montembault
- IMP, CNRS UMR 5223, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 15 bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - G Sudre
- IMP, CNRS UMR 5223, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 15 bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - P Alcouffe
- IMP, CNRS UMR 5223, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 15 bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - L Marcon
- ILM, CNRS UMR 5306, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 43 bd du 11 Nov 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - H Gehan
- ILM, CNRS UMR 5306, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 43 bd du 11 Nov 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - F Lux
- ILM, CNRS UMR 5306, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 43 bd du 11 Nov 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - K Albespy
- Biom'up, 8, allée Irène Joliot Curie, 69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - V Centis
- Biom'up, 8, allée Irène Joliot Curie, 69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - D Campos
- Biom'up, 8, allée Irène Joliot Curie, 69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - S Roques
- CIC1401, CHU Bordeaux, Inserm, Univ Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - M Meulle
- CIC1401, CHU Bordeaux, Inserm, Univ Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - M Renard
- CIC1401, CHU Bordeaux, Inserm, Univ Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - M Durand
- CIC1401, CHU Bordeaux, Inserm, Univ Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France; BIOTIS Inserm U1026, Univ Bordeaux, Bioingénierie tissulaire, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Q Denost
- CIC1401, CHU Bordeaux, Inserm, Univ Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France; BIOTIS Inserm U1026, Univ Bordeaux, Bioingénierie tissulaire, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - L Bordenave
- CIC1401, CHU Bordeaux, Inserm, Univ Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France; BIOTIS Inserm U1026, Univ Bordeaux, Bioingénierie tissulaire, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | | | - E Chereul
- Voxcan, Marcy l'Etoile 69280, France
| | | | - N Boucard
- MDB Texinov, Saint-Didier-de-la Tour 38110, France
| | - L David
- IMP, CNRS UMR 5223, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, 15 bd Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Liu W, Zhang Y, Cui N, Wang T. Extraction and characterization of pepsin-solubilized collagen from snakehead (Channa argus) skin: Effects of hydrogen peroxide pretreatments and pepsin hydrolysis strategies. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Yang J, Luo X, Yan T, Lin X. Recovery of cesium from saline lake brine with potassium cobalt hexacyanoferrate-modified chrome-tanned leather scrap adsorbent. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Gopinath A, Shanmugam G, Madhan B, Rao JR. Differential behavior of native and denatured collagen in the presence of alcoholic solvents: A gateway to instant structural analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:1156-1165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Flanagan CD, Unal M, Akkus O, Rimnac CM. Raman spectral markers of collagen denaturation and hydration in human cortical bone tissue are affected by radiation sterilization and high cycle fatigue damage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:314-321. [PMID: 28772165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal denaturation and monotonic mechanical damage alter the organic and water-related compartments of cortical bone. These changes can be detected using Raman spectroscopy. However, less is known regarding Raman sensitivity to detect the effects of cyclic fatigue damage and allograft sterilization doses of gamma radiation. OBJECTIVE To determine if Raman spectroscopic biomarkers of collagen denaturation and hydration are sensitive to the effects of (a) high cycle fatigue damage and (b) 25kGy irradiation. METHODS Unirradiated and gamma-radiation sterilized human cortical bone specimens previously tested in vitro under high-cycle (> 100,000 cycles) fatigue conditions at 15MPa, 25MPa, 35MPa, 45MPa, and 55MPa cyclic stress levels were studied. Cortical bone Raman spectral profiles from wavenumber ranges of 800-1750cm-1 and 2700-3800cm-1 were obtained and compared from: a) non-fatigue vs fatigue fracture sites and b) radiated vs. unirradiated states. Raman biomarker ratios 1670/1640 and 3220/2949, which reflect collagen denaturation and organic matrix (mainly collagen)-bound water, respectively, were assessed. One- and two-way ANOVA analyses were utilized to identify differences between groups along with interaction effects between cyclic fatigue and radiation-induced damage. RESULTS Cyclic fatigue damage resulted in increases in collagen denaturation (1670/1640: 1.517 ± 0.043 vs 1.579 ± 0.021, p < 0.001) and organic matrix-bound water (3220/2949: 0.109 ± 0.012 vs 0.131 ± 0.008, p < 0.001). Organic matrix-bound water increased secondary to 25kGy irradiation (3220/2949: 0.105 ± 0.010 vs 0.1161 ± 0.009, p = 0.003). Organic matrix-bound water was correlated positively with collagen denaturation (r = 0.514, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Raman spectroscopy can detect the effects of cyclic fatigue damage and 25kGy irradiation via increases in organic matrix (mainly collagen)-bound water. A Raman measure of collagen denaturation was sensitive to cyclic fatigue damage but not 25kGy irradiation. Collagen denaturation was correlated with organic matrix-bound water, suggesting that denaturation of collagen to gelatinous form may expose more binding sites to water by unwinding the triple alpha chains. This research may eventually be useful to help identify allograft quality and more appropriately match donors to recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Flanagan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Mustafa Unal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Clare M Rimnac
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Unal M, Jung H, Akkus O. Novel Raman Spectroscopic Biomarkers Indicate That Postyield Damage Denatures Bone's Collagen. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1015-25. [PMID: 26678707 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has become a powerful tool in the assessment of bone quality. However, the use of Raman spectroscopy to assess collagen quality in bone is less established than mineral quality. Because postyield mechanical properties of bone are mostly determined by collagen rather than the mineral phase, it is essential to identify new spectroscopic biomarkers that help infer the status of collagen quality. Amide I and amide III bands are uniquely useful for collagen conformational analysis. Thus, the first aim of this work was to identify the regions of amide bands that are sensitive to thermally induced denaturation. Collagen sheets and bone were thermally denatured to identify spectral measures that change significantly following denaturation. The second aim was to assess whether mechanical damage denatures the collagen phase of bone, as reflected by the molecular spectroscopic biomarkers identified in the first aim. The third aim was to assess the correlation between these new spectroscopic biomarkers and postyield mechanical properties of cortical bone. Our results revealed five peaks whose intensities were sensitive to thermal and mechanical denaturation: ∼1245, ∼1270, and ∼1320 cm(-1) in the amide III band, and ∼1640 and ∼1670 cm(-1) in the amide I band. Four peak intensity ratios derived from these peaks were found to be sensitive to denaturation: 1670/1640, 1320/1454, 1245/1270, and 1245/1454. Among these four spectral biomarkers, only 1670/1640 displayed significant correlation with all postyield mechanical properties. The overall results showed that these peak intensity ratios can be used as novel spectroscopic biomarkers to assess collagen quality and integrity. The changes in these ratios with denaturation may reflect alterations in the collagen secondary structure, specifically a transition from ordered to less-ordered structure. The overall results clearly demonstrate that this new spectral information, specifically the ratio of 1670/1640, can be used to understand the involvement of collagen quality in the fragility of bone. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyungjin Jung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Gil CSB, Gil VSB, Carvalho SM, Silva GR, Magalhães JT, Oréfice RL, Mansur A, Mansur HS, Patricio PSO, Oliveira LCA. Recycled collagen films as biomaterials for controlled drug delivery. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00674d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recyclable collagen is a potential candidate to be used as development prototypes in biomaterial scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S. B. Gil
- Department of Metallurgical
- Materials and Mines Engineering
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Viviane S. B. Gil
- Department of Metallurgical
- Materials and Mines Engineering
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Sandhra M. Carvalho
- Department of Metallurgical
- Materials and Mines Engineering
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Gisele R. Silva
- Department of pharmacy of Federal University of São João Del Rei
- Divinópolis
- Brazil
| | - Juliana T. Magalhães
- Department of pharmacy of Federal University of São João Del Rei
- Divinópolis
- Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L. Oréfice
- Department of Metallurgical
- Materials and Mines Engineering
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Alexandra Mansur
- Department of Metallurgical
- Materials and Mines Engineering
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Herman S. Mansur
- Department of Metallurgical
- Materials and Mines Engineering
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Patrícia S. O. Patricio
- Department of Chemistry of Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Luiz C. A. Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry of Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
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Madaghiele M, Calò E, Salvatore L, Bonfrate V, Pedone D, Frigione M, Sannino A. Assessment of collagen crosslinking and denaturation for the design of regenerative scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:186-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Madaghiele
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce 73100 Italy
| | - Emanuela Calò
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce 73100 Italy
- Dhitech Scarl, Distretto Tecnologico High Tech; Lecce 73100 Italy
| | - Luca Salvatore
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce 73100 Italy
| | - Valentina Bonfrate
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce 73100 Italy
| | - Deborah Pedone
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce 73100 Italy
- Dhitech Scarl, Distretto Tecnologico High Tech; Lecce 73100 Italy
| | - Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce 73100 Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Lecce 73100 Italy
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Synthesis of highly interconnected 3D scaffold from Arothron stellatus skin collagen for tissue engineering application. Micron 2015. [PMID: 26203533 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The substrate which is avidly used for tissue engineering applications should have good mechanical and biocompatible properties, and all these parameters are often considered as essential for dermal reformation. Highly interconnected three dimensional (3D) wound dressing material with enhanced structural integrity was synthesized from Arothron stellatus fish skin (AsFS) collagen for tissue engineering applications. The synthesized 3D collagen sponge (COL-SPG) was further characterized by different physicochemical methods. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of the material demonstrated that well interconnected pores with homogeneous microstructure on the surface aids higher swelling index and that the material also possessed good mechanical properties with a Young's modulus of 0.89±0.2 MPa. Biocompatibility of the 3D COL-SPG showed 92% growth for both NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Overall, the study revealed that synthesized 3D COL-SPG from fish skin will act as a promising wound dressing in skin tissue engineering.
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Anisotropy in bone demineralization revealed by polarized far-IR spectroscopy. Molecules 2015; 20:5835-50. [PMID: 25849806 PMCID: PMC6272147 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone material is composed of an organic matrix of collagen fibers and apatite nanoparticles. Previously, vibrational spectroscopy techniques such as infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy have proved to be particularly useful for characterizing the two constituent organic and inorganic phases of bone. In this work, we tested the potential use of high intensity synchrotron-based far-IR radiation (50–500 cm−1) to gain new insights into structure and chemical composition of bovine fibrolamellar bone. The results from our study can be summarized in the following four points: (I) compared to far-IR spectra obtained from synthetic hydroxyapatite powder, those from fibrolamellar bone showed similar peak positions, but very different peak widths; (II) during stepwise demineralization of the bone samples, there was no significant change neither to far-IR peak width nor position, demonstrating that mineral dissolution occurred in a uniform manner; (III) application of external loading on fully demineralized bone had no significant effect on the obtained spectra, while dehydration of samples resulted in clear differences. (IV) using linear dichroism, we showed that the anisotropic structure of fibrolamellar bone is also reflected in anisotropic far-IR absorbance properties of both the organic and inorganic phases. Far-IR spectroscopy thus provides a novel way to functionally characterize bone structure and chemistry, and with further technological improvements, has the potential to become a useful clinical diagnostic tool to better assess quality of collagen-based tissues.
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Wei W, Zhou YH, Chang HJ, Yeh JT. Antibacterial and Miscibility Properties of Chitosan/Collagen Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2014.987097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vidal BDC. Fluorescence, aggregation properties and FT-IR microspectroscopy of elastin and collagen fibers. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1359-66. [PMID: 25213809 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histological and histochemical observations support the hypothesis that collagen fibers can link to elastic fibers. However, the resulting organization of elastin and collagen type complexes and differences between these materials in terms of macromolecular orientation and frequencies of their chemical vibrational groups have not yet been solved. This study aimed to investigate the macromolecular organization of pure elastin, collagen type I and elastin-collagen complexes using polarized light DIC-microscopy. Additionally, differences and similarities between pure elastin and collagen bundles (CB) were investigated by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. Although elastin exhibited a faint birefringence, the elastin-collagen complex aggregates formed in solution exhibited a deep birefringence and formation of an ordered-supramolecular complex typical of collagen chiral structure. The FT-IR study revealed elastin and CB peptide NH groups involved in different types of H-bonding. More energy is absorbed in the vibrational transitions corresponding to CH, CH2 and CH3 groups (probably associated with the hydrophobicity demonstrated by 8-anilino-1-naphtalene sulfonic acid sodium salt [ANS] fluorescence), and to νCN, δNH and ωCH2 groups of elastin compared to CB. It is assumed that the α-helix contribution to the pure elastin amide I profile is 46.8%, whereas that of the B-sheet is 20% and that unordered structures contribute to the remaining percentage. An FT-IR profile library reveals that the elastin signature within the 1360-1189cm(-1) spectral range resembles that of Conex-Toray aramid fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicto de Campos Vidal
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, CEP 013083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Preparation and physicochemical properties of digested collagen fragments with varying molecular weights. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-0026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Sripriya R, Kumar R, Balaji S, Senthil Kumar M, Sehgal P. Characterizations of polyanionic collagen prepared by linking additional carboxylic groups. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Haugh MG, Jaasma MJ, O'Brien FJ. The effect of dehydrothermal treatment on the mechanical and structural properties of collagen-GAG scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 89:363-9. [PMID: 18431763 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of tissue engineering scaffolds are critical for preserving the structural integrity and functionality during both in vivo implantation and long-term performance. In addition, the mechanical and structural properties of the scaffold can direct cellular activity within a tissue-engineered construct. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dehydrothermal (DHT) treatment on the mechanical and structural properties of collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffolds. Temperature (105-180 degrees C) and exposure period (24-120 h) of DHT treatment were varied to determine their effect on the mechanical properties, crosslinking density, and denaturation of CG scaffolds. As expected, increasing the temperature and duration of DHT treatment resulted in an increase in the mechanical properties. Compressive properties increased up to twofold, while tensile properties increased up to 3.8-fold. Crosslink density was found to increase with DHT temperature but not exposure period. Denaturation also increased with DHT temperature and exposure period, ranging from 25% to 60% denaturation. Crosslink density was found to be correlated with compressive modulus, whilst denaturation was found to correlate with tensile modulus. Taken together, these results indicate that DHT treatment is a viable technique for altering the mechanical properties of CG scaffolds. The enhanced mechanical properties of DHT-treated CG scaffolds improve their suitability for use both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, this work facilitates the investigation of the effects of mechanical properties and denaturation on cell activity in a 3D environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Haugh
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Santos MH, Heneine LGD, Mansur HS. Synthesis and characterization of calcium phosphate/collagen biocomposites doped with Zn2+. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Boryskina O, Bolbukh T, Semenov M, Gasan A, Maleev V. Energies of peptide–peptide and peptide–water hydrogen bonds in collagen: Evidences from infrared spectroscopy, quartz piezogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Boryskina OP, Bolbukh TV, Semenov MA, Maleev VY. Physical factors of collagen triple helix stability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.00074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. P. Boryskina
- A. Usikov Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - T. V. Bolbukh
- A. Usikov Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - M. A. Semenov
- A. Usikov Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - V. Ya. Maleev
- A. Usikov Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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Figueiró SD, Macêdo AAM, Melo MRS, Freitas ALP, Moreira RA, de Oliveira RS, Góes JC, Sombra ASB. On the dielectric behaviour of collagen–algal sulfated polysaccharide blends: Effect of glutaraldehyde crosslinking. Biophys Chem 2006; 120:154-9. [PMID: 16337076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, impedance measurements in the frequency range from 10(-2) to 10(6) Hz are presented for collagen and algal sulfated polysaccharide crosslinked films. We are considering the development of new biomaterials which have potential applications in coating of cardiovascular prostheses, support for cellular growth and in systems for controlled drug delivery. The effect of crosslink sulfated polysaccharide on the physical chemical properties of collagen was studied using FT-infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dielectric spectroscopy. The resulting films crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) in concentrations of 0.001% and 0.05% when analysed by DSC, showed that the GA treatment not only left the thermal stability of the collagen unaffected, but it also decreased the thermal transition energy. Dielectric spectroscopy shows that the effect of the crosslink on the blend film was associated to the decrease and stabilization of the dielectric permittivity at low frequencies and decreased its conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Nagai N, Yunoki S, Suzuki T, Sakata M, Tajima K, Munekata M. Application of cross-linked salmon atelocollagen to the scaffold of human periodontal ligament cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 97:389-94. [PMID: 16233648 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of salmon atelocollagen (SAC) to a scaffold. SAC has a low denaturation temperature and needs to be cross-linked before being used as a scaffold. In the present study, SAC was cross-linked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) or dehydrothermal treatment (DHT). The material properties (degree of cross-linking and solubility in phosphate-buffered saline) of the SAC scaffolds cross-linked by EDC (EDC-SAC) and DHT (DHT-SAC) were evaluated. It was found that EDC-SAC had a high degree of cross-linking and high stability compared with DHT-SAC. Human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells were cultured in the scaffolds for 2 weeks in vitro, and the activities (proliferation rate and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity) of HPDL cells cultured in EDC-SAC and DHT-SAC were compared with those cultured in bovine atelocollagen (BAC) scaffolds cross-linked by EDC (EDC-BAC) and DHT (DHT-BAC), respectively. The proliferation rate of HPDL cells cultured in EDC-SAC was equivalent to that in EDC-BAC, and the ALP activity in EDC-SAC was found to be significantly higher than that in EDC-BAC. In the cross-linking by DHT, the cell proliferation rate and the ALP activity in DHT-SAC were lower than those in DHT-BAC. DHT seemed to provide insufficient cross-linking, and DHT-SAC was found to be breakable and contractile, resulting in less cell activity. In contrast, there was no difference in the thermal stability, porous structure, and cell proliferation rate between EDC-SAC and EDC-BAC. In addition, the collagen helix of EDC-SAC was found to be partially denatured, and this structure resulted in the enhancement of ALP activity of HPDL cells compared with that using EDC-BAC. In conclusion, our results indicate that EDC-SAC could be used as a scaffold for in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nagai
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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de Paula M, Goissis G, Martins VCA, da Silva Trindade JC. Injectable gels of anionic collagen: Rhamsan composites for plastic correction: Preparation, characterization, and rheological properties. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 75:393-9. [PMID: 16037966 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present article describes the preparation and characterization of anionic collagen gels obtained from porcine intestinal submucosa after 72 h of alkaline treatment and in the form of rhamsan composites to develop injectable biomaterials for plastic reconstruction. All materials were characterized by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, infrared spectroscopy, thermal stability, potentiometric titration, rheological properties, and fluidity tests. Biocompatibility was appraised after the injection of anionic collagen: rhamsan composites at 2.5% in 60 North Folk rabbits. Independently of processing, the collagen's secondary structure was preserved in all cases, and after 72 h of hydrolysis the collagen was characterized by a carboxyl group content of 346+/-9, which, at physiological pH, corresponds to an increase of 106+/-17 negative charges, in comparison to native collagen, due to the selective hydrolysis of asparagine and glutamine carboxyamide side chain. Rheological studies of composites at pH 7.4 in concentrations of 2, 4, and 6% (in proportions of 75:1 and 50:1) showed a viscoelastic behavior dependent on the frequency, which is independent of concentration and proportion. In both, the concentration of the storage modulus always predominated over the loss modulus (G'>G'' and delta<45 degrees ). The results from creep experiments confirmed this behavior and showed that anionic collagen:rhamsan composites at pH 7.4 in the proportion of 50:1 are less elastic and more susceptible to deformation in comparison to gels in the proportion of 75:1, independent of concentration. This was further confirmed by flow experiments, indicating that the necessary force for the extrusion of anionic collagen:rhamsan composites, in comparison to anionic collagen, was significantly smaller and with a smooth flow. Biocompatibility studies showed that the tissue reaction of anionic collagen:rhamsan composites at 2.5% in the proportion of 75:1 was compatible with the application of these gels in plastic reconstruction. These results suggest that the association of collagen with rhamsan may be a good alternative in the replacement of glutaraldehyde to stabilize the microfibril assembly of commercial collagen gel preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio de Paula
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular do Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (IQSC/USP).
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Sripriya R, Ahmed MR, Sehgal PK, Jayakumar R. Influence of laboratory ware related changes in conformational and mechanical properties of collagen. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yunoki S, Suzuki T, Takai M. Stabilization of low denaturation temperature collagen from fish by physical cross-linking methods. J Biosci Bioeng 2003; 96:575-7. [PMID: 16233576 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Collagen matrices were prepared from atelo salmon collagen (SC). SC has a lower denaturation temperature (19 degrees C) than mammalian collagen. SC matrices were successfully stabilized by ultraviolet irradiation and dehydrothermal treatment, and their optimum conditions were determined. By sponging at 37 degrees C, partial denaturation of the collagen molecules resulted in shrinkage of the matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Yunoki
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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Goissis G, Piccirilli L, De Guzzi Plepis AM, Das-Gupta DK. Preparation and characterization of anionic collagen: P(VDF/TrFE) composites. POLYM ENG SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tissue regeneration templates based on collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymers. BIOPOLYMERS II 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/3540587888_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Orr MD, Ferdman AG, Maresh JG. Removal of Avitene microfibrillar collagen hemostat by use of suitable transfusion filters. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57:1007-11. [PMID: 8166495 DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975(94)90224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the ability of two commercial filters (Pall RC100 and Statlabs 20 microns) to filter out Avitene microfibrillar collagen hemostat from suspension. Quantitative determination of the collagen content as well as scanning electron and light microscopy, particle counting, and platelet aggregometry of filtrates revealed that these filters effectively remove potentially thrombogenic particles of Avitene microfibrillar collagen hemostat. The filters removed at least 97% of the total collagen, as determined by hydroxyproline analysis. The collagen that passed through the Pall filter did not pellet upon ultracentrifugation. Scanning electron and light microscopic analysis revealed no Avitene microfibrillar collagen hemostat particulates in the Pall filtrates but did reveal the presence of a significant number of approximately 1- to 8-microns particulates in the Statlabs filtrates. Concentrates of the filtrates from either of the two filters, however, did not promote platelet aggregation. Through ultracentrifugation and infrared analysis, the filtrates were found to consists of soluble, partially denatured collagen. The risk associated with the reintroduction of collagen particulates into the vasculature can be significantly reduced by use of appropriate, currently available blood-transfusion filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Orr
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
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Abstract
Simple chemical analogs of extracellular matrices have been synthesized by graft copolymerization of a glycosaminoglycan on to type I collagen. A few of these collagen-graft-glycosaminoglycan copolymers (CG copolymers) have diverted decisively the kinetics and mechanism of skin wound healing in animals and humans away from contraction and scar synthesis, towards the direction of skin regeneration. Detailed animal studies show that CG copolymers show maximum biological activity when the average pore diameter and the degradation rate in collagenase are controlled within critical limits. When seeded with a minimum number of cells these active copolymers induce regeneration of skin, including synthesis of a new epidermis and a new dermis in the correct anatomical relationship. Certain unseeded copolymers have also induced regeneration of peripheral nerve. Another copolymer has induced regeneration of the knee meniscus. The unusual biological activity of these copolymers has led to extensive, successful clinical testing of novel medical devices for the treatment of skin loss with severely burned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Yannas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Yannas IV. Biologisch aktive Analoga der extrazellulären Matrix – künstliche Haut und Nerven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19901020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sylvester MF, Yannas IV, Salzman EW, Forbes MJ. Collagen banded fibril structure and the collagen-platelet reaction. Thromb Res 1989; 55:135-48. [PMID: 2506660 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(89)90463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bovine hide collagen dispersions were swollen in the pH range 1.6-7.0, treated with glutaraldehyde, and dialyzed to neutral pH. The intensity with which these collagens reacted with human platelets in plasma was studied by aggregometry and scanning electron microscopy. Collagen swollen at a pH below 4.25 +/- 0.30 and treated with glutaraldehyde exhibited greatly reduced platelet aggregating ability after restoration of neutral pH. In addition, the state of supramolecular order in these collagens was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Native, insoluble collagen fibrils were found to lose their banded structure, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, reversibly when exposed to low ionic strength aqueous solutions below pH 4.25 +/- 0.30. During the disorder transition, which occurred by time dependent swelling of fibrils, but without their disaggregation, the packing order in the fibrils was largely abolished while the triple helical structure of individual collagen molecules was retained. Chemical modification of collagen by glutaraldehyde treatment was found to prevent recrystallization of collagen during dialysis to neutral pH but did not otherwise affect the collagen-platelet reaction. The results of altering collagen mass dose (concentration) demonstrated the critical importance of traces of banded fibrils which resisted disordering below pH 4.25. The data suggest that collagen preparations which are free of significant traces of banded fibrils, but which are made up of collagen molecules possessing triple helical structure do not induce platelet aggregation, irrespective of dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Sylvester
- Program in Polymer Science and Technology, MIT, Cambridge 02139
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Yannas IV, Lee E, Orgill DP, Skrabut EM, Murphy GF. Synthesis and characterization of a model extracellular matrix that induces partial regeneration of adult mammalian skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:933-7. [PMID: 2915988 PMCID: PMC286593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.3.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of the dermis does not occur spontaneously in the adult mammal. The epidermis is regenerated spontaneously provided there is a dermal substrate over which it can migrate. Certain highly porous, crosslinked collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymers have induced partial morphogenesis of skin when seeded with dermal and epidermal cells and then grafted on standard, full-thickness skin wounds in the adult guinea pig. A mature epidermis and a nearly physiological dermis, which lacked hair follicles but was demonstrably different from scar, were regenerated over areas as large as 16 cm2. These chemical analogs of extracellular matrices were morphogenetically active provided that the average pore diameter ranged between 20 and 125 microns, the resistance to degradation by collagenase exceeded a critical limit, and the density of autologous dermal and epidermal cells inoculated therein was greater than 5 x 10(4) cells per cm2 of wound area. Unseeded copolymers with physical structures that were within these limits delayed the onset of wound contraction by about 10 days but did not eventually prevent it. Seeded copolymers not only delayed contraction but eventually arrested and reversed it while new skin was being regenerated. The data identify a model extracellular matrix that acts as if it were an insoluble growth factor with narrowly specified physiochemical structure, functioning as a transient basal lamina during morphogenesis of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Yannas
- Fibers and Polymers Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Gilbert DL, Teruo Okano, Teruo Miyata, Sung Wan Kim. Macromolecular diffusion through collagen membranes. Int J Pharm 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(88)90217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jakobsen RJ, Brown LL, Hutson TB, Fink DJ, Veis A. Intermolecular interactions in collagen self-assembly as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Science 1983; 220:1288-90. [PMID: 6857249 DOI: 10.1126/science.6857249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
When a solution of collagen molecules, at neutral pH and moderate ionic strength, is warmed from 4 degrees to 30 degrees C, a spontaneous self-assembly process takes place in which native-type collagen fibers are produced. Events occurring during thermally induced fibrillogenesis process can be monitored, in aqueous media and in real time, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. Tentative assignments of observed spectral bands are given.
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Yannas IV, Burke JF, Gordon PL, Huang C, Rubenstein RH. Design of an artificial skin. II. Control of chemical composition. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1980; 14:107-32. [PMID: 7358747 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820140203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Detailed methodology is described for the reproducible preparation of collagen--glycosaminoglycan (GAG) membranes with known chemical composition. These membranes have been used to cover satisfactorily large experimental full-thickness skin wounds in guinea pigs over the past few years. Such membranes have effectively protected these wounds from infection and fluid loss for over 25 days without rejection and without requiring change or other invasive manipulation. When appropriately designed for the purpose, the membranes have also strongly retarded wound contraction and have become replaced by newly synthesized, stable connective tissue. In our work, purified, fully native collagen from two mammalian sources is precipitated from acid dispersion by addition of chondroitin 6-sulfate. The relative amount of GAG in the coprecipitate varies with the amount of GAG added and with the pH. Since coprecipitated GAG is generally eluted from collagen fibers by physiological fluids, control of the chemical composition of membranes is arrived at by crosslinking the collagen--GAG ionic complex with glutaraldehyde, or, alternately, by use of high-temperature vacuum dehydration. Appropriate use of the crosslinking treatment allows separate study of changes in membrane composition due to elution of GAG by extracellular fluid in animal studies from changes in composition due to enzymatic degradation of the grafted or implanted membrane in these studies. Exhaustive in vitro elution studies extending up to 20 days showed that these crosslinking treatments insolubilize in an apparently permanent manner a fraction of the ionically complexed GAG, although it could not be directly confirmed that glutaraldehyde treatment covalently crosslinks GAG to collagen. By contrast, the available evidence suggests strongly that high-temperature vacuum dehydration leads to formation of chemical bonds between collagen and GAG. Procedures are described for control of insolubilized and "free" GAG in these membranes as well as for control of the molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc). The insolubilized GAG can be controlled in the range 0.5--10 wt. % while "free" GAG can be independently controlled up to at least 25 wt. %; Mc can be controlled in the range 2500--40,000. Studies by infrared spectroscopy have shown that treatment of collagen--GAG membranes by glutaraldehyde or under high-temperature vacuum does not alter the configuration of the collagen triple helix in the membranes. Neither do these treatments modify the native banding pattern of collagen as viewed by electron microscopy. Collagen--GAG membranes appear to be useful as chemically well-characterized, solid macromolecular probes of biomaterial--tissue interactions.
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Silver FH, Yannas IV, Salzman EW. In vitro blood compatibility of glycosaminoglycan-precipitated collagens. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1979; 13:701-16. [PMID: 479217 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820130504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation of bovine hide collagen by chondroitin 6-sulfate at low pH and subsequent crosslinking enhances the blood compatibility of native collagen. Both dehydrothermal crosslinking and complexation with chrondroitin 6-sulfate separately decrease the platelet-aggregating activity of collagen. Crosslinking also decreases the number of free acidic and free basic residues on collagen, which suggests that crosslinking involves these residues in condensation reactions with formation of intrachain and interchain synthetic peptide bonds. Clotting times for collagen precipitated with chondroitin 6-sulfate indicate that this surface does not activate or interfere with coagulation via either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. These findings support further consideration of collagen modified by chondroitin 6-sulfate as a blood compatible material.
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Huang C, Yannas IV. Mechanochemical studies of enzymatic degradation of insoluble collagen fibers. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1977; 11:137-54. [PMID: 14968 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A mechanochemical method was developed for studying the enzymatic degradation of insoluble collagen fibers. The method involves stretching the collagen fiber to a fixed extension in the presence of a solution of collagenase and measuring the rate of relaxation of the force induced in the fiber. In this work, bacterial collagenase was used for reasons of availability. We observed invariably an exponential decrease in force with respect to ttime. The slope of the linear plot of logarithm of the force versus time was taken as a measure of the rate of enzymatic degradation. This rate was found a) to vary linearly with collagenase concentration; b) to be maximal at pH 7-8; c) to vary with temperature according to the Arrhenius relationship in the range 10-56 degrees C; d) to be reduced to varying extent by addition of EDTA omicron-phenanthroline, 2,3-dimercaptopropanolol, and D,L-cysteine; e) to be minimal when the strain on the fiber was ca. 4%; f) to be increased dramatically by denaturation of the collagen fiber; and g) to be reduced by an increase in the crosslink density of the collagen fiber. Except for the effect of strain, which can not be conveniently studied by existing methods these results are consistent with those observed by other methods for the study of the enzymatic degradation of collagen. The mechanochemical method is, however, uniquely suited to monitor continuously the enzymatically induced decay in the stress-bearing ability of collagen fibers. It has also been found useful in the design of collagenous implants with specified resistance to enzymatic degradation in vivo.
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